Genetic variants in miRNAs differentially expressed during brain development and their relevance to psychiatric disorders susceptibility.

OBJECTIVES: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role in the expression of genes involved in brain functions during development. Genetic variants in miRNA genes may impact their regulatory function and lead to psychiatric disorders. To evaluate the role of genetic variants in genes of miRNAs differentially expressed during neurodevelopment on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: The miRNAs were identified in the literature. Summary statistics from the most recent genome-wide association studies to date were used to evaluate the association between the selected polymorphisms and each disorder in a look-up approach. In a global analysis, we compared the standardised risk effect of variants in neurodevelopment-related miRNAs with those in the remaining miRNAs from miRBase. RESULTS: The global analysis showed that variants in neurodevelopment-related miRNAs had higher risk effects compared to the other miRNAs for SCZ (p = 0.010) and ADHD (p = 0.001). MIR33B, MIR29B2, MIR29C, MIR137, and MIR135A1 were significantly associated with SCZ, while 55.9% of the miRNAs were at least nominally associated with one or more psychiatric disorders (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variants in neurodevelopment-related miRNAs play an important role in the genetic susceptibility of psychiatric disorders, mainly SCZ and ADHD.

The Role of MIR9-2 in Shared Susceptibility of Psychiatric Disorders during Childhood: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs; short non-protein-coding RNA molecules that mediate post-transcriptional regulation), including mir-9 and mir-34 families, are important for brain development. Current data suggest that mir-9 and mir-34 may have shared effects across psychiatric disorders. This study aims to explore the role of genetic polymorphisms in the MIR9-2 (rs4916723) and MIR34B/C (rs4938723) genes on the susceptibility of psychiatric disorders in children from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS: Psychiatric disorders were assessed in 3585 individuals using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV), criteria through the application of standard semi-structured interviews (using the Development and Well-Being Assessment, DAWBA) at the six-years-of-age follow-up. The outcome was defined as the presence of any mental disorder. We also considered two broad groups of internalizing and externalizing disorders to further investigate the role of these variants in mental health. RESULTS: We observed an association between rs4916723 (MIR9-2) and the presence of any psychiatric disorder (odds ratios (OR) = 0.820; 95% CI = 0.7130-0.944; p = 0.006) and a suggestive effect on internalizing disorders (OR = 0.830; 95% CI = 0.698-0.987; p = 0.035). rs4938723 (MIR34B/C) was not associated with any evaluated outcome. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that MIR9-2 may have an important role on a broad susceptibility for psychiatric disorders and may be important mainly for internalization problems.

[Prevalence of antidepressant use and associated factors among adults in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, 2006]. / Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de antidepressivos em adultos de área urbana de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 2006.

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of antidepressant use among adults in a city in southern Brazil. The cross-sectional study was based on interviews with adults 40 years or older living in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, 2006. The chi-squared test was used for comparisons between proportions. Non-conditional logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis, with robust adjustment for variance. A total of 1,327 adults were interviewed, of whom 9.3% had used antidepressants. Use of antidepressants was significantly associated with female gender (OR: 2.45; 95%CI: 1.50-4.02), higher socioeconomic status (OR: 2.07; 95%CI: 1.28-3.34), and unemployment (OR: 1.65; 95%CI: 1.06-2.55). The prevalence of antidepressant use was higher than in other studies. Identification of individual determinants of use can serve as the basis for strategies to decrease the consumption of antidepressants in these groups.

[Prevention of neural tube defects: prevalence of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and associated factors in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. / Prevenção de defeitos do tubo neural: prevalência do uso da suplementação de ácido fólico e fatores associados em gestantes na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

To determine folic acid use and associated factors, a cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in all five maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Data were collected from April 1 to August 15, 2006 (n = 1,450 women). A standard questionnaire was applied in the hospitals. Statistical analysis used Poisson regression. Prevalence of folic acid consumption during pregnancy was 31.8%, and periconceptional use was 4.3%. The following were associated with folic acid use: white skin color, schooling > 9 years, family income > R$600, age > 30 years, planned pregnancy, > or =7 prenatal visits, knowledge on folic acid, and prenatal care in the private health system. In order to prevent neural tube defects, it is important to promote folic acid use among childbearing-age women and to supply folic acid to poor women.

[The process of detection and treatment of cases of tuberculosis in a prison]. / O processo de detecção e tratamento de casos de tuberculose em um presídio.

This study seeks to analyze the process of detection and treatment of cases of tuberculosis (TB) in a prison in the south of Brazil. An active and passive search for TB was conducted to estimate the scale of TB in a prison with 764 inmates. In conjunction with the detection strategies and clinical follow-up of the 41 TB cases, participant observation and records in field diaries were performed, making it possible to analyze the scope and limitations of detection and treatment of cases of TB in prison. The development of search strategies is discussed along with the use of questionnaires to detect symptomatic cases, as well as the inadequacy of the clinical follow-up of TB cases, involvement of different workers and coordination between prison and health services. There is clear potential for the control of TB using an active search to induce the passive detection and screening for symptoms that - even skewed by the perceptions of inmates regarding symptoms of TB - enabled an increase in detection. The functional dynamics of prison life hamper the inclusion of health routines and can restrict actions to control TB and other diseases. In the process of control of TB in prisons, the feasibility of effective detection methods is as important as planning based on disease conditions, network services and workers involved.

The BACTEC MGIT(tm) 320 system as a laboratory tool to diagnose tuberculosis in a Brazilian hospital with a high prevalence of HIV infection.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization endorses the BACTEC Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT)(tm) system as a rapid, sensitive, and specific method to diagnostic of tuberculosis. Here, we compared the performance of this system against Ogawa-Kudoh cultures and microscopy. METHODS: A total of 927 samples were obtained between December 2011 and December 2013 from 652 cases of suspected tuberculosis at the School Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande in Brazil. RESULTS: The MGIT system confirmed tuberculosis in more cases in less time. CONCLUSIONS: The MGIT system is an effective tool for early diagnosis of tuberculosis, especially in patients with HIV/AIDS.

O processo de detecção e tratamento de casos de tuberculose em um presídio / The process of detection and treatment of cases of tuberculosis in a prison

Resumo O estudo objetiva analisar o processo de detecção e tratamento de casos de tuberculose (TB) em um presídio do sul do Brasil. Realizou-se busca ativa e passiva para estimar a magnitude da TB entre uma população de 764 detentos. Simultaneamente às estratégias de detecção e ao seguimento clínico dos 41 casos confirmados, realizou-se observação participante e registros em diário de campo, o que possibilitou analisar potenciais e limitações das ações de detecção e tratamento da TB prisional. Discute-se o desenvolvimento das estratégias de busca, o uso de questionários para detecção de sintomáticos, a fragilidade do seguimento clínico dos casos de TB, o envolvimento de diferentes trabalhadores e a articulação entre presídio e serviços de saúde. São potencialidades para o controle da TB utilizar a busca ativa como indutora da detecção passiva e a triagem por sintomas que, mesmo interferida pelas percepções dos detentos sobre os sintomas de TB, permitiu aumentar a detecção. A dinâmica funcional do presídio dificulta a inserção de rotinas de saúde, podendo limitar ações de controle da TB e outras enfermidades. No processo de controle da TB em presídios, a exequibilidade de métodos de detecção eficazes é tão importante quanto planejá-lo a partir das condições de adoecimento, rede de serviços e trabalhadores envolvidos.

Abstract This study seeks to analyze the process of detection and treatment of cases of tuberculosis (TB) in a prison in the south of Brazil. An active and passive search for TB was conducted to estimate the scale of TB in a prison with 764 inmates. In conjunction with the detection strategies and clinical follow-up of the 41 TB cases, participant observation and records in field diaries were performed, making it possible to analyze the scope and limitations of detection and treatment of cases of TB in prison. The development of search strategies is discussed along with the use of questionnaires to detect symptomatic cases, as well as the inadequacy of the clinical follow-up of TB cases, involvement of different workers and coordination between prison and health services. There is clear potential for the control of TB using an active search to induce the passive detection and screening for symptoms that – even skewed by the perceptions of inmates regarding symptoms of TB – enabled an increase in detection. The functional dynamics of prison life hamper the inclusion of health routines and can restrict actions to control TB and other diseases. In the process of control of TB in prisons, the feasibility of effective detection methods is as important as planning based on disease conditions, network services and workers involved.

Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de antidepressivos em adultos de área urbana de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, em 2006 / Prevalence of antidepressant use and associated factors among adults in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, 2006

Este trabalho determina a prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de antidepressivos em adultos residentes na área urbana da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo transversal em uma amostra representativa de adultos com idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, moradores na zona urbana de Pelotas, em 2006. Para as comparações entre proporções, utilizou-se o teste de qui-quadrado e, para a análise multivariada, a regressão logística não condicional. Foram entrevistados 1.327 adultos, dos quais 9,3 por cento tinham usado antidepressivos. O consumo desses medicamentos associou-se significativamente ao sexo feminino (OR: 2,45; IC95 por cento: 1,50-4,02); ao nível sócio-econômico mais elevado, classes A e B (OR: 2,07; IC95 por cento: 1,28-3,34); e a não estar exercendo uma atividade de trabalho (OR: 1,65; IC95 por cento: 1,06-2,55). A prevalência de uso de antidepressivos foi superior às encontradas em outros estudos. Os determinantes individuais de utilização poderão servir de embasamento às estratégias para diminuir o consumo de antidepressivos nesses grupos.

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of antidepressant use among adults in a city in southern Brazil. The cross-sectional study was based on interviews with adults 40 years or older living in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, 2006. The chi-squared test was used for comparisons between proportions. Non-conditional logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis, with robust adjustment for variance. A total of 1,327 adults were interviewed, of whom 9.3 percent had used antidepressants. Use of antidepressants was significantly associated with female gender (OR: 2.45; 95 percentCI: 1.50-4.02), higher socioeconomic status (OR: 2.07; 95 percentCI: 1.28-3.34), and unemployment (OR: 1.65; 95 percentCI: 1.06-2.55). The prevalence of antidepressant use was higher than in other studies. Identification of individual determinants of use can serve as the basis for strategies to decrease the consumption of antidepressants in these groups.

Prevenção de defeitos do tubo neural: prevalência do uso da suplementação de ácido fólico e fatores associados em gestantes na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Prevention of neural tube defects: prevalence of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and associated factors in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência do uso do ácido fólico e fatores associados na gestação e no período periconcepcional, realizou-se um estudo transversal de base populacional nas cinco maternidades da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de 1° de abril a 15 de agosto de 2006, com 1.450 mulheres. As entrevistas foram realizadas em nível hospitalar por questionário padronizado. A análise estatística se realizou por regressão de Poisson. A prevalência do uso de ácido fólico na gestação foi de 31,8 por cento, e no período periconcepcional, foi de 4,3 por cento. Os fatores associados ao uso de ácido fólico foram: cor branca, escolaridade acima de nove anos, renda acima de 600 Reais, idade acima de trinta anos, gestação planejada, sete ou mais consultas de pré-natal, consultas na rede privada de saúde e conhecimento sobre o ácido fólico. Para diminuir a prevalência de defeitos do tubo neural, é importante promover-se o uso do ácido fólico nas mulheres em idade fértil, nas mulheres sócio-economicamente menos favorecidas e torná-lo disponível na rede pública de saúde.

To determine folic acid use and associated factors, a cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in all five maternity hospitals in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Data were collected from April 1 to August 15, 2006 (n = 1,450 women). A standard questionnaire was applied in the hospitals. Statistical analysis used Poisson regression. Prevalence of folic acid consumption during pregnancy was 31.8 percent, and periconceptional use was 4.3 percent. The following were associated with folic acid use: white skin color, schooling > 9 years, family income > R$600, age > 30 years, planned pregnancy, > 7 prenatal visits, knowledge on folic acid, and prenatal care in the private health system. In order to prevent neural tube defects, it is important to promote folic acid use among childbearing-age women and to supply folic acid to poor women.