Improving understanding, promoting social inclusion, and fostering empowerment related to epilepsy: Epilepsy Foundation public awareness campaigns--2001 through 2013.

It is a significant public health concern that epilepsy, the fourth most common neurological disorder in the United States, is generally poorly understood by both the public and those living with the condition. Lack of understanding may magnify the challenges faced by those with epilepsy, including limiting treatment opportunities, effective management of symptoms, and full participation in daily life activities. Insufficient awareness of epilepsy and appropriate seizure first aid among the public and professionals can result in insufficient treatment, inappropriate seizure response, physical restraint, social exclusion, or other negative consequences. To address the need for increased public education and awareness about epilepsy, the national Epilepsy Foundation, supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has conducted yearly multifaceted public education and awareness campaigns designed to reach the broad population and targeted segments of the population including youth, young adults, racial/ethnic groups (i.e., African-, Hispanic-, and Asian-Americans), and people with epilepsy and their caregivers. Campaign channels have included traditional media, social media, and community opinion leaders and celebrity spokespersons. The key activities of these campaigns, conducted from 2001 to 2013, are summarized in this report.

Risk of adverse events on epilepsy monitoring units: a survey of epilepsy professionals.

In 2008 a workgroup of health care professionals from the American Epilepsy Society (AES) was convened to address the lack of consensus regarding patient care in epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs). The group developed a questionnaire designed to identify the extent to which selected adverse events occurred in EMUs, and it was sent via email to all members of the AES. We asked that only one representative from each center report. Seventy responses were received. The number of centers reporting the following adverse events included: falls by 69%, status epilepticus by 63%, and postictal psychosis by 54%. Infrequent events with serious consequences were also reported including pneumonia by 10%, cardiac arrest by 7%, fractures by 6%, and death by 3% (N=2). Of the 58 respondents who reported using intracranial electrodes, 37.9% (N=22) reported that patients pulled out or dislodged electrodes. This study highlights the need for EMUs to identify and address potential safety risks in their environment, patient population, and system of care.

Epilepsy.

Diagnosis and management of the epilepsies are routinely performed by primary care physicians. In the United States, only 17% of patients with new-onset epilepsy are examined by neurologic specialists, and even fewer patients employ neurologists for their ongoing care. With the changes dictated by the evolving health care system in the United States, the responsibilities for the treatment of patients with epilepsies by primary care physicians will continue to increase. At the same time, there has been an explosion of new information about the diagnosis, evaluation, natural history, and neurobiologic aspects of epilepsy. New medical and surgical treatments are being introduced with a quickening pace. Finally, the concept that certain epilepsies may be progressive and that early identification and aggressive treatment represent one's best chance for establishing control for these patients has gained widespread confirmation from both clinical and animal model studies. The past standard of care is quickly ending. No longer should a patient or a physician accept only partial seizure control. This monograph attempts to lay the basis for improved understanding of epilepsy so that our patients will be seizure free without side effects and will be able to fully participate in our society.

Assessing the influence of adult day care on client satisfaction.

Using data collected from 74 adult day care centers, this study measured various program characteristics from four different categories of respondents--clients, caregivers, staff members, and administrators. The perceptions of these respondents were examined for their associations with each other and with client satisfaction. Three program characteristics, as perceived by clients, were significantly associated with client satisfaction (staff caring, general morale, and interior environment). The caregivers', staff members' and administrators' perceptions were not significantly associated with client satisfaction. In addition, most of these program component ratings were not significantly associated among clients, caregivers, staff members, and administrators.

A correlational study of disabilities, stressors and coping methods in victims of multiple sclerosis.

Twenty multiple sclerosis (MS) patients admitted to the hospital for treatment of exacerbation of their disease were asked to identify stressors and the coping mechanisms they employed to deal with stressors. They completed the MS Stressor Scale (a twenty item Likert-type scale) and the Jalowiec Coping Scale (sixty-item Likert-type scale). Disability level was measured using the Barthel Index. Results showed an overall mean stress score of 1.49 on a scale of 1 to 3. The most stressful items identified were feeling tired, inability to walk and uncertainty about the future. The most prevalent coping theme used was self-reliance and the most prevalent individual coping responses were a sense of humor and trying to learn more. A positive correlation was found between uncertainty about the future and fatalistic coping, and a negative correlation between depression and optimistic coping. No relationship was found between degree of disability and stressors.

Epilepsy management issues and techniques.

Twenty-five people with epilepsy were interviewed to identify their perception of self-management. The interviews revealed that there were three domains of self-management: (a) treatment management, (b) seizure management, and (c) life management. Management issues arose in daily life, at work, and in relationships and were related to the seizure event, seizure consequences, and medication. Participants described how they managed situations created by their disorder. Self-management techniques included management of employment and social situations, seizures, seizure consequences, and medication. The study revealed that epilepsy affects all areas of life and provides a unique look at the concept of self-management.

Expansion of the seizure monitoring program. A collaborative approach.

This article discusses an interdisciplinary total quality management (TQM) project that planned for the expansion of the seizure monitoring program on a neuroscience unit. The processes of education, bed management, and patient care were evaluated by a TQM group of staff nurses, unit leader, attending physicians, clinical nurse specialist, and technicians. Each participant identified actual and potential problems and their effects on the participant's area of care.

Multiple subpial transection for Landau-Kleffner syndrome.

Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is an acquired epileptic aphasia caused by a lesion in the speech centers of the cerebral cortex during a critical period of childhood development. Characteristics of LKS include language deterioration, seizure disorders, and severe electroencephalogram abnormalities. Multiple subpial transection (MST) is a surgical procedure that eliminates seizure activity in the cerebral cortex while preserving the child's normal cortical functions of speech, movement, primary sensation, and memory. This article presents a summary of clinical studies on LKS and discusses the diagnosis of LKS, traditional medical treatments, patient selection for MST procedures, and perioperative care of children undergoing MST procedures.

Potential for altered nutritional status in the stroke patient.

Metabolic events combined with neurological deficits place some stroke patients at risk for malnutrition. Nutritional support in the poststroke patient is an important part of recovery. Basic knowledge of nutritional assessment and interventions for altered nutritional status can help the nurse plan appropriate care.

Perceptions of care and satisfaction in assisted living facilities.

This study had two objectives: (1) to determine current consumers' perceptions and satisfaction with assisted-living facilities and (2) to determine current consumers' evaluation and preferences for nursing assistants. Responses from residents and family members indicated positive, but not strong, satisfaction with care. Areas identified as often unsatisfactory were; the mealtime experience, the nursing assistants, and recreational activities. Preferred qualities of nursing assistants identified by both residents and family members were genuine concern, kindness, respect, and consistent attentiveness. Residents only identified a pleasant disposition as an essential quality of nursing assistants and only family members identified knowledge regarding aging, gentle assertiveness, and commitment to staying on the job as essential qualities of nursing assistants.

[Primary- and revision-reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with allografts: a retrospective study including 325 patients]. / Allogene Transplantate zur Rekonstruktion des vorderen Kreuzbandes bei Primär- und Revisionseingriffen.

UNLABELLED: At our institution we have used fresh-frozen allografts for the reconstruction of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament since 1993. METHOD: In this retrospective study we evaluated the clinical outcome of 325 fresh-frozen allografts (bone-patellar-tendon-bone allografts and Achilles-bone-tendon allografts) for primary and revision ACL-reconstruction. Patients (average age 38 years) were operated between 5/1993 and 2/1998 and mean follow-up was 38 (range 24 to 71) months. Clinical evaluation consisted of a case history, an examination, IKDC, Cincinnati knee score (CKS), KT-1000 testing and standardized X-rays. RESULTS: Overall subjective rating according to the CKS was more than 82 points for both groups. Objective results according to the IKDC were normal or nearly normal in 75.6 % of primary- and 67.0 % of revision-ACL reconstructions. The stability measured with the KT-1000 showed an average maximum side to side difference of 2.1 mm for primary ACL reconstruction and 2.3 mm for revisioners. The total failure-rate (= rerupture-rate + laxity-failures) was 13.7 % for primary and 15.0 % for revision ACL reconstructions. CONCLUSION: Given the increased failure-rate, autograft tissue remains our graft of first choice for primary ACL-reconstruction. We advise to reserve allografts for revision procedures where suitable autogenous tissues have been previously compromised, where a contraindication for autogenous tissue harvest exists or for multiple ligament surgery. No specific complications were observed with the use of allograft tissue.

Primary ACL reconstruction with fresh-frozen patellar versus Achilles tendon allografts.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been an interest in the use of allografts as an alternative graft for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction to reduce potential donor-site morbidity resulting from the harvest of autogenous tissue. Nevertheless, in the literature, the use of allografts for primary ACL reconstruction is controversial due to a higher failure rate and the potential risk of disease transmission. METHOD: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the clinical outcome of 251 fresh-frozen patellar vs Achilles tendon allografts for primary ACL reconstruction. Patients (average age 39 years) were operated on between 1993 and 1998, and the mean follow-up was 37.7 months (range 24-74 months). We were able to follow up 225 patients (89.6%). According to the different types of allograft, we divided the patients into two groups: group P with patellar bone-tendon-bone allograft (BTB; n=183) and group A with Achilles bone-tendon allograft ( n=42). Clinical evaluation consisted of a history, an examination, IKDC Score, Cincinnati Knee Score (CKS), Cincinnati Sports Activity Scale (CSAS), KT-1000 testing, and standardized X-rays. RESULTS: According to the IKDC, the outcome was normal or nearly normal in 75.3% in group P and 76.2% in group A. Overall rating according to the CKS was an average of 85 in group P and 82.9 in group A. CSAS was 79.6 in group P and 84.8 in group A. The objective stability measured with the KT-1000 showed an average side-to-side difference of 2.1 mm in group P and 2.0 mm in group A. 4.4% of group P and 2.5% of group A were considered a laxity failure, and 10.4% of group P and 4.8% of group A re-ruptured the reconstructed ACL. In summary, there was a significantly higher failure rate ( p<0.001) in group P compared with group A. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory clinical results can be achieved with the use of allografts for primary ACL reconstruction. Comparing Achilles tendon and patellar BTB allografts, the Achilles tendon-bone allograft seems to be advantageous for ACL reconstruction as the failure rate was significantly lower. Nevertheless, the total failure rate appears to be much higher compared with autogenous ACL reconstruction, indicating that the use of an allograft for routine uncomplicated primary ACL reconstruction offers few advantages. Therefore, autograft tissue remains our graft of first choice for this procedure. We advise reserving allografts for revision procedures where suitable autogenous tissues have been previously compromised, where a contraindication for autogenous tissue harvest exists, or for multiple ligament surgery.

Job satisfaction of home care assistants related to managerial practices.

This article addresses the question. "How do specific managerial practices support home care assistants' job satisfaction?" Staff from three home care agencies were surveyed regarding their perceptions of specific managerial practices and intrinsic job satisfaction. Results of a hierarchical regression model indicate that supportive leadership practices, client-centered in-service training style, and mission implementation together explained 52% of the variance in intrinsic job satisfaction. Supportive leadership was described as the extent to which a supervisor communicates effectively, shows personal concern or caring, and maintains high professional standards. Mission implementation was defined as how strongly the staff felt the mission influenced the hiring process, orientation, in-services, and everyday management. Effective in-services included discussions of types of clients and how to effectively handle common challenges.

A new bicortical tibial fixation technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadruple hamstring graft.

We report a prospective series of 101 patients receiving a four-strand semitendinosus-gracilis autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a new bicortical tibial fixation technique with bioabsorbable interference screws. Patients (average age 32 years) were operated on between November 1997 and Mai 1998, and follow-up was at least 12 months postoperatively. The evaluation consisted of history, clinical examination, IKDC score, Cincinnati Knee Score, KT-1000 testing, standardized radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. One hundred patients were available for follow-up. There were two traumatic reruptures 6 and 11 months postoperatively. By IKDC score 87 patients were in groups A and B, 12 in group C, and 2 with a rerupture in group D. Mean Cincinnati Knee Score was 82 (range 46-100), KT-1000 manual maximum at follow-up showed an average difference of 1.7 mm between the sides. Full extension was rapidly achieved in all cases, and flexion averaged 135 degrees . Considering the enlargement caused by the bioabsorbable interference screws, the incidence of tunnel widening was 6.6% on the femoral side and 1.7% on the tibial side. Tunnel widening did not affect the clinical results. Three patients experienced an effusion after more than 6 months postoperatively. There was one infection, which settled without functional impairment after early arthroscopic lavage and intravenous antibiotics. Otherwise no complications occurred. The described technique for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction combines the advantage of anatomical graft position with sufficient graft fixation. A short intra-articular graft construct with a strong tendon to bone interface was created. Clinically, 87% of patients had a normal or nearly normal IKDC score at follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a considerable increase in tunnel area caused by the insertion of the interference screws. On the other hand, the development of a "fibrous interzone" between the graft and the bone tunnel was prevented in most cases. At short-term follow-up the bicortical tibial fixation proved to be efficient even with an aggressive rehabilitation program.

A prospective evaluation of tunnel enlargement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstrings: extracortical versus anatomical fixation.

Changes in the femoral and tibial bone tunnel were studied prospectively after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with quadruple hamstring autograft. To determine whether tunnel enlargement can be decreased by fixing the graft close to the joint line having a stiffer fixation construct we compared "anatomical" (one absorbable interference screw femorally, and bicortical fixation with two absorbable interference screws tibially) and extracortical fixation techniques (Endobutton femorally, and two no. 6 Ethibond sutures over a suture washer tibially). Over a 2-year period we evaluated 60 patients clinically (IKDC scale, Cincinnati Knee Score, KT-1000) and radiographically (confirmed by MRI). The operated knee was radiographed immediately postoperatively and 6 and 24 months postoperatively. The femoral and tibial bone tunnel diameter was measured on anteroposterior and lateral images, and the tunnel area was calculated and compared to the initial area calculated from the perioperative drill size. In the "anatomical" group the immediately postoperative bone tunnel area was 75% larger than the initial tunnel area, after 6 months it was increased another 31%, and between 6 and 24 months it remained basically unchanged. In the "extracortical" group there was no significant enlargement immediately postoperatively, but after 6 months it was 65% larger than the initial area of drill and graft size, and between 6 and 24 months it decreased to 47%. There was no correlation between the amount of tunnel enlargement and clinical scores or KT-1000 measurement. Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with quadruple hamstring autograft is associated with bone tunnel enlargement. Using a purely extracortical fixation technique thus significantly increased the tibial and femoral tunnel area during the first 6 postoperative months, while it decreased slightly thereafter. The insertion of large interference screws apparently not only compresses the graft in the bone tunnel but also significantly enlarges the bone tunnel itself. The immediate enlargement at the time of the operation is followed by a reduced further enlargement at 6 months and then stabilization. Tunnel widening did not influence clinical outcome over a 2-year period.

Clinical evaluation of meniscus repair with a bioabsorbable arrow: a 2- to 3-year follow-up study.

In a clinical study with the bioabsorbable Bionx Meniscus Arrow we prospectively evaluated 113 consecutive patients (113 menisci) after all-inside meniscus repair. Repairs were performed in either the medial (80.5%) or lateral (19.5%) posterior horn in the red-red or red-white meniscal zone; 66% of patients underwent concomitant ACL reconstruction. Assessment was based on history, clinical examination, and Lysholm [37] and Cincinnati Knee Scores. After a mean follow-up was 33 months (range 24-43; n=105) 21 (20%) patients showed signs and symptoms consistent with a meniscus tear (16 medial, 5 lateral) and underwent partial meniscectomy. In 11 (52%) of the revised patients concomitant ACL reconstruction was performed; 4 (19%) of revised patients were older than 35 years. In the nonrevised the average Lysholm Score was 92.5 and the average Cincinnati Score 90.4. Two patients showed a distinct femoral cartilage damage. Patient's age did not significantly affect the revision rate. Meniscus repair with the bioabsorbable arrow leads to clinical results comparable to those of traditional suture techniques. When stabilized, patients with concomitant ACL reconstruction showed comparable results to patients without ACL rupture. The simple and time saving all-inside insertion obviates the need for additional incisions and avoids knot tying. A proper tear selection and arrow positioning is necessary and should avoid cartilage damage.

Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Treatment with subpial intracortical transection.

Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) is an acquired epileptic aphasia occurring in childhood and associated with a generally poor prognosis for recovery of speech. It is thought to be the result of an epileptogenic lesion arising in speech cortex during a critical period of development. Utilizing a new surgical technique designed to eliminate the capacity of cortical tissue to generate seizures while preserving the normal cortical physiological function, we have treated 14 children with aphasia, seizures and a severely abnormal EEG by multiple subpial transection of the epileptogenic cortex. Seven of the 14 patients (50%) have recovered age-appropriate speech, are in regular classes in school and no longer require speech therapy. Four of the 14 (29%) have shown marked improvement, are speaking and understanding verbal instruction but are still receiving speech therapy. Thus, 11 of the 14 (79%), none of whom had used language to communicate for at least 2 years, are now speaking--a rate of sustained improvement considered unusual in this disorder. This study documents the value of a treatment modality not previously used in LKS. Success depends on selection of cases having severe epileptogenic abnormality that can be demonstrated to be unilateral in origin despite a bilateral electrographic manifestation.