Measurement of the Reactor Antineutrino Flux and Spectrum at Daya Bay.

This Letter reports a measurement of the flux and energy spectrum of electron antineutrinos from six 2.9 GWth nuclear reactors with six detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls in the Daya Bay experiment. Using 217 days of data, 296 721 and 41 589 inverse ß decay (IBD) candidates were detected in the near and far halls, respectively. The measured IBD yield is (1.55±0.04) ×10(-18) cm(2) GW(-1) day(-1) or (5.92±0.14) ×10(-43) cm(2) fission(-1). This flux measurement is consistent with previous short-baseline reactor antineutrino experiments and is 0.946±0.022 (0.991±0.023) relative to the flux predicted with the Huber-Mueller (ILL-Vogel) fissile antineutrino model. The measured IBD positron energy spectrum deviates from both spectral predictions by more than 2σ over the full energy range with a local significance of up to ∼4σ between 4-6 MeV. A reactor antineutrino spectrum of IBD reactions is extracted from the measured positron energy spectrum for model-independent predictions.

New measurement of antineutrino oscillation with the full detector configuration at Daya Bay.

We report a new measurement of electron antineutrino disappearance using the fully constructed Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. The final two of eight antineutrino detectors were installed in the summer of 2012. Including the 404 days of data collected from October 2012 to November 2013 resulted in a total exposure of 6.9×10^{5} GW_{th} ton days, a 3.6 times increase over our previous results. Improvements in energy calibration limited variations between detectors to 0.2%. Removal of six ^{241}Am-^{13}C radioactive calibration sources reduced the background by a factor of 2 for the detectors in the experimental hall furthest from the reactors. Direct prediction of the antineutrino signal in the far detectors based on the measurements in the near detectors explicitly minimized the dependence of the measurement on models of reactor antineutrino emission. The uncertainties in our estimates of sin^{2}2θ_{13} and |Δm_{ee}^{2}| were halved as a result of these improvements. An analysis of the relative antineutrino rates and energy spectra between detectors gave sin^{2}2θ_{13}=0.084±0.005 and |Δm_{ee}^{2}|=(2.42±0.11)×10^{-3} eV^{2} in the three-neutrino framework.

Search for a light sterile neutrino at Daya Bay.

A search for light sterile neutrino mixing was performed with the first 217 days of data from the Daya Bay Reactor Antineutrino Experiment. The experiment's unique configuration of multiple baselines from six 2.9 GW(th) nuclear reactors to six antineutrino detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 m and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls makes it possible to test for oscillations to a fourth (sterile) neutrino in the 10(-3) eV(2)<|Δm(41)(2) |< 0.3 eV(2) range. The relative spectral distortion due to the disappearance of electron antineutrinos was found to be consistent with that of the three-flavor oscillation model. The derived limits on sin(2) 2θ(14) cover the 10(-3) eV(2) ≲ |Δm(41)(2)| ≲ 0.1 eV(2) region, which was largely unexplored.

Spectral measurement of electron antineutrino oscillation amplitude and frequency at Daya Bay.

A measurement of the energy dependence of antineutrino disappearance at the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment is reported. Electron antineutrinos (ν¯(e)) from six 2.9 GW(th) reactors were detected with six detectors deployed in two near (effective baselines 512 and 561 m) and one far (1579 m) underground experimental halls. Using 217 days of data, 41 589 (203 809 and 92 912) antineutrino candidates were detected in the far hall (near halls). An improved measurement of the oscillation amplitude sin(2)2θ(13)=0.090(-0.009)(+0.008) and the first direct measurement of the ν¯(e) mass-squared difference |Δm(ee)2|=(2.59(-0.20)(+0.19))×10(-3) eV2 is obtained using the observed ν¯(e) rates and energy spectra in a three-neutrino framework. This value of |Δm(ee)2| is consistent with |Δm(µµ)2| measured by muon neutrino disappearance, supporting the three-flavor oscillation model.

[Effect of losartan, lisinopril and their combination on hemodynamics and morphofunctional parameters of the heart in patients with chronic cardiac failure].

The aim of the study was to evaluate effects of losartan receptor I antagonist (AT) and/or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (iACE) on clinical manifestations of the disease, hemodynamic characteristics, morphofunctional heart parameters in patients with chronic cardiac insufficiency (CHI) complicating coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 60 patients aged 48-72 (mean 62 +/- 8.4) years with persistent symptoms of functional class II-IV CHI and left ventricular (LV) fraction = < 45% complicating CHD. They were divided into 3 groups of 20 patients each. Patients in group 1 were given losartan (50 mg daily), in group 2 lisinopril (10 mg daily), in group 3 combination of the two drugs for 24 weeks. Combined treatment produced more significant improvement of CHI symptoms than monotherapy with either drug. In all cases, the size of heart left chambers decreased while contractility of left ventricular myocardium increased but these effects were more pronounced after combined therapy.

[Hartil effects on structural-functional condition of the heart in patients with chronic cor pulmonale].

AIM: To study effects of long-term administration of ACE inhibitor ramipril (hartil) on renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), dynamics of clinical symptoms of the disease and structural-functional indices of the right and left ventricle (RV, LI) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with decompensated chronic cor pulmonale (CCP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: X-ray examination, echocardiography (echo-CG), investigation of external respiration function were made in 45 patients with non-exacerbated COPD with CCP. The study group consisted of 25 COPD patients with CCP. They received ramipril (hartil) in a dose 2.5-5 mg. The control group of 20 patients did not receive ACE inhibitors. RESULTS: As shown by echo-CG, administration of hartil in decompensated CCP significantly improved diastolic LV and RV functions, reduced systolic and diastolic sizes of both ventricles and atria. To treatment month 12 the changes enhanced with improvement of the systolic function. Patients with decompensated CCP who had no long-term correction of RAAS exhibited deterioration of RV systolic and diastolic function, the size of their right atrium and ventricle enlarged, blood pressure in the pulmonary artery rose. CONCLUSION: Long-term administration of ACE inhibitor hartil in COPD patients with CCP in personally adjusted doses in outpatient conditions is effective and results in positive structural-functional changes of the right heart.

[Clinicofunctional condition and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease before and after outpatient treatment with fenspiride].

AIM: To study effects of long-term administration of fenspiride in combination with broncholytic drugs on dynamics of clinical symptoms, external respiration function and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comparative randomized trial of fenspiride used for 6 months in combination with broncholytic drugs enrolled 68 COPD patients. A clinical status, external respiration function were examined. Quality of life was evaluated with WHO questionnaire WHOQOL-100. RESULTS: Addition of fenspiride to combined treatment of COPD attenuates COPD symptoms, normalizes blood biochemistry, improves external respiration function, raises exercise tolerance. Quality of life improved by physical and mental state scales. CONCLUSION: Fenspiride addition to COPD treatment improves efficacy of the standard treatment and is recommended for treatment of COPD of stage I and II in combination with broncholytic drugs.

[Treatment of cardiac insufficiency in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease].

Course and systematic long-term noliprel therapy of chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) complicated by chronic pulmonary heart permitted to arrest or significantly slow down further progress of heart remodeling, impairment of systolic and diastolic function of right and left chamber and to decrease pressure in the pulmonary artery. These changes correlated with an improved clinical picture of the disease, increased tolerance to physical exercise, and reduced frequency of progressive right ventricular insufficiency. The integral indicator of clinical symptoms fell down from 12.54 +/- 0.27 to 9.26 +/- 0.22 by the 12th month of therapy. This finding confirms beneficial effect of noliprel on clinical manifestations of heart failure and substantial improvement of structural and functional parameters of the right heart.

[Immunological and pathogenetic aspects of imunofan administration in aged patients with duodenal ulcer].

AIM: To specify immunological and pathogenetic aspects of imunophan use in aged patients with duodenal ulcer (DU). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Imunophan was given to 24 DU patients (mean age 62.0 +/- 1.5 years), in whom the size of ulcer varied from 0.6 to 2.1 cm. RESULTS: The patients on anti-ulcer therapy plus imunophan had a pain relief median 6.2 +/- 0.2 days (p < 0.001), control ones--11.8 +/- 0.1 days. The median of scarring duration in the test group was 16.2 +/- 0.2 days (p < 0.001), in the controls--23.8 +/- 0.3 days. In 3 (30.0%) cases the scars were rough. The count of T-lymphocytes in the study group increased from 53.1 +/- 0.6 to 65.1 +/- 0.2% (p < 0.001), of T-helpers/inductors--from 27.8 +/- 0.2 to 38.5 +/- 0.3% (p < 0.001), of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes--from 18.5 +/- 0.5 to 27.3 +/- 0.3 (p < 0.001), of B-lymphocytes--from 12.3 +/- 0.2 to 19.1 +/- 0.1% (p < 0.001). The therapy including imunophan reduced concentration of malonic dialdehide by 23.5%, trienic conjugates by 61.6%; raised the level of superoxide dismutase 1.6-fold, catalase 1.4-fold, glutathione reductase by 41.9% (p < 0.001). Neither immune status nor LPO-AOD changed significantly in patients on the basic therapy alone. CONCLUSION: The results obtained evidence for a positive action of imunophan on inflammation, immune status and antioxidant defense. Therefore, imunophan can be recommended as an adjuvant of basic anti-ulcer therapy in elderly and senile patients.

[Medical, social, and economic effectiveness of treatment of day-case patients with peptic ulcer].

The purpose of the study was to evaluate medical, social, and economic effectiveness of treatment of day-case patients with peptic ulcer (PU). The subjects of the study were 60 day-case patients with duodenal ulcer aged 18 to 60, who underwent clinical and instrumental examination including esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy and Helicobacter pylori (HP) detection. The patients received 7-day eradication therapy, which included omeprazol in a dose of 20 mg twice a day, clarithromycin--500 mg twice a day, and metronidazole--500 mg twice a day. There was a control group, which included 60 inpatients treated in Gastroenterology Division of the hospital. The use of the three-component medication in the day-case patients and the inpatients led to disappearance of pain syndrome 7.4 +/- 0.3 and 8.6 +/- 0.2 days after the beginning of the treatment, respectively; dyspepsia disappeared in the day-case patients and the inpatients 7.6 +/- 0.2 and 8.8 +/- 0.3 days after the beginning of the treatment, respectively. HP eradication was effective in 86.7% of the day-case patients, and in 88.3% of the inpatients. The course of the disease was recurrence-free during two years in 80% of the day-case patients, and in 76.4% of the inpatients; the cost of the treatment was 2.1 times higher in the group of inpatients. The results show that high effectiveness of the three-component medication, judging by the results of HP eradication, terms of disappearance of pain syndrome and ulcer healing, allows recommending this regimen for wide clinical application in day-case patients with PU.

[The incidence of some angiotensin-1 converting enzyme gene alleles in patients with coronary heart disease].

The results of several studies which have been published since 1992 evidence a significant correlation between DD genotype of angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and development of coronary artery disease (CAD) in some populations. The authors of this article studied distribution of ACE gene I/D genotypes (II, ID, DD) in 102 patients with CAD and 50 controls without cardiovascular pathology or diabetes mellitus. The CAD diagnosis was confirmed by coronaroangiography. The study established a significant correlation between the presence of DD-ACE genotype and development of CAD. After exclusion of patients with classic risk factors (body mass index greater than 26 kg/m2; arterial hypertension; dislipidemia), this correlation remained. The results of the study demonstrate a significant positive correlation between the presence of DD genotype and high risk of CAD in this population, including people without such classic risk factors as obesity, arterial hypertension, or dislipidemia.

[Clinical efficiency of course and long-term therapy with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and cor pulmonale].

AIM: to evaluate the clinical efficiency of course and long-term therapy with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor perindopril in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) and chronic cor pulmonale (CCP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients aged 40 to 56 years (mean 45.0 +/- 2.0 years) who had COLD and CCP were examined. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded by M- and B-mode and Doppler echocardiographies. RESULTS: Addition of perindopil to course therapy in patients with COLD and CCP ameliorated pulmonary hypertension, positively affected central and peripheral hemodynanic parameters, and failed to have a negative impact on external respiratory function and renal and hepatic function. The long-term use of perindopril in individually adjusted doses in the outpatient setting showed pronounced beneficial clinical effects and considerably improved the morphofunctional parameters of the right cardiac cavities and patients' life quality. CONCLUSION: It is advisable to include the ACE inhibitor perindopril into complex therapy in patients with CCP in order to correct pulmonary and central hemodynamic disorders.

[Use of lozartan in patients with chronic cor pulmonale].

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker lozartan on clinical manifestations, gas transport, and metabolism in blood cells in patients with chronic cor pulmonale (CCP). The subjects were 53 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) and secondary functional claa III pulmonary hypertension. Use of lozartan in complex therapy of these patients led to increase of pyruvic acid content in erythrocytes and glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase activity, which suggests that lozartan stimulates redox processes in blood cells. This significantly improves metabolic provision of erythrocyte functioning, phagocytosis and immunogenesis, and leads to favorable clinical effect in patients with COB and CCP.

[Efficacy of galavit in patients with duodenal ulcer].

The aim of the study was to investigate clinical efficacy of the medical complex Galavit in patients with acute phase of duodenal ulcer (DU) in. The subjects were 60 DU patients aged 32 +/- 2 years with ulcerous defects of 0.4 to 1.3 cm in diameter. In patients receiving Galavit, pain was coped with by Mann-Whitney method in 2.5 +/- 0.2 days, p < 0.001; in the control group--in 5.7 +/- 0.1 days. In the Galavit group the ulcers healed in 11.3 +/- 0.2 days, p < 0.001; in the control group--17.8 +/- 0.3 days; in 4 cases (13.3%) the ulcerous defects healed with forming of rough scars. Galavit elevated T-lymphocyte rate from 53.1 +/- 0.6% to 65.1 +/- 0.2%, p < 0.001; T-helper inductor level--from 27.8 +/- 0.2% to 38.5 +/- 0.3%, p < 0.001; cytotoxic T-lymphocyte level--from 18.5 +/- 0.5% to 27.3 +/- 0.3%, p < 0.001; B-lymphocyte level--from 12.3 +/- 0.2% to 19.1 +/- 0.1%, p < 0.001. The therapy significantly lowered malonic aldehyde level by 23.5%, trienoic conjugate level--by 61.6%; superoxide dismutase level rose 1.6 times, catalase level--1.4 times, glutathion reductase level--from 19.03 +/- 1.17 to 27.01 +/- 1.24 optical density units/mg, p < 0.001. The study did not find any significant changes in the immune status and lipid peroxidative/antioxidative system of patients receiving basic therapy. The results show that Galavit has anti-inflammatory effect, improves immune status and anti-oxidative protection. It is appropriate to administer Galavit as a component of DU basic therapy. The results show that Galavit has anti-inflammatory effect, improves immune status and anti-oxidative protection. It is appropriate to administer Galavit as a component of DU basic therapy.

[Comparison of the effectiveness of tri- and quadricomponent eradication therapy in patients with peptic ulcer].

The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of tri- and quadri-component therapy of Helicobacter pylori (HP)-associated peptic ulcer (PU). The subjects were 65 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU), divided into two groups. The first, OKM/A group, included 35 patients receiving omeprazole in a dose of 20 mg twice a day, clarythromycin--500 mg twice a day, and metronidazole--500 mg or amoxicillin--1,000 mg twice a day. The second, OBTM group, included 30 patients receiving omeprazole in a dose of 20 mg twice a day, colloid bismuth subcitrate (de-nol)--120 mg four times a day, tetracycline--500 mg four times a day, and metronidazole--500 mg twice or 250 mg four times a day. The study demonstrated high effectiveness of these regimens in HP eradication, time of coping with pain syndrome, and time of ulcer healing. Although the difference between the results in the groups was insignificant, there were certain trends observed. On the one hand, the regimen including clarythromycin seemed to be more effective vs. the regimen including tetracycline. On the other hand, the cost of the clarythromycin regimen is about 1.8 times higher than the tetracycline regimen, due to high cost of clarythromycin. The study shows that quadri-therapy in patients with a DU relapse allows maintenance of the intragastric acidity at the level which is optimal for quick coping with pain and dyspeptic syndromes, lowering of the degree of inflammatory alterations in the gastric and duodenal mucosa, HP eradication, and ulcer healing.

[A new approach to treating secondary pulmonary hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: to study the clinical and hemodynamic effects and safety of the ACE inhibitor dirotone and AT1-receptor antagonist losartan in secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The time course of changes in hemodynamic parameters and diurnal BP profile in 48 patients with COB concurrent with Functional Class (FC) III-IV secondary PH, receiving 4-week therapy including dirotone and losartan. RESULTS: The inclusion of dirotone or losartan into the combined therapy of patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension resulted in alleviated PH, caused positive changes in the right cardiac cavities, and normalized diurnal BP variables. Therapy with dirotone was effective in COB patients with the clinical signs of FC III PH only during its course use, that with losartan was beneficial in FC III and IV PH. The long-term outpatient use of losartan in individually adjusted doses produced pronounced beneficial clinical effects and led to significantly improved hemodynamic parameters. CONCLUSION: The ACE inhibitor dirotone and the AT1-receptor antagonist losartan may be recommended for the correction of hemodynamic disorders in secondary PH in patients with COB.

[Blockers of angiotensin receptors: a novel approach to the treatment of secondary pulmonary hypertension]. / Blokatory angiotenzivnykh retseptorov: novyi podkhod k lecheniiu vtorichnoi legochnoi gipertonii.

AIM: To evaluate efficacy of losartan, a blocker of angiotensin receptors, in combined treatment of secondary pulmonary hypertension (SPH) in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Losartan effects on hemodynamics, blood gases and clinical course of the disease were studied in 29 patients with COB and SPH (mean age 52 +/- 1.7 years). A control group consisted of 15 patients (mean age 51 +/- 1.5 years) treated with cardiac glycosides and diuretic drugs. M- and B-mode Doppler echocardiography registered hemodynamic parameters. 24-h monitoring of AP and ECG were made by standard methods. Blood gases and venous rheology were examined. RESULTS: Losartan administration in COB patients with SPH improved hemodynamics. Stroke index rose from 36.3 +/- 2.1 to 45.8 +/- 2.1 ml/m2 (by 26.2%, p < 0.01) in SPH functional class III, from 26.3 +/- 1.9 to 32.7 +/- 2.1 ml/m2 (by 24.3%, p < 0.01) in functional class IV Cardiac index rose by 22.2 and 21.1%, respectively. Pulmonary hemodynamics improved too: systolic pressure in pulmonary artery fell by 25.7% in functional class III, by 18.6% in functional class IV. Losartan normalized a 24-h AP profile, reduced the number of painless myocardial ischemia. CONCLUSION: Use of losartan in combined therapy of patients with COB and SPH improves clinical status of the patients, corrects basic cardiohemodynamic parameters, has a positive effect on AP profiles without negative impact on blood gas composition and rheology.

[Medico-economic effectiveness of dispensary care for patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases in a rural locality]. / Mediko-ékonomicheskaia éffektivnost' dispanserizatii bol'nykh khronicheskimi nespetsificheskimi zabolevaniiami legkikh v usloviiakh sel'skoi mestnosti.

Dispensarization of rural patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases by means of available methods of diagnosis and treatment and with regard to the disease entity and course made it possible to reduce 1.7-fold the rate of temporary disability and thus to save 19.386 roubles.

[Efficacy of different schemes of anti-helicobacter therapy in duodenal ulcer]. / Effectivnost' razlichnykh skhem antikhelikobakternoi terapii pri iazvennoi bolezni dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

AIM: To study clinical efficacy and antihelicobacter activity of combined treatment of duodenal ulcer (DU) with famotidin (qamatel), metronidasol (trichopol) and jozamycin (walpraphen). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 96 patients with uncomplicated DU have been treated (mean age 42.5 +/- 1.5 years). The examination included standard tests, endoscopy, pH-metry (on the treatment days 1, 15 and 28), biopsies and prints from the antral stomach and its body. The sections were stained by Gimse for morphological assessment of duodenal mucosa and detection of Helicobacter pylori (HP). Gastric acid-producing function was examined with intragastric pH-metry. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 received monotherapy with famotidin (20 mg twice a day); group 2 received combined treatment with famotidin (40 mg/day), metronidasol (500 mg twice a day), josamycin (300 mg in 3 doses) for a week with following intake of famotidin alone (40 mg/day) for 3 weeks; group 3 received the same treatment plus clarythromycin. Group 1 patients benefited from the treatment but elimination of pain and dyspeptic syndromes was longer than in groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.05). Ulcer healing to treatment day 28 was observed in 71.8, 90.0 and 88.2%, respectively. Side effects occurred in 0, 10 and 16.7% cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: 1-week schemes of combined treatment with famotidin, metronidasol, josamycin or clarythromycin are highly effective in DU and their side effect rates are not very high.

[Clinical and hemodynamical efficacy of prestarium and its role in the treatment of chronic pulmonary heart]. / Kliniko-gemodinamicheskaia éffektivnost' prestariuma i ego rol' v lechenii khronicheskogo legochnogo serdtsa.

AIM: To assess clinical efficiency and safety of ACE inhibitor prestarium (Servier, France) with specification of its effects on central and pulmonary hemodynamics, hepatic blood flow, indications in patients with chronic pulmonary heart (CPH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 42 patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) complicated by CPH entered the trial. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 26) received standard therapy plus prestarium (2-4 mg/day), group 2 (n = 16) received only standard combined therapy. The examinees have undergone ultrasonic investigation of the heart and liver in Doppler modes, ECG monitoring, examination for external respiration function, lipid peroxidation activity, antioxidant blood defense. RESULTS: Group 1 demonstrated earlier positive response. It was found that improvement in functional class of cardiac failure induced by prestarium and less frequent episodes of arrhythmia directly correlated. Positive changes were stated in central and hepatic hemodynamics, systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery lowered more significantly than in the control group. CONCLUSION: If COB patients have symptoms of right ventricular failure, they are recommended to take prestarium in a daily dose 0.004 g for 4 weeks to improve intracardiac and hepatic hemodynamics, reduce systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery and number of prognostically unfavourable arrhythmic episodes.