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1.
Appl Environ Microbiol ; 84(15)2018 08 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29802187

RESUMEN

Starches resistant to mammalian digestion are present in foods and pass to the large bowel, where they may be degraded and fermented by the microbiota. Increases in relative abundances of bifidobacteria (blooms) have been reported in rats whose diet was supplemented with Hi-Maize resistant starch. We determined that the bifidobacterial species present in the rat cecum under these circumstances mostly belonged to Bifidobacterium animalis However, cultures of B. animalis isolated from the rats failed to degrade Hi-Maize starch to any extent. In contrast, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum also detected in the rat microbiota had high starch-degrading ability. Transcriptional comparisons showed increased expression of a type 1 pullulanase, alpha-amylase, and glycogen debranching enzyme by B. pseudolongum when cultured in medium containing Hi-Maize starch. Maltose was released into the culture medium, and B. animalis cultures had shorter doubling times in maltose medium than did B. pseudolongum Thus, B. pseudolongum, which was present at a consistently low abundance in the microbiota, but which has extensive enzymatic capacity to degrade resistant starch, showed the attributes of a keystone species associated with the bifidobacterial bloom.IMPORTANCE This study addresses the microbiology and function of a natural ecosystem (the rat gut) using DNA-based observations and in vitro experimentation. The microbial community of the large bowel of animals, including humans, has been studied extensively through the use of high-throughput DNA sequencing methods and advanced bioinformatics analysis. These studies reveal the compositions and genetic capacities of microbiotas but not the intricacies of how microbial communities function. Our work, combining DNA sequence analysis and laboratory experiments with cultured strains of bacteria, revealed that the increased abundance of bifidobacteria in the rat gut, induced by feeding indigestible starch, involved a species that cannot itself degrade the starch (Bifidobacterium animalis) but cohabits with a species that can (Bifidobacterium pseudolongum). B. pseudolongum has the characteristics of a keystone species in the community because it had low abundance but high ability to perform a critical function, the hydrolysis of resistant starch.


Asunto(s)
Bifidobacterium/aislamiento & purificación , Ciego/microbiología , Ratas/metabolismo , Almidón/metabolismo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Bifidobacterium/clasificación , Bifidobacterium/genética , Bifidobacterium/metabolismo , Ciego/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Glicósido Hidrolasas/genética , Glicósido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Ratas/microbiología , alfa-Amilasas/genética , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismo
2.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr ; 73(1): 54-60, 2018 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29388158

RESUMEN

This study examined the effects of anthocyanin-rich blackcurrant extract and dietary fibers individually and their combinations on biomarkers of large intestinal health in rats. After six weeks of feeding, rats fed diets with blackcurrant gained significantly less body weight and reduced their food intake resulting in a lower food efficiency compared with those rats fed control diets. Combining dietary fiber (apple or broccoli) with blackcurrant in the diet was more effective in reducing the body weight gain and food intake. Cecal bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acids differed between the experimental diets. Blackcurrants significantly altered the bacterial populations by increasing the abundance of Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group and Lactobacillus spp., while decreasing the abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Clostridium perfringens. Propionic acid concentrations were increased by the diets with blackcurrant. Butyric acid concentrations were increased by dietary fiber supplementation. Dietary fiber increased the number of goblet cells in the colon. Diets with blackcurrant were more effective in altering the biomarkers of large intestinal health than those without blackcurrant.


Asunto(s)
Colon/fisiología , Fibras de la Dieta/farmacología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Ribes , Animales , Peso Corporal , Brassica , Ciego/efectos de los fármacos , Ciego/microbiología , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Ingestión de Alimentos , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Malus , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ribes/química
3.
Plant Foods Hum Nutr ; 72(3): 321-323, 2017 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28550342

RESUMEN

This study investigated the impact of diets containing various levels of avocado (5, 10 and 15%) on gut health in rats fed for six weeks. Avocado-fed rats had significantly higher food intakes while their body weights remained similar to the control diet-fed rats. No significant changes in intestinal bacterial populations (ileum, cecum and colon) were found in rats fed avocado diets compared to the control diet. Ileum and colon tissues of rats fed avocado diets showed significantly higher expression of genes (ß-defensin 1, mucin 3 or mucin 4) and a greater number of mucin-producing goblet cells in the colon. The percentage of avocado in the diet had varying effects in altering the biomarkers, whereby diet containing 15% avocado was the more effective diet. This study delivers new knowledge on the role of avocado on gut health in rats.


Asunto(s)
Dieta , Ingestión de Alimentos , Microbiota , Persea/química , Animales , Peso Corporal , Ciego/microbiología , Ciego/fisiología , Colon/microbiología , Colon/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Células Caliciformes/metabolismo , Íleon/microbiología , Íleon/fisiología , Masculino , Mucinas/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , beta-Defensinas/genética
4.
BMC Gastroenterol ; 16: 31, 2016 Mar 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26940566

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Intestinal bacteria are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We investigated whether oral inoculation with specific intestinal bacteria increased colon inflammation in the multi-drug resistance 1a-deficient (Mdr1a (-/-) ) mouse model of IBD. METHODS: Five-week-old Mdr1a (-/-) mice (FVB background) and FVB mice were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (Control or Inoculation, n = 12 per group). All mice were fed AIN-76A rodent diet, and mice in the Inoculation groups also received a single oral bacterial inoculation consisting of twelve cultured Enterococcus species combined with conventional intestinal flora obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy mice (EF.CIF). Body weight, food intake, and disease activity index (DAI) were assessed throughout the study, and at 21 or 24 weeks of age, inflammation was assessed post-mortem by determining colon length and histological injury score (HIS), and plasma serum amyloid A (SAA). RESULTS: Mdr1a (-/-) mice consumed more food than FVB mice at 13 weeks of age (P < 0.05). There was also a significant effect of genotype on body weight, with Mdr1a (-/-) mice weighing less than FVB mice throughout the study (P < 0.05) regardless of treatment, but there was no effect of inoculation on body weight (P > 0.25). Colon HIS of Mdr1a (-/-) mice was significantly higher than that of FVB mice in the Control (9.3 ± 4.7 (mean ± SD) vs. 0.58 ± 0.51; P < 0.001) and Inoculation (6.7 ± 5.1 vs. 0.92 ± 0.39; P < 0.001) groups. There was no difference in colon HIS of Mdr1a (-/-) mice in the Control group compared with Mdr1a (-/-) mice in the Inoculation group (P = 0.25), nor was there any difference in within-group variation of colon HIS in these two Mdr1a (-/-) groups. DAI was higher in Mdr1a (-/-) mice than in FVB mice, but there was no effect of treatment in either strain, nor were there any differences in colon length or plasma SAA. CONCLUSIONS: Inoculation of Mdr1a (-/-) mice with the EF.CIF inoculum described here does not increase colon inflammation or reduce the observed variability of inflammation.


Asunto(s)
Colitis/microbiología , Colon/microbiología , Enterococcus , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/microbiología , Subfamilia B de Transportador de Casetes de Unión a ATP/genética , Animales , Peso Corporal , Colitis/inmunología , Colitis/patología , Colon/inmunología , Colon/patología , Dieta , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Conducta Alimentaria , Inflamación , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/inmunología , Enfermedades Inflamatorias del Intestino/patología , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Proteína Amiloide A Sérica/inmunología
5.
Appl Environ Microbiol ; 80(7): 2240-7, 2014 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24487527

RESUMEN

Knowledge of the trophisms that underpin bowel microbiota composition is required in order to understand its complex phylogeny and function. Stable-isotope ((13)C)-labeled inulin was added to the diet of rats on a single occasion in order to detect utilization of inulin-derived substrates by particular members of the cecal microbiota. Cecal digesta from Fibruline-inulin-fed rats was collected prior to (0 h) and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 h following provision of the [(13)C]inulin diet. RNA was extracted from these cecal specimens and fractionated in isopycnic buoyant density gradients in order to detect (13)C-labeled nucleic acid originating in bacterial cells that had metabolized the labeled dietary constituent. RNA extracted from specimens collected after provision of the labeled diet was more dense than 0-h RNA. Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes amplified from cDNA obtained from these fractions showed that Bacteroides uniformis, Blautia glucerasea, Clostridium indolis, and Bifidobacterium animalis were the main users of the (13)C-labeled substrate. Culture-based studies of strains of these bacterial species enabled trophisms associated with inulin and its hydrolysis products to be identified. B. uniformis utilized Fibruline-inulin for growth, whereas the other species used fructo-oligosaccharide and monosaccharides. Thus, RNA-stable-isotope probing (RNA-SIP) provided new information about the use of carbon from inulin in microbiota metabolism.


Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Carbono/metabolismo , Intestino Grueso/microbiología , Inulina/metabolismo , Animales , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , ADN Ribosómico/aislamiento & purificación , Marcaje Isotópico , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/aislamiento & purificación , Ratas , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN
6.
J Nutr ; 144(2): 146-54, 2014 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24353343

RESUMEN

Apples are rich in polyphenols, which provide antioxidant properties, mediation of cellular processes such as inflammation, and modulation of gut microbiota. In this study we compared genetically engineered apples with increased flavonoids [myeloblastis transcription factor 10 (MYB10)] with nontransformed apples from the same genotype, "Royal Gala" (RG), and a control diet with no apple. Compared with the RG diet, the MYB10 diet contained elevated concentrations of the flavonoid subclasses anthocyanins, flavanol monomers (epicatechin) and oligomers (procyanidin B2), and flavonols (quercetin glycosides), but other plant secondary metabolites were largely unaltered. We used these apples to investigate the effects of dietary flavonoids on inflammation and gut microbiota in 2 mouse feeding trials. In trial 1, male mice were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with 20% MYB10 apple flesh and peel (MYB-FP) or RG apple flesh and peel (RG-FP) for 7 d. In trial 2, male mice were fed MYB-FP or RG-FP diets or diets supplemented with 20% MYB10 apple flesh or RG apple flesh for 7 or 21 d. In trial 1, the transcription levels of inflammation-linked genes in mice showed decreases of >2-fold for interleukin-2 receptor (Il2rb), chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2), chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10), and chemokine receptor 10 (Ccr10) at 7 d for the MYB-FP diet compared with the RG-FP diet (P < 0.05). In trial 2, the inflammation marker prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the plasma of mice fed the MYB-FP diet at 21 d was reduced by 10-fold (P < 0.01) compared with the RG-FP diet. In colonic microbiota, the number of total bacteria for mice fed the MYB-FP diet was 6% higher than for mice fed the control diet at 21 d (P = 0.01). In summary, high-flavonoid apple was associated with decreases in some inflammation markers and changes in gut microbiota when fed to healthy mice.


Asunto(s)
Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Alimentos Modificados Genéticamente , Inflamación/prevención & control , Malus/química , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antocianinas/farmacología , Antocianinas/uso terapéutico , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Biflavonoides/farmacología , Biflavonoides/uso terapéutico , Biomarcadores/sangre , Catequina/farmacología , Catequina/uso terapéutico , Colon/microbiología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Flavonoides/farmacología , Frutas/química , Genotipo , Glicósidos/farmacología , Glicósidos/uso terapéutico , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/genética , Mediadores de Inflamación/sangre , Masculino , Malus/genética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Proantocianidinas/farmacología , Proantocianidinas/uso terapéutico , Quercetina/farmacología , Quercetina/uso terapéutico , Valores de Referencia , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Transcripción Genética/efectos de los fármacos , Transformación Genética
7.
Phytother Res ; 28(12): 1846-54, 2014 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25069887

RESUMEN

The protective role of two apple polyphenol extracts, Douglas-FB (FB) and Douglas-EF (EF), on gastric mucosal damage following aspirin ingestion was investigated in healthy rats. Polyphenol content of the apple extracts varied, with the EF extract having 20% w/w polyphenols and a high proportion of flavanols as epicatechin and procyanidin, whereas the FB extract comprised 12% w/w polyphenols, which were mostly flavonols as quercetin glycosides. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to control, FB and EF groups and fed the experimental diet during the 10-day trial. Control treatment rats received 1 mL of deionised water, whereas apple polyphenol treatment group rats, FB and EF received a concentration of 10(-2) m polyphenols in 1 mL deionised water daily via oral gavage. At the end of 10-day feeding period, rats were fasted overnight, and the following morning, aspirin (200 mg/kg) was given by oral gavage. Four hours after aspirin administration, the animals were euthanised, and samples taken for analysis. Both apple polyphenol extracts significantly reduced the ulcer area, ulcer lesion index and gastric injury score. The glutathione in gastric mucosa was increased significantly in rats given FB apple extract. Despite their different polyphenol compositions, FB and EF apple extracts assisted in protecting the gastric mucosa following acute aspirin administration in rats.


Asunto(s)
Aspirina/efectos adversos , Ácido Clorogénico/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Mucosa Gástrica/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Taninos/farmacología , Animales , Mucosa Gástrica/patología , Masculino , Malus/química , Polifenoles/farmacología , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Úlcera Gástrica/inducido químicamente , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamiento farmacológico
8.
Food Sci Nutr ; 12(2): 1189-1206, 2024 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38370080

RESUMEN

Essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts have demonstrated inhibitory activity against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, the chemical composition of manuka, kanuka, peppermint, thyme, lavender, and feijoa leaf and peel EOs and feijoa peel and leaf extracts were analyzed, and their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes were determined. The results showed that the major compounds varied among different EOs and extracts, with menthol in peppermint EO, thymol and carvacrol in thyme EO, linalool in lavender EO, ß-caryophyllene in feijoa EO, and flavones in feijoa extract being the most prevalent. The study found that while EOs/extracts had antimicrobial activity alone, no individual EO/extract was highly effective against all tested species. Therefore, their combinations were tested to identify those that could broaden the spectrum of activity and act synergistically. The checkerboard method was applied to assess the possible synergism between the paired combinations of EOs/extract. The peppermint/thyme, peppermint/lavender, and peppermint/feijoa peel extract combinations exhibited a synergistic effect against E. coli and L. monocytogenes, with the peppermint/thyme and peppermint/feijoa peel extract combinations being the most effective against all five pathogens. Time-to-kill kinetics assays demonstrated that peppermint/thyme and peppermint/feijoa peel extract combinations achieved complete eradication of E. coli within 10-30 min and L. monocytogenes within 4-6 h. This study provides a promising approach to developing a natural alternative for food preservation using synergistic combinations of EOs/extracts, which could potentially reduce the required dosage and broaden their application in food products as natural preservatives.

9.
Br J Nutr ; 108 Suppl 2: S282-7, 2012 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23107539

RESUMEN

The development, refinement and validation of in vitro digestibility assays for dietary protein and amino acids for single stomached mammals are reviewed. The general principles of in vitro digestibility assays and their limitations are discussed. In vitro protein digestibility assays must be accurate, rapid, cheap, simple, robust, adaptable and relevant to the processes of digestion, absorption, and metabolism. Simple in vitro methods have the potential to give useful measures of in vivo amino acid and protein digestibility for humans. In vitro methods, including the complex multi-component models of digestion simulating the various physical and chemical processes, require independent validation with in vivo data from the target species or an acceptable animal model using the most appropriate in vivo measure of digestibility. For protein sources devoid of anti-nutritional factors or plant fibre, true ileal digestibility is the recommended in vivo baseline, while for plant proteins the recommended in vivo assay is real ileal digestibility. More published comparative studies are required to adequately validate in vitro digestibility assays.


Asunto(s)
Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Dieta , Proteínas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Digestión , Íleon/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Animales , Humanos , Modelos Animales
10.
Foods ; 11(3)2022 Feb 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35159614

RESUMEN

A novel alternative to synthetic preservatives is the use of natural products such as essential oil (EO) as a natural food-grade preservative. EOs are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), so they could be considered an alternative way to increase the shelf-life of highly perishable food products by impeding the proliferation of food-borne pathogens. The mounting interest within the food industry and consumer preference for "natural" and "safe" products means that scientific evidence on plant-derived essential oils (EOs) needs to be examined in-depth, including the underlying mechanisms of action. Understanding the mechanism of action that individual components of EO exert on the cell is imperative to design strategies to eradicate food-borne pathogens. Results from published works showed that most EOs are more active against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria due to the difference in the cell wall structure. In addition, the application of EOs at a commercial scale has been minimal, as their flavour and odour could be imparted to food. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the research carried out on EOs, emphasizing the antibacterial activity of fruit peel EOs, and the antibacterial mechanism of action of the individual components of EOs. A brief outline of recent contributions of EOs in the food matrix is highlighted. The findings from the literature have been encouraging, and further research is recommended to develop strategies for the application of EO at an industrial scale.

11.
PLoS One ; 17(5): e0267567, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35522680

RESUMEN

The benefits of lowering blood pressure (BP) are well established for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. While there are a number of pharmaceuticals available for lowering BP, there is considerable interest in using dietary modifications, lifestyle and behaviour changes as alternative strategies. Kukoamines, caffeic acid derivatives of polyamines present in solanaceous plants, have been reported to reduce BP. We investigated the effect of orally administered synthetic kukoamine A on BP in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) laboratory animal model of hypertension. Prior to the hypertension study, we determined the safety of the synthetic kukoamine A in a single oral dose (5 or 10 mg kg-1 bodyweight) 14-day observational study in mice. No negative effects of the oral administration of kukoamine A were observed. We subsequently investigated the effect of daily oral doses of kukoamine A (0, 5, 10 mg kg-1 bodyweight) for 35 days using the SHR rat model of hypertension. The normotensive control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) strain was used to provide a baseline for normal BP in rats. We observed no effect of orally administered synthetic kukoamine A on arterial hypertension in this laboratory animal model of hypertension.


Asunto(s)
Hipertensión , Administración Oral , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratones , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Ratas Endogámicas WKY , Espermina/análogos & derivados
12.
Foods ; 10(4)2021 Apr 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33918607

RESUMEN

Consumption of polyphenols and dietary fiber as part of a normal diet is beneficial to human health. In this study, we examined whether different amounts of dietary soluble fiber (pectin) affect the absorption and metabolism of polyphenols from blackcurrant and green tea in rats. After 28 days, the rats fed blackcurrant and green tea with pectin (4 or 8%) had significantly lower body weight gain and food intake compared to the rats fed a control diet. Rats fed a blackcurrant and green tea diet with 8% pectin had significantly higher fecal nitrogen output and lower protein digestibility. No polyphenols were observed in the urine, feces and plasma of rats fed the control diet. Parent catechins and flavonols were absent in urine obtained from all diet groups. Gallocatechin glucuronide was only observed in the plasma of rats fed the blackcurrant and green tea diet without pectin. Meanwhile, epicatechin and catechin gallate were present in the feces of rats fed a blackcurrant and green tea diet with and without 4% pectin. Pectin (4 or 8%) added to the blackcurrant and green tea diet increased the plasma antioxidant capacity in rats. Inclusion of pectin in the diet altered the host absorption and metabolism of polyphenols from blackcurrant and green tea.

13.
Food Funct ; 12(7): 3104-3119, 2021 Apr 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33725036

RESUMEN

Antibiotics are effective treatments for bacterial infections, however, their oral administration can have unintended consequences and may alter the gut microbiota composition. In this study, we examined the influence of antibiotics on the induction of gut dysbiosis and then evaluated the potential of cow and goat milk to restore the microbiota composition and metabolism in newly weaned rats. In the first study (gut dysbiosis model), rats were treated with amoxicillin, a mixture of antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin and metronidazole) or no antibiotics (control). Antibiotics reduced the rat body weights, food intakes and faecal outputs compared to the control group. Gut length was significantly decreased after the antibiotic intake. The bacterial populations (Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp. and total bacteria) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; acetic, butyric and propionic) concentrations in rat caecum, colon and faeces were significantly altered by the antibiotic treatments. In the second study, we examined the effects of cow and goat milk in restoring bacterial populations and metabolism in rats with gut dysbiosis induced by amoxicillin. Goat milk significantly increased the numbers of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. and decreased the numbers of Clostridium perfringens in the caecum and colon of rats treated with amoxicillin. Whereas, rats fed cow milk had higher Lactobacillus spp. and lower C. perfringens in the gut. Caecal and colonic SCFAs (acetic, butyric and propionic) concentrations differed significantly between rats fed cow and goat milk diets. Overall, goat and cow milk varied in their effects on the immature gut following antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in a rat model.


Asunto(s)
Disbiosis/dietoterapia , Leche/microbiología , Amoxicilina , Animales , Bovinos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Disbiosis/inducido químicamente , Fermentación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Cabras , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
14.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 13055, 2020 08 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32747727

RESUMEN

Kiwifruit (KF) contains bioactive compounds with potential anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of KF on gastric and duodenal damage induced by soluble aspirin in healthy rats. Sixty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated to eight experimental treatments (n = 8) and the experimental diets were fed for 14 days ad libitum. The experimental diets were 20% fresh pureed KF (green-fleshed and gold-fleshed) or 10% glucose solution (control diet). A positive anti-inflammatory control treatment (ranitidine) was included. At the end of the 14-day feeding period, the rats were fasted overnight, and the following morning soluble aspirin (400 mg/kg aspirin) or water (control) was administered by oral gavage. Four hours after aspirin administration, the rats were euthanized and samples taken for analysis. We observed no significant ulcer formation or increase in infiltration of the gastric mucosal inflammatory cells in the rats with the aspirin treatment. Despite this, there were significant changes in gene expression, such as in the duodenum of aspirin-treated rats fed green KF where there was increased expression of inflammation-related genes NOS2 and TNF-alpha. We also observed that gold and green KF diets had a number of contrasting effects on genes related to inflammation and gastro-protective effects.


Asunto(s)
Actinidia/química , Aspirina/efectos adversos , Duodeno/patología , Frutas/química , Mucosa Gástrica/patología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Inflamación/genética , Estómago/patología , Animales , Proteínas CLOCK/genética , Proteínas CLOCK/metabolismo , Duodeno/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Gástrica/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/patología , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Análisis de Componente Principal , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estómago/efectos de los fármacos , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamiento farmacológico , Úlcera Gástrica/genética , Úlcera Gástrica/patología , Proteínas de Uniones Estrechas/genética , Proteínas de Uniones Estrechas/metabolismo , Triptófano/metabolismo
15.
Nutrients ; 12(5)2020 May 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32443433

RESUMEN

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that results in constipation (IBS-C) or diarrhoea with abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea and bloating. Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) are nutrient-dense fruit with a number of reported health benefits that include lowering glycaemic response, improving cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers, and enhancing gut comfort and laxation. This study investigated the effect of consuming three whole Zespri® SunGold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis 'Zesy002') with or without skin on cytokine production and immune and gut health in healthy people and those with IBS-C symptoms. This study enrolled thirty-eight participants in a 16 week randomized cross-over study (19 healthy and 19 participants with IBS-C). Participants were randomized to consume either three kiwifruit without eating the skin or three kiwifruit including the skin for 4 weeks each, with a 4 week washout in between each intervention. There was a significant decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, for both the healthy and the IBS-C participants when they consumed whole kiwifruit and skin, and also for the healthy participants when they ate whole kiwifruit without the skin (p < 0.001). The kiwifruit interventions increased bowel frequency and significantly reduced the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale constipation and Birmingham IBS pain scores for both participant groups. We have demonstrated that consuming the skin of SunGold kiwifruit might have beneficial effects on gastrointestinal health that are not produced by consuming the flesh alone.


Asunto(s)
Actinidia/inmunología , Estreñimiento/inmunología , Ingestión de Alimentos/inmunología , Frutas/inmunología , Síndrome del Colon Irritable/inmunología , Epidermis de la Planta/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Estreñimiento/sangre , Estreñimiento/etiología , Estudios Cruzados , Digestión/inmunología , Femenino , Tracto Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Humanos , Interleucina-10/sangre , Interleucina-6/sangre , Síndrome del Colon Irritable/sangre , Síndrome del Colon Irritable/complicaciones , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Valor Nutritivo/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Adulto Joven
16.
Adv Nutr ; 11(4): 890-907, 2020 07 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32149335

RESUMEN

There is emerging evidence that an unhealthy dietary pattern may increase the risk of developing depression or anxiety, whereas a healthy dietary pattern may decrease it. This nascent research suggests that dietary interventions could help prevent, or be an alternative or adjunct therapy for, depression and anxiety. The relation, however, is complex, affected by many confounding variables, and is also likely to be bidirectional, with dietary choices being affected by stress and depression. This complexity is reflected in the data, with sometimes conflicting results among studies. As the research evolves, all characteristics of the relation need to be considered to ensure that we obtain a full understanding, which can potentially be translated into clinical practice. A parallel and fast-growing body of research shows that the gut microbiota is linked with the brain in a bidirectional relation, commonly termed the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Preclinical evidence suggests that this axis plays a key role in the regulation of brain function and behavior. In this review we discuss possible reasons for the conflicting results in diet-mood research, and present examples of areas of the diet-mood relation in which the gut microbiota is likely to be involved, potentially explaining some of the conflicting results from diet and depression studies. We argue that because diet is one of the most significant factors that affects human gut microbiota structure and function, nutritional intervention studies need to consider the gut microbiota as an essential piece of the puzzle.


Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Ansiedad , Encéfalo , Depresión , Humanos
17.
Nutrients ; 12(6)2020 Jun 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32545413

RESUMEN

Human breastmilk components, the microbiota and immune modulatory proteins have vital roles in infant gut and immune development. In a population of breastfeeding women (n = 78) of different ethnicities (Asian, Maori and Pacific Island, New Zealand European) and their infants living in the Manawatu-Wanganui region of New Zealand, we examined the microbiota and immune modulatory proteins in the breast milk, and the fecal microbiota of mothers and infants. Breast milk and fecal samples were collected over a one-week period during the six to eight weeks postpartum. Breast milk microbiota differed between the ethnic groups. However, these differences had no influence on the infant's gut microbiota composition. Based on the body mass index (BMI) classifications, the mother's breast milk and fecal microbiota compositions were similar between normal, overweight and obese individuals, and their infant's fecal microbiota composition also did not differ. The relative abundance of bacteria belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum was higher in feces of infants born through vaginal delivery. However, the bacterial abundance of this phylum in the mother's breast milk or feces was similar between women who delivered vaginally or by cesarean section. Several immune modulatory proteins including cytokines, growth factors, and immunoglobulin differed between the BMI and ethnicity groups. Transforming growth factor beta 1 and 2 (TGFß1, TGFß2) were present in higher concentrations in the milk from overweight mothers compared to those of normal weight. The TGFß1 and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) concentrations were significantly higher in the breast milk from Maori and Pacific Island women compared with women from Asian and NZ European ethnicities. This study explores the relationship between ethnicity, body mass index, mode of baby delivery and the microbiota of infants and their mothers and their potential impact on infant health.


Asunto(s)
Etnicidad , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Sistema Inmunológico/inmunología , Leche Humana/inmunología , Leche Humana/microbiología , Madres , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Citocinas/metabolismo , Parto Obstétrico/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Lactante , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/metabolismo , Receptores de Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , Leche Humana/metabolismo , Nueva Zelanda , Obesidad/inmunología , Obesidad/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/inmunología , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Adulto Joven
18.
J Nutr Sci ; 8: e18, 2019.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31080591

RESUMEN

Functional gastrointestinal disorders including constipation affect up to 14 % of the world's population. Treatment is difficult and challenging resulting in a need for alternative safe and effective therapies. The present study investigated whether daily consumption of three gold-fleshed kiwifruit could alleviate constipation and improve gastrointestinal discomfort in mildly constipated individuals with and without pain. A total of thirty-two participants were enrolled in a 16-week randomised, single-blind, crossover study. Participants received either three 'Zesy002' kiwifruit or 14·75 g Metamucil® (5 g dietary fibre/d (a positive control)) for 4 weeks each with a 4-week washout between treatments. A 2-week washout period was included at the beginning and end of the study. Daily bowel habit diaries were kept throughout the study. The primary outcome measure was differences in the number of complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM). Secondary outcome measures were bowel movement frequency and stool form as well as digestive symptoms and comfort. The number of CSBM per week was significantly greater during daily consumption of three kiwifruit compared with the baseline (6·3 v. 3·3; P < 0·05) and the Metamucil® treatment (6·3 v. 4·5; P < 0·05). Stool consistency was also improved, with kiwifruit producing softer stools and less straining (P < 0·05). Gastrointestinal discomfort was also improved compared with baseline for abdominal pain, constipation and indigestion (P < 0·05) during the kiwifruit intervention and constipation during the Metamucil® intervention (P < 0·05). This randomised controlled trial demonstrates that daily consumption of three gold-fleshed kiwifruit is associated with a significant increase of two CSBM per week and reduction in gastrointestinal discomfort in mildly constipated adults.


Asunto(s)
Actinidia/química , Estreñimiento/tratamiento farmacológico , Frutas/química , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Psyllium/uso terapéutico , Dolor Abdominal/complicaciones , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Cruzados , Defecación , Método Doble Ciego , Heces , Femenino , Tránsito Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Síndrome del Colon Irritable/complicaciones , Síndrome del Colon Irritable/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nueva Zelanda , Método Simple Ciego , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto Joven
19.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 232: 110-118, 2019 Mar 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30572092

RESUMEN

Kawakawa (Piper excelsum) has food, medicinal and cultural importance to the indigenous Maori people of New Zealand, and is being incorporated into a range of commercial food and therapeutic products, including tea. In this study, the chemical compositions of kawakawa fresh leaves, dried leaves for tea, and hot brewed tea, were analysed and compared. The key metabolites were diayangambin, elemicin, myristicin, unidentified lignans and amides. The safety of brewed tea and tea leaves were evaluated in 8 week old Sprague Dawley rats in a 14 day acute study followed by a 28 day subacute study. In the 14 day study, the rats received the equivalent of 1, 2, 3 or 4 cups of kawakawa tea, and the rats in the 28 day study received daily doses that were equivalent to 4 cups per day. There were no adverse effects observed in the rats, and body weights and food intakes were not significantly different between the control and the kawakawa treated animals. There were small differences in organ weights, biochemical and haematology parameters observed in the rats given the kawakawa tea. In conclusion, the consumption of kawakawa tea could be considered safe within the conditions used in this study.


Asunto(s)
Piper , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Hojas de la Planta/química , Tés Medicinales/toxicidad , Animales , Femenino , Medicina Tradicional , Nueva Zelanda , Fitoquímicos/análisis , Fitoquímicos/toxicidad , Piper/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Tés Medicinales/análisis , Pruebas de Toxicidad Aguda , Pruebas de Toxicidad Subaguda
20.
Nutrients ; 10(9)2018 Sep 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30181524

RESUMEN

Human milk is nutrient rich, complex in its composition, and is key to a baby's health through its role in nutrition, gastrointestinal tract and immune development. Seventy-eight mothers (19⁻42 years of age) of Asian, Maori, Pacific Island, or of European ethnicity living in Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand (NZ) completed the study. The women provided three breast milk samples over a one-week period (6⁻8 weeks postpartum), completed a three-day food diary and provided information regarding their pregnancy and lactation experiences. The breast milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, fatty acid profile, ash, selected minerals (calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc), and carbohydrates. Breast milk nutrient profiles showed no significant differences between the mothers of different ethnicities in their macronutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate, and moisture) content. The breast milk of Asian mothers contained significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acids. Arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the breast milk of Maori and Pacific Island women. Dietary intakes of protein, total energy, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iodine, vitamin A equivalents, and folate differed between the ethnic groups, as well as the number of serves of dairy foods, chicken, and legumes. No strong correlations between dietary nutrients and breast milk components were found.


Asunto(s)
Dieta , Etnicidad , Leche Humana/química , Adulto , Ácido Araquidónico/análisis , Lactancia Materna , Registros de Dieta , Grasas de la Dieta/análisis , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Proteínas en la Dieta/análisis , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/análisis , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/análisis , Ácidos Grasos Omega-6/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Lactancia , Micronutrientes/análisis , Nueva Zelanda , Evaluación Nutricional , Islas del Pacífico , Periodo Posparto , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto Joven
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