Food systems for sustainable development: proposals for a profound four-part transformation.

Evidence shows the importance of food systems for sustainable development: they are at the nexus that links food security, nutrition, and human health, the viability of ecosystems, climate change, and social justice. However, agricultural policies tend to focus on food supply, and sometimes, on mechanisms to address negative externalities. We propose an alternative. Our starting point is that agriculture and food systems' policies should be aligned to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This calls for deep changes in comparison with the paradigms that prevailed when steering the agricultural change in the XXth century. We identify the comprehensive food systems transformation that is needed. It has four parts: first, food systems should enable all people to benefit from nutritious and healthy food. Second, they should reflect sustainable agricultural production and food value chains. Third, they should mitigate climate change and build resilience. Fourth, they should encourage a renaissance of rural territories. The implementation of the transformation relies on (i) suitable metrics to aid decision-making, (ii) synergy of policies through convergence of local and global priorities, and (iii) enhancement of development approaches that focus on territories. We build on the work of the "Milano Group," an informal group of experts convened by the UN Secretary General in Milan in 2015. Backed by a literature review, what emerges is a strategic narrative linking climate, agriculture and food, and calling for a deep transformation of food systems at scale. This is critical for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. The narrative highlights the needed consistency between global actions for sustainable development and numerous local-level innovations. It emphasizes the challenge of designing differentiated paths for food systems transformation responding to local and national expectations. Scientific and operational challenges are associated with the alignment and arbitration of local action within the context of global priorities.

Movement strategies during obstacle crossing in people with Parkinson disease: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Navigating obstacles involves adjusting walking patterns, particularly when stepping over them. This task may be particularly challenging for people with Parkinson disease (PD) for several reasons. This review aims to compare the spatiotemporal gait parameters of people with and without PD while stepping over obstacles. LITERATURE SURVEY: A systematic literature search was conducted in six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, Embase, and SciELO) from inception to September 2023. METHODOLOGY: Studies were selected that evaluated gait parameters of people with and without PD while walking over obstacles. Two independent researchers evaluated the eligibility and extracted gait parameters during obstacle crossing. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2-tests. Random effects models were determined for effect sizes as standardized mean differences (SMD). SYNTHESIS: Twenty-five studies were included in the review and 17 in the meta-analysis. Most of the studies (58%) showed a low risk of bias. People with PD exhibit a shorter step when landing after crossing an obstacle (SMD = -0.50 [-0.69 to -0.31]). Compared to people without PD, people with PD also widen their support base (SMD = 0.27 [0.07-0.47]) and reduce gait velocity (SMD = -0.60 [-0.80 to -0.39]) when crossing the obstacle. CONCLUSIONS: People with PD adopt a more conservative motor behavior during obstacle crossing than those without PD, with a shorter step length when landing after crossing an obstacle, greater step width and lower crossing speed.

Arm swing asymmetry in people with Parkinson's disease and its relationship with gait: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with Parkinson's disease present arm swing alterations that can adversely affect their locomotion. OBJECTIVE: To identify differences in arm swing asymmetry (ASA) between individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy individuals and to investigate the relationship between ASA, temporal-spatial gait parameters, and disease progression. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost up to February 2023. Cross-sectional studies evaluating parameters of arm swing (AS) and ASA were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Checklist, and the quality of the evidence was measured with a modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review (1130 participants). Irrespective of the medication phase (ON or OFF) and the type of walk test employed, the meta-analysis showed moderate-quality evidence that individuals with PD have increased ASA amplitude (SMD = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.69, 0.99; I²= 0%).Very low-quality evidence suggests higher ASA velocity (SMD=0.64; 95% CI: 0.24, 1.05; I²=59%) and lower AS amplitude on both the most affected (ES = -1.99, 95% CI: -3.04, -0.94, I2: 91%) and the least affected sides (ES = -0.75, 95% CI: -1.05, -0.44; I²=66%). Meta-regression indicated that ASA is inversely related to disease duration (Z: -2.4892, P< 0.05) and motor symptoms progression (Z: -2.1336, P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the medication phase and the type of walk test employed, individuals with PD exhibited greater ASA and decreased AS amplitude than healthy individuals. ASA decreases as the disease progresses and symptoms worsen.

Interannual and geographical reproducibility of the nutritional quality of milk fat from commercial grazing flocks.

The objective of the present work was to study the differences in the fatty acid (FA) composition of raw sheep milk fat under commercial milk production conditions throughout lactation, in two consecutive years. Particular attention was placed on the C18:2cis-9,trans-11 isomer, C18:1trans-11 acid, and unsaturated FA as the feeding regimen of 10 commercial flocks of latxa dairy sheep changed from indoor feeding to part-time grazing conditions (from early spring) as traditionally practiced in the Basque Country (Northern Spain). Farms located at an altitude of between 600 and 700 m, in two different geographical areas with different rainfall were selected. Milk samples were collected monthly from late January (indoor feeding) until mid-, or end of, June (outdoor feeding), during two consecutive years. In spite of some interannual variability (most likely due to large differences in rainfall), the evolution of individual FA throughout lactation was comparable between years, indicating that it was reproducible under commercial milk production conditions. The average concentrations of C18:2cis-9,trans-11 isomer and C18:1trans-11 acid in milk from the commercial flocks increased about 200% during the transition period (end of March or early April until May), from indoor feeding (late January or early February until the end of March) to the outdoor period (early May to mid-June), remaining constant during the outdoor period (27·53 ± 9·32 µmol/g fat and 71·58 ± 20·53 µmol/g fat, respectively). Non-atherogenic FA comprised approximately 50% of all saturated FA at any time during lactation, whereas the milk atherogenicity index decreased significantly during the outdoor period. The Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity of the water-soluble milk fraction did not appear to be influenced by feeding management. The FA composition of cheeses made during the second year with milk from the indoor or outdoor periods reflected those of the corresponding milks. A principal components analysis clearly showed that differences in the milk FA composition were primarily due to outdoor grazing, with very little contribution from the geographical zone or the year.

Producción Científica e Investigación en Kinesiología en Chile. Una Revisión de los últimos 20 años / Scientific production and research in Kinesiology in Chile. A Review of the Last 20 Years

Introducción: La Kinesiología en Chile ha alcanzado un importante desarrollo, impulsado por el modelo biopsicosocial. La investigación ha mostrado un incipiente pero exponencial desarrollo vinculado a las universidades. El propósito de este estudio es describir y caracterizar el estado de la producción científica realizada por Kinesiólogas y Kinesiólogos de Chile en los últimos 20 años. Método: Se realizó una revisión exploratoria con búsqueda sistemática de la literatura producida entre los años 2000-2020, en diferentes bases de datos: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro y SciELO. Los términos de búsqueda utilizados fueron: Kinesiología, Physiotherapy, Kinesiology, Physical Therapy y Chile. Resultados: Se identificaron 644 artículos con los criterios de inclusión. El idioma predominante fue el inglés (n=451). El 8,9% presentó participación exclusiva de mujeres y el 69,7% de hombres. Las áreas con mayor producción fueron musculoesquelético, cardiometabólico y fisiología del ejercicio, mientras que las más y las más emergentes ergonomía y el área de educación. Geográficamente, la Región Metropolitana concentró más de la mitad de las publicaciones, seguida por la región del Maule, que fue la segunda en cuatro de las seis áreas con mayor producción. Entre 2000- 2005 no se identificaron artículos publicados según los criterios definidos para esta investigación, mientras que entre 2017­2019 se concentró el 56,8%. Conclusiones: En los últimos tres años (2017, 2018 y 2019) ha existido un notorio crecimiento de publicaciones nacionales, concentrándose mayormente en la Región Metropolitana. Las áreas de mayor producción científica son las históricamente incluidas como parte de la formación en kinesiología. Existe una importante brecha de género en relación con la menor participación de mujeres como coautoras y autoras principales.

Introduction: Kinesiology in Chile has reached an important development, driven by the biopsychosocial model. Research has shown an incipient but exponential development with a strong relation with universities. The aim of this study is to describe and characterize scientific production carried out by Kinesiologist/Physical Therapist in Chile in the last twenty years. Methods: An exploratory review with systematic review of literature produced between 2000-2020 in different databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, SciELO.The search terms used were: Kinesiología, Physiotherapy, Kinesiology, Physical Therapy and Chile. Results: 644 articles with inclusion criteria were identified. Predominant language was english (n=451). 8,9% have exclusive participation of women and 69,7% of men. Areas with the highest production were musculoskeletal, cardiometabolic and exercise physiology, and the most emerging ergonomics and education. Geographically, Metropolitan Region concentrated more than half of publications, followed by Maule region, which was the second position in four of the six areas with highest production. Between 2000-2005 no published articles were identified according to the criteria defined for this research, while between 2017-2019, 56,8% were concentrated. Conclusions: In the last three years (2017, 2018 and 2019) there has been a noticeable growth of national publications, concentrating mainly in Metropolitan Region. Areas with greatest scientific production are those historically included as part of academic teaching/training in kinesiology. There is a significant gender gap in relation to the lower participation of women as co-authors and as main authors.

Clinical evaluation of fibularis tertius muscle prevalence / Evaluación clínica de la prevalencia del músculo fibular tercero

The fibularis tertius muscle (FTM) in man has been developed over time to acquire subsequent bipedal gait. The FTM functions as a crucial contributor in dorsiflexion and eversion, postulated over the years as a stabilizer of the talocrural joint, avoiding forced investment and protecting the anterior talofibular ligament. The literature describes that FTM is absent in 10 percent of cases, with no data on Chilean population. A study of surface anatomy in 168 young subjects, 60 percent female and 40 percent male students at the Universidad de Talca, Chile, with a mean age of 20.6 +/- 1.68 years, was conducted. The presence of FTM was identified following the implementation of a clinical assessment protocol that determines the presence of muscle on the basis of a progression called F1, F2, and F3. The FTM was present in 49.11 percent of cases. On the right side, 20 percent (n = 37) of the subjects presented the FTM in F2 and 30 percent (n = 50) in F3. On the left side, 1 percent (n = 2) showed the muscle in F1, 21 percent (n = 35) in F2, and 26 percent (n = 44) in F3. Our results contrast with the high prevalence of FTM in the literature and suggest studies of association with lesions of the talocrural region.

El músculo fibular tercero (MFT) es un músculo que en el hombre se ha desarrollado paulatinamente, al adquirir la posición bípeda y posteriormente la marcha. Dentro de las funciones del MFT destaca su contribución en la flexión dorsal y eversión, postulándose que actuaría como estabilizador de la articulación talocrural, al evitar la inversión forzada y proteger al ligamento talofibular anterior. La literatura describe que el MFT se encuentra ausente en un 10 por ciento de los casos, no existiendo datos de la población chilena. Se realizó un estudio de anatomía de superficie en 168 sujetos jóvenes, el 60 por ciento de sexo femenino y 40 por ciento de sexo masculino, estudiantes de la Universidad de Talca, Chile, con edad promedio de 20,6 +/- 1,68 años. La presencia del MFT se identificó tras la aplicación de un protocolo de evaluación clínica que determina la presencia del músculo en base a una progresión denominada F1, F2, F3. El MFT estuvo presente en el 49,11 por ciento de los casos. En el lado derecho el 20 por ciento (n=37) de los sujetos presenta el MFT en F2 y un 30 por ciento (n=50) en F3. En el lado izquierdo un 1 por ciento (n=2) exhibe el músculo en F1, 21 por ciento (n=35) en F2 y un 26 por ciento(n=44) en F3. Nuestros resultados contrastan con la alta prevalencia del MFT descrita en la literatura y se sugiere la realización de estudios de asociación con las lesiones de la región talocrural.

El funcionamiento del equipo directivo durante un proceso de autoevaluación institucional en el marco de políticas de aseguramiento de la calidad de la gestión escolar en Chile / Functioning of the directive team during an institutional self-assessment process, in the quality assurance of school management policy framework in Chile

La investigación tuvo como objetivo describir el funcionamiento de los equipos directivos que realizan una autoevaluación institucional en el marco del Sistema de Aseguramiento de la Calidad de la Gestión Escolar en Chile. Mediante una metodología cualitativa de estudio de casos múltiples se realizó un seguimiento de 10 establecimientos educacionales. Los resultados indican que el mayor cambio en las prácticas de los equipos directivos es aprender a trabajar en equipo con el resto de la comunidad educativa, sin embargo, esto no se traduce en el desarrollo de una cultura de evaluación y mejoramiento. En el análisis, se presenta un modelo que da cuenta de las fases por las que atraviesa el equipo directivo así como de los factores que facilitan o entorpecen el proceso de autoevaluación.

The research presented in this article describes the functioning of ten leadership teams that were engaged in the institutional self evaluation component of the System for Quality Assurance of School Management. Qualitative methods of multiple case studies were used to document how leadership teams described their own work over time. Results showed that the main change observed was that the teams learned how to work together with the rest of the school community. The documented changes, however, did not lead to the adoption of a culture oriented towards evaluation for continuous improvement. The discussion presents a model that describes the various phases of the team's process and beliefs, as well the factors that facilitated or hindered the self assessment process.