A protocol for distilling animal body water from biological samples and measuring oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes via cavity ring-down spectroscopy.

The application of stable isotope analysis (SIA) to the fields of ecology and animal biology has rapidly expanded over the past three decades, particularly with regards to water analysis. SIA now provides the opportunity to monitor migration patterns, examine food webs, and assess habitat changes in current and past study systems. While carbon and nitrogen SIA of biological samples have become common, analyses of oxygen or hydrogen are used more sparingly despite their promising utility for tracing water sources and animal metabolism. Common ecological applications of oxygen or hydrogen SIA require injecting enriched isotope tracers. As such, methods for processing and analyzing biological samples are tailored for enriched tracer techniques, which require lower precision than other techniques given the large signal-to-noise ratio of the data. However, instrumentation advancements are creating new opportunities to expand the applications of high-throughput oxygen and hydrogen SIA. To support these applications, we update methods to distill and measure water derived from biological samples with consistent precision equal to, or better than, ± 0.1 ‰ for δ17O, ± 0.3 ‰ for δ18O, ± 1 ‰ for δ2H, ± 2 ‰ for d-excess, and ± 15 per meg for Δ17O.

Effect of physical exercise in bariatric surgery patients: protocol of a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is an effective approach to weight loss and long-term comorbidity resolution. Although recommended in several guidelines, supervised exercise has not been systematically prescribed after bariatric surgery. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of two types of exercise, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), on body composition, cardiopulmonary function, and perceived quality of life in bariatric surgery patients. METHODS: This randomized controlled exploratory pilot trial will include 75 adults of both sexes scheduled for bariatric surgery. They will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) MICT, (2) HIIT, or (3) a control group. The intervention will occur 2 days a week for 4 months. Outcomes will be assessed at four points: (1) 1 week before surgery, (2) 21 days after surgery (baseline before the exercise program), (3) 8 weeks after beginning the exercise program, and (4) 1 week after the end of intervention. Primary outcomes will include body composition, heart rate variability, and 6-min walk test and quality of life scores. Secondary outcomes will be maximal respiratory pressure, flowmeter, hand dynamometry, and 30-s sit-to-stand test results. DISCUSSION: Both exercise protocols in this study were developed according to evidence-based practice. It is expected that, after 16 weeks of intervention, body composition (measured by electrical bioimpedance), cardiopulmonary function (measured by heart rate variability, maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, peak expiratory flow, handgrip strength, and the 6-min walk test), and perceived quality of life (measured by the Moorehead-Ardelt quality of life questionnaire II and bariatric analysis and reporting outcome system scores) will improve, especially in the HIIT group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04235842 . Registered on 22 January 2020.

[Anual Report Epidemiology of gonorrohea (CIE 10: A54)]. / Informe Anual 2016 Situación epidemiológica de gonorrea (CIE 10: A54).

Gonorrhea is produced by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is capable of infecting different types of mucous membranes depending on sexual practices. It is located preferably in the man's urethra and in the woman's cervix, also in the rectum and pharynx. Its main form of transmission is through unprotected sex and, occasionally, through the birth canal in newborns. This report presents the epidemiological situation of gonorrhea until 2016 in Chile. A descriptive analysis of the cases that entered the surveillance was carried out. Since 2000, there has been a progressive trend towards decreasing gonorrhea rates; However, in 2015 and 2016 there was an increase in the rate in relation to 2014. In 2016, 2,039 cases were presented, representing an increase of 38% with respect to the median of the previous five-year period (1,473 cases). Regarding the age of the cases, the greatest risk was found in the group of 15 to 24 years, highlighting that, as of 2013, the group rate of 15 to 19 years exceeded the group of 25 to 29 years. According to geographical distribution, the highest reporting rates were in the regions of the extreme north and south of the country, with the highest risk regions being Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Los Lagos and Aysén.

[Syphilis epidemiological report. Chile, 2016]. / Situación epidemiológica de sífilis (CIE 10: A50-A53.9). Chile, 2016.

Syphilis is produced by Treponema pallidum, which is acquired mainly through sexual contact and transplacental, but can also be acquired by transfusion of contaminated human blood and direct accidental inoculation. The natural history of the infection is characterized by three symptomatic clinical stages: primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis; these last two are preceded by asymptomatic or latent stages of the disease: early latent syphilis and late latent syphilis. This report presents the epidemiological situation of syphilis in Chile up to 2016, using as a method the descriptive analysis of cases that entered surveillance. In the last 5 years the syphilis rate remained relatively stable between 22 and 24 cases per one hundred thousand inhabitants (habs). In 2016, 4,147 cases were reported, showing a rate of 22.8 per one hundred thousand inhabitants. In relation to age, the greatest risk was found in the group of 20 to 34 years. The year 2016 increased the gap between the sexes, by increasing the rate in men. According to geographical distribution, in 2016 the highest notification rates are presented in the regions of the extreme north and center of the country, with the highest risk being the regions of Tarapacá, Antofagasta and Valparaíso. Congenital syphilis showed a progressive decrease in the number of cases since 2012 (n = 39) to 2016 (n = 24), whose rate was 0.1 per thousand live births.

[Population estimates on HIV in Chile 2017. SPECTRUM, UNAIDS]. / Estimaciones poblacionales sobre VIH en Chile 2017 SPECTRUM, ONUSIDA.

The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) promotes the development of population estimates related to this epidemic, based on the use of the SPECTRUM software. In Chile, the estimates are updated annually, the last one corresponding to the year 2017, a process that included the participation of representatives of the Ministry of Health with the advice of experts from the UNAIDS headquarters in Geneva. The development of the 2017 estimation process yielded a number of 67,000 people living with HIV in 2017 (lower limit of 58,000 - upper limit of 76,000), with a prevalence in the group of 15 to 49 years of 0.6% (0.5-0.6%) and an incidence of 0.33 per thousand inhabitants. This document synthesizes the 2017 estimation process carried out in Chile, as well as the main results generated through this methodology.

Improvements in Spectrum's fit to program data tool.

OBJECTIVE: The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS-supported Spectrum software package (Glastonbury, Connecticut, USA) is used by most countries worldwide to monitor the HIV epidemic. In Spectrum, HIV incidence trends among adults (aged 15-49 years) are derived by either fitting to seroprevalence surveillance and survey data or generating curves consistent with program and vital registration data, such as historical trends in the number of newly diagnosed infections or people living with HIV and AIDS related deaths. This article describes development and application of the fit to program data (FPD) tool in Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS' 2016 estimates round. METHODS: In the FPD tool, HIV incidence trends are described as a simple or double logistic function. Function parameters are estimated from historical program data on newly reported HIV cases, people living with HIV or AIDS-related deaths. Inputs can be adjusted for proportions undiagnosed or misclassified deaths. Maximum likelihood estimation or minimum chi-squared distance methods are used to identify the best fitting curve. Asymptotic properties of the estimators from these fits are used to estimate uncertainty. RESULTS: The FPD tool was used to fit incidence for 62 countries in 2016. Maximum likelihood and minimum chi-squared distance methods gave similar results. A double logistic curve adequately described observed trends in all but four countries where a simple logistic curve performed better. CONCLUSION: Robust HIV-related program and vital registration data are routinely available in many middle-income and high-income countries, whereas HIV seroprevalence surveillance and survey data may be scarce. In these countries, the FPD tool offers a simpler, improved approach to estimating HIV incidence trends.

Informe Anual 2016 Situación epidemiológica de gonorrea (CIE 10: A54) / Anual Report Epidemiology of gonorrohea (CIE 10: A54)

Resumen La gonorrea producida por Neisseria gonorrhoeae, es capaz de infectar diferentes tipos de mucosas dependiendo de las prácticas sexuales. Se ubica de preferencia en la uretra del hombre y en el cuello uterino de la mujer, también en el recto y la faringe. Su principal forma de transmisión es por relaciones sexuales no protegidas y, ocasionalmente, a través del conducto del parto en los recién nacidos. Este informe presenta la situación epidemiológica de la gonorrea hasta el año 2016 en Chile. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los casos que ingresaron a la vigilancia. Desde el año 2000, se observa una tendencia progresiva a la disminución de las tasas de gonorrea; sin embargo, en el año 2015 y 2016 se produjo un aumento de la tasa con relación al año 2014. En el año 2016 se presentaron 2.039 casos, lo que representa un incremento de 38% con respecto a la mediana del quinquenio anterior (1.473 casos). En relación con la edad de los casos, el mayor riesgo se encontró en el grupo de 15 a 24 años, destacándose que, a partir del año 2013, la tasa del grupo de 15 a 19 años superó al grupo de 25 a 29 años. Según distribución geográfica, las mayores tasas de notificación se presentaron en las regiones del extremo norte y sur del país, siendo las de mayor riesgo las regiones de Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Los Lagos y Aysén.

Gonorrhea is produced by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which is capable of infecting different types of mucous membranes depending on sexual practices. It is located preferably in the man's urethra and in the woman's cervix, also in the rectum and pharynx. Its main form of transmission is through unprotected sex and, occasionally, through the birth canal in newborns. This report presents the epidemiological situation of gonorrhea until 2016 in Chile. A descriptive analysis of the cases that entered the surveillance was carried out. Since 2000, there has been a progressive trend towards decreasing gonorrhea rates; However, in 2015 and 2016 there was an increase in the rate in relation to 2014. In 2016, 2,039 cases were presented, representing an increase of 38% with respect to the median of the previous five-year period (1,473 cases). Regarding the age of the cases, the greatest risk was found in the group of 15 to 24 years, highlighting that, as of 2013, the group rate of 15 to 19 years exceeded the group of 25 to 29 years. According to geographical distribution, the highest reporting rates were in the regions of the extreme north and south of the country, with the highest risk regions being Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Los Lagos and Aysén.

Estimaciones poblacionales sobre VIH en Chile 2017 SPECTRUM, ONUSIDA / Population estimates on HIV in Chile 2017. SPECTRUM, UNAIDS

Resumen El Programa Conjunto de las Naciones Unidas sobre el VIH/SIDA (ONUSIDA) promueve el desarrollo de estimaciones poblacionales relacionadas a esta epidemia, a partir del uso del software SPECTRUM. En Chile las estimaciones se actualizan anualmente, correspondiendo la última de ellas al año 2017, proceso que contó con la participación de representantes del Ministerio de Salud con la asesoría de expertos de la sede de ONUSIDA en Ginebra. El desarrollo del proceso de estimaciones 2017 arrojó un número de 67.000 personas con infección por VIH en el año 2017 (límite inferior de 58.000 - límite superior de 76.000), con una prevalencia en el grupo de 15 a 49 años de 0,6% (0,5-0,6%) y una incidencia de 0,33 por mil habitantes. El presente documento sintetiza el proceso de estimaciones 2017 realizado en Chile, así como los principales resultados generados a través de esta metodología.

The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) promotes the development of population estimates related to this epidemic, based on the use of the SPECTRUM software. In Chile, the estimates are updated annually, the last one corresponding to the year 2017, a process that included the participation of representatives of the Ministry of Health with the advice of experts from the UNAIDS headquarters in Geneva. The development of the 2017 estimation process yielded a number of 67,000 people living with HIV in 2017 (lower limit of 58,000 - upper limit of 76,000), with a prevalence in the group of 15 to 49 years of 0.6% (0.5-0.6%) and an incidence of 0.33 per thousand inhabitants. This document synthesizes the 2017 estimation process carried out in Chile, as well as the main results generated through this methodology.

Situación epidemiológica de sífilis (CIE 10: A50-A53. 9): Chile, 2016 / Syphilis epidemiological report: Chile, 2016

Resumen La sífilis es producida por Treponema pallidum, la que es adquirida principalmente a través de contacto sexual y por vía trans-placentaria, pero también puede adquirirse por transfusión de sangre humana contaminada y por inoculación accidental directa. La historia natural de la infección se caracteriza por presentar tres etapas clínicas sintomáticas: sífilis primaria, secundaria y terciaria; estas dos últimas son antecedidas por etapas asintomáticas o latentes de la enfermedad: sífilis latente precoz y sífilis latente tardía. Este informe presenta la situación epidemiológica de la sífilis en Chile hasta el año 2016, usando como método el análisis descriptivo de los casos que ingresaron a la vigilancia. En los últimos cinco años la tasa de sífilis se mantuvo relativamente estable entre 22 y 24 casos por cien mil habitantes (habs). El año 2016 se notificaron 4.147 casos, mostrando una tasa de 22,8 por cien mil habs. En relación con la edad, el mayor riesgo se encontró en el grupo de 20 a 34 años. El año 2016 aumentó la brecha entre sexos, al aumentar la tasa en hombres. Según distribución geográfica, en el año 2016 las mayores tasas de notificación se presentan en las regiones del extremo norte y centro del país, siendo las de mayor riesgo las regiones de Tarapacá, Antofagasta y Valparaíso. La sífilis congénita mostró una disminución progresiva del número de casos desde el año 2012 (n = 39) al 2016 (n = 24), cuya tasa fue de 0,1 por mil nacidos vivos.

Syphilis is produced by Treponema pallidum, which is acquired mainly through sexual contact and transplacental, but can also be acquired by transfusion of contaminated human blood and direct accidental inoculation. The natural history of the infection is characterized by three symptomatic clinical stages: primary, secondary and tertiary syphilis; these last two are preceded by asymptomatic or latent stages of the disease: early latent syphilis and late latent syphilis. This report presents the epidemiological situation of syphilis in Chile up to 2016, using as a method the descriptive analysis of cases that entered surveillance. In the last 5 years the syphilis rate remained relatively stable between 22 and 24 cases per one hundred thousand inhabitants (habs). In 2016, 4,147 cases were reported, showing a rate of 22.8 per one hundred thousand inhabitants. In relation to age, the greatest risk was found in the group of 20 to 34 years. The year 2016 increased the gap between the sexes, by increasing the rate in men. According to geographical distribution, in 2016 the highest notification rates are presented in the regions of the extreme north and center of the country, with the highest risk being the regions of Tarapacá, Antofagasta and Valparaíso. Congenital syphilis showed a progressive decrease in the number of cases since 2012 (n = 39) to 2016 (n = 24), whose rate was 0.1 per thousand live births.

Circo en la escuela: tiempo para la transformación, expansión y significación / Circus at the school: a moment for transformation, expansion and significance

El artículo que a continuación se presenta, es el resultado de un trabajo de investigación relacionado con el significado que le otorgan los estudiantes y docentes de primaria a las actividades circenses en la clase de Educación Física. Esta investigación se enmarca en el paradigma interpretativo fenomenológico y la metodología cualitativa no experimental, toda vez que lo central es comprender las nociones de significancia en el marco de las actividades circenses y circo. En el estudio emerge con nitidez que el currículo escolar del subsector carece de espacios para el desarrollo y despliegue de éste núcleo temático. Por otro lado, permite visualizar la pertinencia dentro del modelo curricular de la disciplina, entendiendo que este enfoque paradigmático sobrepasa la perspectiva mecanicista, dualista e instrumental asignada a la Educación Física, para centrar su mirada en la resignificación que emerge de las concepciones y vivencias de los sujetos participantes de estas actividades.

The following article is the result of a research related to the meaning that students and primary school teachers give to circus activities in physical education (PE) class. This research is framed into the phenomenological interpretative paradigm and no ? experimental qualitative methodology, seeing that the central is to understand notions of significance in the context of circus PE. In the study emerges with clarity the lack of space of sub-sector to develop and display this core theme. On the other hand, it allows to visualize the relevance within the curriculum model, understanding that this paradigmatic approach surpass the mechanistic, dualistic and instrumental perspective given to Physical Education, to focus the view on the new meaning that emerges from participants conceptions and experiences about these activities.

Infecciones de transmisión sexual: sífilis y gonorrea / Sexual transmission infections: syphilis and gonorrhea

Las infecciones de transmisión sexual son un problema de salud pública, a pesar de ser prevenibles y tratables, encontrándose entre las principales causas de morbimortalidad en el mundo. En Chile, según el D.S.158/2004, sífilis y gonorrea son enfermedades de notificación obligatoria. A partir del 2005, las tasas de sífilis muestran un leve ascenso, alcanzando una tasa de 19,7 por 100.000 hbtes. en el 2010 y manteniéndose altas en los grupos en edad fértil. A partir del 2009, los hombres muestran tasas levemente superiores. La sífilis en gestantes durante el 2010 fue de 6,7 por 1.000 gestantes y la sífilis congénita fue de 0,26 por 100.000 NVC. La gonorrea muestra a partir del 2008 una tendencia estacionaria, alcanzando tasas de 6,3 y 7,5 casos por 100.000 hbtes. el 2009 y 2010, respectivamente. En general, sífilis y gonorrea presentan tasas más altas en la zona norte del país.

Sexually transmitted infections are a public health problem, despite being preventable and treatable, and are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Chile, according to D.S.158/2004, syphilis and gonorrhea are obligatoryreportable diseases. Since 2005, syphilis rates show a slight increase, reaching a rate of 19.7 per 100 000 habs. in 2010 and remained high in reproductive age groups. Since 2009, men showed slightly higher rates. Syphilis in pregnant women during2010 was 6.7 per 100 000 women in fertile age and congenital syphilis was 0.26 per 100 000 NVC. Gonorrhea, from 2008 showed a stationary trend, reaching rates of 6.3 and 7.5 cases per 100 000 habs. in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Overall, syphilis and gonorrhea, have higher rates in the north of the country.

Evolución del VIH-SIDA en Chile: 1984-2010 / Evolution of HIV/SIDA in Chile: 1984-2010

ONUSIDA estima que 33,3 millones de personas en el mundo viven con el VIH. En Chile, el D.S.158/2004 establece que VIH/SIDA es una enfermedad de notificación obligatoria. Desde 1984 las tasas de SIDA y VIH han aumentado, ascendiendo bruscamente el 2009, luego descendiendo el 2010 (4,1 y 6,0 por cien mil hbtes. para SIDA y VIH, respectivamente). El principal grupo etáreo afectado en ambos sexos fue el de 20 a 49 años, destacándose el ascenso del grupo de 10 a 19 años en etapa VIH. Los casos en hombres superaron al de mujeres, sin embargo, estas últimas mostraron un sostenido aumento. La principal vía de exposición fue la sexual (96,6 por ciento), siendo una epidemia de tipo concentrada, en población de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (55 por ciento). La tasa de mortalidad el 2009 fue de 2,6 por cien mil hbtes., registrándose mayormente en el grupo de 40 a 49 años.

UNAIDS estimates that 33.3 million people worldwide are living with HIV. In Chile, D.S. 158/2004 states that HIV/AIDS is a notifiable disease. Since 1984, rates of AIDS and HIV have increased, rising sharply in 2009, later declining in 2010 (4.1 and 6.0 per hundred thousand inhabitants for AIDS and HIV, respectively). The main affected age group in both sexes was 20to 49 years, highlighting the rise of the age group 10 to 19 years in VIH stage. Cases among men exceeded women cases, however, the last ones showed a steady increase. The main route of exposure was sexual (96.6 percent), with a concentrated epidemic pattern in population of men who have sex with men (55 percent). Mortality rate in 2009 was 2.6 per 100,000 habs,recorded mostly in the 40 to 49 age group.

Situación epidemiológica y cumplimiento de indicadores de la vigilancia de la enfermedad meningocócica / Epidemiologic status and fulfillment of surveillance indicators of meningococcal disease

La enfermedad meningocócica es de distribución mundial y presenta brotes de gran magnitud en el cinturón de la meningitis (África Subsahariana). A partir de 2001, la tendencia de la enfermedad en Chile disminuye, cambiando su presentación a baja endemia. Así, en el 2010 presentó una incidencia de 0,5 por cien mil habitantes. El grupo más afectado son los menores de 5 años, y de éstos, los menores de un año. Además, desde 1994 el serogrupo C fue considerado reemergente, produciendo brotes en 1999 y 2002. Esta enfermedad es de vigilancia universal e inmediata, cuyo sistema de vigilancia contempla indicadores de calidad, que evalúan los componentes clínico, epidemiológico y laboratorio. Este artículo analiza la situación epidemiológica de la enfermedad en Chile y su tendencia mundial, así como el fundamento para el cumplimiento de indicadores que requieren una respuesta oportuna frente al caso sospechoso sin esperar la confirmación de laboratorio.

Meningococcal disease has worldwide distribution and present large-scale outbreaks on the meningitis belt (sub-Saharian Africa). Since 2001, disease trend in Chile decreases, changing its presentation to low endemicity. Thus, 2010 registered an incidence of 0.5 per 100 thousand habitants. The most affected group was < 5 years old, specifically < 1 year old. Besides,since 1994, serogroup C was considered re-emergent, causing outbreaks in 1999 and 2002. This disease considersimmediate and universal surveillance and comprise quality indicators that assess clinical, epidemiological and laboratory components. This article analyze the epidemiological situation in Chile and its world trend, also the fundamental basis for indicator fullfilments that requires a fast response against a suspected case, without waiting for laboratory confirmation.