Comparison of long-term radial artery occlusion via distal vs. conventional transradial access (CONDITION): a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The distal transradial access (dTRA) has become an attractive and alternative access to the conventional transradial access (TRA) for cardiovascular interventional diagnosis and/or treatment. There was a lack of randomized clinical trials to evaluate the effect of the dTRA on the long-term radial artery occlusion (RAO). METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized controlled study. The primary endpoint was the incidence of long-term RAO at 3 months after discharge. The secondary endpoints included the successful puncture rate, puncture time, and other access-related complications. RESULTS: The incidence of long-term RAO was 0.8% (3/361) for dTRA and 3.3% (12/365) for TRA (risk ratio = 0.25, 95% confidence interval = 0.07-0.88, P = 0.02). The incidence of RAO at 24 h was significantly lower in the dTRA group than in the TRA group (2.5% vs. 6.7%, P < 0.01). The puncture success rate (96.0% vs. 98.5%, P = 0.03) and single puncture attempt (70.9% vs. 83.9%, P < 0.01) were significantly lower in the dTRA group than in the TRA group. However, the number of puncture attempts and puncture time were higher in the dTRA group. The dTRA group had a lower incidence of bleeding than the TRA group (1.5% vs. 6.0%, P < 0.01). There was no difference in the success rate of the procedure, total fluoroscopy time, or incidence of other access-related complications between the two groups. In the per-protocol analysis, the incidence of mEASY type ≥ II haematoma was significantly lower in the dTRA group, which was consistent with that in the as-treated analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The dTRA significantly reduced the incidence of long-term RAO, bleeding or haematoma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifer: NCT05253820.

Study on the Correlation between 7-joint Ultrasound Score and Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the 7-joint ultrasound score (US7) and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Forty-four patients with active RA were assessed, and the correlation between US7 and disease activity indicators such as the disease activity score (DAS28), rheumatoid factor (RF), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) was analyzed. In addition, the proportions of US7 points accounted for by different joint regions and joint surfaces were analyzed. Results: RF, CRP, and ESR were significantly increased in the RA group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In the RA group, DAS28 (r = 0.0.561, P < 0.01), RF (r = 0.635, P < 0.01), ESR (r = 0.585, P < 0.01), and CRP (r = 0.492, P < 0.01) were positively correlated with US7. In terms of contributions to US7, the most susceptible joint surface is the dorsal surface, and the most susceptible joint area is the dorsal wrist. Conclusion: US7 is positively correlated with disease activity indicators of RA, which can objectively reflect disease activity in RA patients and provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and efficacy evaluation.

Incidence of Distal Radial Artery Occlusion and its Influencing Factors After Cardiovascular Intervention Via the Distal Transradial Access.

INTRODUCTION: One of the important advantages of the distal transradial access (dTRA) is the significant reduction in the incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO). There are few reports on the influencing factors for distal radial artery occlusion (dRAO) after cardiovascular interventions via the dTRA. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included the clinical data of patients who underwent a cardiovascular intervention via the dTRA. The dRAO was evaluated by ultrasound within 24 hours after the procedure. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to explore the influencing factors for dRAO. RESULTS: The incidence of dRAO was 3.5% (28/805) at 24 hours follow-up after the procedure. In the comparison between the 2 groups, the preoperative distal radial artery (DRA) internal diameter in the dRAO group was significantly smaller than that in the non-dRAO group (p=0.001). The prevalence of DRA inner diameter/sheath outer diameter <1 was significantly higher in the dRAO group than in the non-dRAO group (p=0.013). The number of puncture attempts was significantly greater in the dRAO group than in the non-dRAO group (p=0.007). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that DRA inner diameter/sheath outer diameter <1 was an independent risk factor for dRAO (OR=4.827, 95% CI=1.087-21.441, p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of dRAO 24 hours after cardiovascular intervention via the dTRA was 3.5%, and a DRA inner diameter/sheath outer diameter <1 was an independent risk factor for dRAO. Preoperative ultrasound assessment of vessel inner diameter and selection of a sheath with a smaller outer diameter may reduce the risk of dRAO. CLINICAL IMPACT: The incidence of distal radial artery occlusion after cardiovascular intervention was 3.5%. The distal radial artery inner diameter/sheath outer diameter <1 was an independent risk factor for distal radial artery occlusion. Preoperative ultrasound assessment of vessel inner diameter and selection of a sheath with a smaller outer diameter may reduce the risk of distal radial artery occlusion. The number of puncture attempts and compression time were not related to distal radial artery occlusion.

Comparison of the feasibility and safety between distal transradial access and conventional transradial access in patients with acute chest pain: a single-center cohort study using propensity score matching.

BACKGROUND: Distal transradial access (dTRA) has been suggested to have great advantages over cTRA. However, there is a lack of preliminary data on dTRA in patients undergoing emergency coronary angiography (CAG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). To explore the feasibility and safety of distal transradial access in patients with acute chest pain. METHODS: A total of 1269 patients complaining of acute chest pain in our emergency department from January 2020 to February 2022 were retrospectively included. The patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into the conventional transradial access (cTRA) group (n = 238) and the dTRA group (n = 158). Propensity score matching was used to minimize the baseline differences. RESULTS: The cannulation success rate in the dTRA group was significantly lower than that in the cTRA group (87.41% vs. 94.81%, p < 0.05). No significant differences in the puncture time and total procedure time were noted between the two groups (p > 0.05). Compared with the cTRA group, the hemostasis duration was significantly shorter [4(4, 4) h vs. 10(8, 10) h, p < 0.001) and the incidence of minor bleeding (BARC Type I and II) was significantly lower in the dTRA group than that in the cTRA group (0.85% vs. 5.48%, p = 0.045). Asymptomatic radial artery occlusion was observed in six patients (5.83%) in the cTRA group and one patient (1.14%) in the dTRA group (p = 0.126). The subgroup analysis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) showed no significant differences in the puncture time, D-to-B time or total procedure time between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The dTRA for emergency CAG or PCI has an acceptable success rate and puncture time, a shorter hemostasis time, and a downward trend in RAO rate compared to the cTRA. The dTRA did not increase the D-to-B time in emergency coronary interventions in STEMI patients. On the contrary, a low incidence of RAO by the dTRA created an opportunity for future coronary interventions in non-culprit vessels in the same access. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registry number: ChiCTR2200061104, date of registration: June 15, 2022).

Efficacy and Safety of Coronary Intervention via Distal Transradial Access (dTRA) in Patients with Low Body Mass Index.

The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of coronary intervention via distal transradial access (dTRA) in patients with low body mass index (BMI). A total of 67 patients with low BMI who underwent coronary intervention, comprising 29 patients via dTRA and 38 patients via conventional transradial access (cTRA), were retrospectively included. There was no significant difference in the puncture success rate between the two groups (dTRA 96.6%, cTRA 97.4%, P=0.846). Compared with the cTRA group, the success rate of one-needle puncture in the dTRA group was lower (51.7% vs. 81.6%, P=0.020). The compression haemostasis time in the dTRA group was shorter than that in the cTRA group (P < 0.001). However, the incidence of radial artery occlusion was lower in the dTRA group than in the cTRA group (4.0% vs. 33.3%, P=0.007). In conclusion, coronary intervention via dTRA was safe and effective in patients with low BMI.

Retrograde Recanalization of Occluded Radial Artery: A Single-Centre Experience and Literature Review.

PURPOSE: Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is one of the common complications after coronary intervention via the conventional radial artery approach. The purpose of the study was to explore the safety and feasibility of retrograde recanalization of the occluded radial artery via a distal radial artery (DRA) approach. METHODS: Combined with the practice of our centre and a literature review, we summarized the procedure of retrograde recanalization of RAO, success rate, and complications. RESULTS: A total of 14 of 15 patients with 15 pieces of occluded radial arteries were successfully recanalized via the DRA in our centre. In the 15 occluded vessels, 11 vessels (73.3%) had total occlusion and 4 vessels (26.7%) had functional occlusion. Four of 15 occluded vessels were acute occlusions. Two acute RAOs were only treated with aspiration via sheath, 11 RAOs with balloon angioplasty, and 2 RAOs with both, respectively. In 6 patients, cardiac catheterization was carried out via the DRA after recanalizing the RAO. A total of 10 studies reporting the results of recanalization of RAO via the DRA were systematically retrieved in the present study. In 3 case series, the number of cases was more than 5, and the success rate of recanalization was more than 85.7%. Two studies reported complications, including dissection in one case, hematoma in 2 cases, and pain in the forearm during angioplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Recanalization of the occluded radial artery via the DRA was safe and effective. When repeat cardiac catheterization was required, recanalization of the RAO and subsequent coronary angiography or intervention through the ipsilateral radial artery approach was feasible.

Safety and efficacy of coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention via distal transradial artery access in the anatomical snuffbox: a single-centre prospective cohort study using a propensity score method.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the safety and efficacy of coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) via distal transradial artery access (d-TRA). METHODS: For this single-centre prospective cohort study, a total of 1066 patients who underwent CAG or PCI procedures from September 2019 to November 2020 were included. Patients were divided into two groups: the d-TRA group (346) and the conventional transradial artery access (c-TRA) group (720) based on access site. A total of 342 pairs of patients were successfully matched using propensity score matching (PSM) for subsequent analysis. RESULTS: No significant differences in puncture success rate, procedural method, procedural time, sheath size, contrast dosage or fluoroscopy time were noted between the two groups. The puncture time in the d-TRA group was longer than that in the c-TRA group (P < 0.01), and the procedure success rate was lower than that in the c-TRA group (90.94% vs. 96.49%, P = 0.01). The haemostasis time in the d-TRA group was shorter than that in the c-TRA group (P < 0.01), and the visual analogue scale (VAS) was lower than that in the c-TRA group (P < 0.01). In addition, the prevalence of bleeding and haematoma in the d-TRA group was lower than that in the c-TRA group (1.75% vs. 7.31%, P < 0.01; 0.58% vs. 3.22%, P = 0.01, respectively). No significant difference in the incidence of numbness was noted between the two groups. No other complications were found in two groups. CONCLUSION: d-TRA is as safe and effective as c-TRA for CAG and PCI. It has the advantages of improved comfort and fewer complications. Trail registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900026519.

The ratio of HDL-C to apoA-I interacts with free triiodothyronine to modulate coronary artery disease risk.

OBJECTIVE: In the present work, research was carried out to explore the correlation between the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)/apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) ratio and serum free triiodothyronine (FT3) and their interaction on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: A total of 1686 patients who underwent selective coronary angiography were enrolled in the present study, including 1279 patients with CAD and 407 controls. The subjects were divided into three groups according to tertiles of the HDL-C/apoA-I ratio. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the interaction of the HDL-C/apoA-I ratio and FT3 level with the risk of CAD. RESULTS: The group with the highest HDL-C/apoA-I ratio had the lowest levels of FT3. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the HDL-C/apoA-I ratio was negatively associated with FT3 after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (apoB), FT4 and TSH. A logistic regression model showed that a high HDL-C/apoA-I ratio (> 0.89 mmol/g) and high FT3 levels (> 4.5 pmol/l) were protective factors for CAD. Patients with a lower HDL-C/apoA-I ratio (≤ 0.89 mmol/g) and lower FT3 level (≤ 4.5 pmol/l) had an increased risk of CAD (OR = 2.441, P = 0.000, S = 1.13, AP = 0.068, AP* = 0.116, RERI = 0.168). CONCLUSIONS: The HDL-C/apoA-I ratio was negatively associated with FT3, and there was a significant interaction between the HDL-C/apoA-I ratio and FT3 with the risk of CAD.

Recanalization of the occluded radial artery via distal transradial access in the anatomic snuffbox.

BACKGROUND: Radial artery occlusion is a common complication after coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention via the transradial access. In recent years, coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention via the distal transradial access has gradually emerged, but recanalization of the occluded radial artery through the distal transradial access has rarely been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A 67-year-old female with arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital due to chest pain for three hours. She was diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction. After admission, the patient successfully underwent emergency coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention through the right transradial access. Radial artery occlusion was found after the operation, and recanalization was successfully performed through the right distal transradial access before discharge. Immediately after the operation and one month later, vascular ultrasonography showed that the antegrade flow was normal. CONCLUSIONS: This report presents a case of radial artery occlusion after emergency coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention in which recanalization was successfully performed through the right distal transradial access. This case demonstrates that recanalization of a radial artery occlusion via the distal transradial access is safe and feasible.

Atherogenic index of plasma is related to coronary atherosclerotic disease in elderly individuals: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidaemia plays an important role in coronary atherosclerotic disease (CAD). The relationship between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and CAD in elderly individuals was explored in this study. METHODS: Elderly individuals (age ≥ 65 years) who underwent coronary angiography from January 2016 to October 2020 were consecutively enrolled in the study. RESULTS: A total of 1313 individuals, including 354 controls (non-CAD) and 959 CAD patients, were enrolled. In univariate analysis of all populations, the adjusted AIP (aAIP) in the CAD group was 1.13 (0.96, 1.3), which was significantly higher than that in the controls [1.07 (0.89, 1.26)]. However, in subgroup analyses, this phenomenon was only present in males. In addition, further study showed that aAIP was positively related to CAD severity. In binary logistic regression analyses, after adjusting for sex, age, smoking status, primary hypertension (PH), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), heart rate (HR), white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT), AIP remained independently related to CAD in elderly individuals and was superior to traditional and other nontraditional lipid indices. Subgroup analyses showed that AIP independently influenced CAD risk in males. Ultimately, sensitivity analyses were performed excluding all coronary emergencies, and the final results were similar. CONCLUSIONS: AIP was positively related to the risk and severity of CAD in elderly individuals and was superior to traditional and other nontraditional lipid profiles. However, this association only exists in elderly males.

The value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as complementary diagnostic tools in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis: A multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have drawn attention in recent years as novel non-specific inflammatory markers; however, only a few studies have been conducted to investigate their value in RA. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as complementary diagnostic tools in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHOD: This study included 1009 patients with RA, 170 patients with other rheumatic diseases, and 245 healthy individuals from four medical centers. The patients' general data, including complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and rheumatoid factor (RF), were retrospectively analyzed, and the NLR and PLR were calculated. Potential effective indicators were screened by logistic regression analysis, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to evaluate their diagnostic value for RA. RESULTS: (a) The NLR and PLR were significantly higher in the RA group than in the non-RA group and the control group (P < .05). (b) Spearman's Rho showed that the NLR was positively correlated with the PLR (r = .584, P < .05), RF (r = .167, P < .01), and CRP (r = .280, P < .01) but was not significantly correlated with ESR (r = .100, P > .05). The PLR was positively correlated with RF (r = .139, P < .01), CRP (r = .297, P < .01), and ESR (r = .262, P < .05). (c) Logistic analysis showed that RF, CRP, ESR, and the NLR had diagnostic value for RA. (d) For the NLR, the area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve was 0.831; at the cutoff value of 2.13, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and Youden index were 76.7%, 75.9%, 76.4%, and 0.5424, respectively. CONCLUSION: The NLR was less effective than CRP and RF but was superior to ESR in the diagnosis of RA. The NLR can thus be used as a complementary diagnostic indicator in the diagnosis of RA.

Distal transradial access: a review of the feasibility and safety in cardiovascular angiography and intervention.

BACKGROUND: Transradial access (TRA) has been considered as the default choice in cardiac catheterization. Although infrequent, vascular complications of this approach remain. Recently, the distal transradial approach (dTRA) in cardiac catheterization was reported by interventionalists. METHODS: We retrieved the relevant literatures and reviewed the safety and feasibility of this novel approach in cardiac catheterization. RESULTS: The dTRA for cardiac intervention has superior safety and satisfaction. As a novel approach for cardiac catheterization, access related complications should also be considered by operators, such as RAO, radial spasm, bleeding and haematoma, and injury of the superficial branch of the radial nerve. CONCLUSIONS: The dTRA in cardiovascular angiography and intervention was safe and feasible.

A preliminary study showing no association between methylation levels of C3 gene promoter and the risk of CAD.

OBJECTIVE: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multi-factor disease. Complement component 3 (C3) plays an important role in the development of CAD. The present study investigated the association between DNA methylation status of C3 gene promoter and the risk of CAD. METHODS: One hundred CAD patients and 1 hundred age-and gender- matched controls were recruited in current study. Methylation levels in CpG island in C3 promoter were determined by the method of bisulfite amplicon sequencing. RESULTS: Methylation levels of four CpG sites in C3 promoter were measured. There were no significant difference in methylation level of each CpG site between CAD patients and controls. Average methylation rate was also calculated. No significant difference in average methylation rate was observed between CAD and control groups. Stratified analyses based on EH, DM and smoking status were carried out, no significant association between C3 promoter methylation levels and the susceptibility of CAD was observed. Furthermore, seven haplotypes were established and no significant difference in haplotypes was observed between CAD and control groups. However, our study showed that C3 DNA methylation levels were positively associated with LDL-C levels. CONCLUSION: The present study showed no association between methylation levels of C3 promoter and the risk of CAD. However, the methylation levels might be related to LDL-C levels.

Effect of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors on C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) are emerging glucose-lowering agents through interacting with DPP-4 substrate, impact of which on systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of DPP-4i on modulating serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in T2DM. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane library and Embase databases were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with comparators were selected. A random-effects model was used for quantitative data analysis. Heterogeneity was evaluated with I2 index. Sensitivity analysis was performed using the one-study remove approach. RESULTS: Sixteen trials with 1607 patients with T2DM were included. Pooled analysis of DPP-4i demonstrated a significant decrease in serum CRP concentrations (- 0.86 mg/L, 95% CI, - 1.36 to - 0.36). No significant difference was found between DPP-4i and active comparators on serum CRP concentrations (0.64 mg/L, 95% CI, - 0.10 to 1.37). Pooled analysis proved to be stable and credible by sensitivity analysis. In subgroup analysis, changes in serum concentrations of CRP were significantly associated with short diabetes duration (- 0.23 mg/L, 95% CI, - 0.41 to - 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DDP-4i effectively reduced serum CRP levels and showed no stronger effect than traditional oral antidiabetic agents. International Prospective Register for Systematic Review (PROSPERO) number: CRD42017076838.

Complement C3 gene polymorphisms are associated with lipid levels, but not the risk of coronary artery disease: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Previous studies have shown that complement component 3 (C3) is associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: We conducted this study to evaluate the associations between tagSNPs in the C3 gene locus and the CAD susceptibility and lipid levels in the Chinese population. A hospital-based case-control study, including 1017 subjects (580 CAD patients and 437 non-CAD controls), was conducted. TagSNPs in the C3 gene were searched and genotyped by using the polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction method. RESULTS: The C3 levels were positively associated with the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (r = 0.269, P = 0.001). Compared with those in controls, the serum C3 levels in CAD patients were significantly higher (Control: 0.94 + 0.14 g/l; CAD: 1.10 + 0.19 g/l, P < 0.001). No significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies were observed between CAD patients and controls. The minor T allele of rs2287848 was associated with low apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) levels in controls (Bonferroni corrected P, Pc = 0.032). Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis established two haplotype blocks (Block1: rs344555-rs2277984, Block 2: rs2287848-rs11672613) and six haplotypes. No significant associations between haplotypes and the risk of CAD were observed (all Pc > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that C3 gene polymorphisms were associated with the lipid levels, but not CAD susceptibility in the Chinese population.

Gender-specific associations between atherogenic index of plasma and the presence and severity of acute coronary syndrome in very young adults: a hospital-based observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The value of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) as a predictive biomarker for coronary artery disease (CAD) remains controversial. In addition, whether AIP is associated with the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in very young adults has not been well established. METHODS: We consecutively collected very young adults (≤35 years of age) undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) at Anzhen Hospital, between January 2008 and December 2017. Total of 1, 478 very young participants, including 1, 059 ACS patients and 419 non-CAD subjects, were enrolled in the present study. RESULTS: Very young patients with ACS had higher AIP level compared with non-CAD participants (0.35 ± 0.30 vs 0.21 ± 0.33, P < 0.001). According to Gensini Score (GS) and number of lesion vessel, patients were divided into four groups, respectively. With the elevated GS score and number of lesion vessels, the AIP level increased gradually (Pfor trend all< 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses suggested that AIP remained to be independently associated with the presence of ACS and was superior to traditional lipid profiles (for AIP, OR = 2.930, 95% CI = 1.855-4.627, P < 0.001; for total cholesterol, OR = 1.152, 95% CI = 1.048-1.266, P = 0.003; for triglyceride, OR = 1.078, 95% CI = 0.991-1.172, P = 0.079; for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, OR = 1.046, 95% CI = 1.015-1.078, P < 0.001), after adjustment for other traditional confounders. Moreover, the prevalence of ACS, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris and the value of GS were also elevated as AIP quartiles increased (Pfor trend < 0.001). Subgroup analysis based on gender revealed that AIP was only independently associated with the ACS risk in male. CONCLUSIONS: AIP was independently associated with the presence and severity of ACS in very young patients in a gender-dependent manner, which might be superior to traditional lipid profiles.

Comparison of long-term outcomes of young patients after a coronary event associated with familial hypercholesterolemia.

OBJECTIVE: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an important cause of premature coronary artery disease (CAD). Prognosis data are lacking in patients with FH and coronary artery disease particularly in the era of widespread statin use. We compared long-term prognosis between patients with and without FH after a coronary event. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 865 patients younger than 40 years of age with CAD were enrolled. FH was diagnosed based on the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network algorithm. Baseline characteristics, coronary angiographic findings and prognosis during median follow-up of 5 (3-8) years were compared between patients with or without FH. RESULTS: Definite or probable FH was detected in 37 patients (4.3%) and possible FH in 259 patients (29.9%). FH was associated with significantly higher prevalence of multi-vessel lesions (p < 0.001) and higher Gensini score (p = 0.008). In the subset of 706 patients for whom follow-up data were available, 127 (18.0%) suffered major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). FH was associated with increased risk of MACCE, independently of age, sex, smoking, body mass index, hypertension or diabetes mellitus (HR = 2.30, 95%CI = 1.09 to 4.84, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: FH is an independent risk factor for MACCE in young patients after a coronary event during long-term follow-up. It is necessary to optimize lipid treatment of patients with FH after a coronary event.

Serum PCSK9 levels, but not PCSK9 polymorphisms, are associated with CAD risk and lipid profiles in southern Chinese Han population.

BACKGROUND: Genetic and environment factors affect the occurrence and development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), has been investigated extensively in the field of lipid metabolism and CAD. We performed this case-control study to investigate the relationship between serum PCSK9 levels and PCSK9 polymorphisms and lipid levels and CAD risk in a southern Chinese population. METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study with 1, 096 subjects, including 626 CAD patients and 470 controls, were conducted. Genotyping of PCSK9 polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) method. RESULTS: The frequencies of the AA, AG and GG genotypes of PCSK9 E670G polymorphism were 90.58, 9.27, and 0.16% in the CAD patients, compared with 88.72, 10.85 and 0.43% in the controls, respectively. No R46L variant was detected in this population. There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of PCSK9E670G polymorphism between the CAD group and the controls. Serum lipid levels were not significantly different in carriers with the G allele and those with the AA genotype. The median (QR) of PCSK9 concentration was 1205.00 ng/l (577.28-1694.13 ng/l) in cases and 565.87 ng/l (357.17-967.50 ng/l) in controls, respectively. Compared with controls, CAD patients had significantly higher PCSK9 levels (z = 4.559, P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, essential hypertension, diabetic mellitus, smoking and lipid profiles, PCSK9 levels remain significantly associated with increased CAD susceptibility (OR = 1.002, 95% CI = 1.001-1.002, P < 0.001). The correlation analyses showed that serum PCSK9 levels were positively associated with triglyceride (TG), Apo B and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) levels in controls. No significant association between the PCSK9 E670G polymorphism and serum PCSK9 levels was observed in the CAD group and the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that serum PCSK9 levels, but not PCSK9 polymorphisms, are associated with CAD risk in Southern Chinese Han population, and that serum PCSK9 levels are positively associated with AIP.

Endothelial lipase genetic polymorphisms and the lipid-lowering response in patients with coronary artery disease on rosuvastatin.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial lipase (EL) plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism by reducing the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and inducing the macrophages to take up native low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Our purpose was to investigate the impact of EL genetic polymorphisms on the lipid-lowering effects of rosuvastatin in Chinese coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. METHODS: One hundred twenty-one unrelated CAD patients, who underwent the treatment with rosuvastatin (10mg/day) for four to eight weeks, were enrolled in this study. Before and after treatment, serum lipids levels were measured. Genotypes of EL 2037T/C and 2237 G/A polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS: Patients with EL 2037C allele (CC + CT) had significantly lower LDL-C levels than those with TT genotype (CC + CT: 2.60 ± 0.74 mmol/l; TT: 2.90 ± 0.87 mmol/l; P = 0.047), before rosuvastatin treatment. No significant differences between baseline lipid levels and the EL 2237G/A genotypes were observed. After treatment with rosuvastatin, total cholesterol (TC), high triglyceride (TG) and LDL-C levels decreased from baseline, on average, by 23.09 % (4.59 ± 0.96 mmol/l to 3.47 ± 0.83 mmol/l), 6.36 % (2.01 ± 1.18 mmol/l to 1.68 ± 1.16 mmol/l), 32.48 % (2.77 ± 0.83 mmol/l to 1.79 ± 0.62 mmol/l), respectively (all P < 0.05) in all patients. While changes in HDL-C levels did not reach statistical significance. No significant effects of EL 2037T/C or 2237G/A polymorphism were observed on lipid-lowering effects of rosuvastatin. CONCLUSIONS: EL 2037T/C and 2237 G/A polymorphisms might not affect the lipid-owing effects of rosuvastatin in Chinese CAD patients.

The associations between the MCP-1 -2518 A/G polymorphism and ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of 28 research studies involving 21,524 individuals.

Epidemiologic studies have been performed to explore the relationship between MCP-1 polymorphism and ischemic heart disease (IHD) and ischemic stroke (IS). But, the results are not consistent. Because of the poor effect of each individual study, we've performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was carried out from PubMed, Embase, Foreign Medical Journal Service (FMJS), China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Data. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the strength of associations between the MCP-1 A-2518G polymorphism (rs1024611) and IHD and IS susceptibilities. The pooled OR was calculated by the allelic model (G vs A), the additive model (GG vs AA), the dominant model (GG+GA vs AA) and the recessive model (GG vs AA+GA), respectively. The homogeneity among studies was checked using Cochrane Q statistic. The stability of results was checked by one-way sensitivity analysis. The publication bias between studies was examined by Begg's funnel plots and Egger's test. 28 eligible case-control studies met all the criteria and were involved in the present meta-analysis, including a total of 8,901 cases and 12,623 controls. Overall, the MCP-1 A-2518G polymorphism was significantly associated with the IHD susceptibility. The pooled OR was 1.27 (95% CI 1.09-1.48, P = 0.002) in the dominant model, 1.20 (95% CI 1.07-1.35, P = 0.001) in the allelic model, 1.25 (95% CI 1.05-1.50, P = 0.015) in the recessive model and 1.39 (95% CI 1.10-1.75, P = 0.005) in the additive model. At the same time, the MCP-1 A-2518G polymorphism was significantly associated with the IS susceptibility. The pooled OR was 1.72 (95% CI 1.12-2.65, P = 0.013) in the dominant model, 1.39 (95% CI 1.12-1.74, P = 0.003) in the allelic model, 1.59 (95% CI 1.30-1.93, P = 0.000) in the recessive model, and 2.33 (95% CI 1.76-3.08, P = 0.000) in the additive model, respectively. No significant publication bias was found in the present meta-analysis. The results of the present meta-analysis suggest that MCP-1 gene A-2518G polymorphism may be associated with the IHD and IS susceptibilities. But the positive result exists in relatively small sample size subgroup.