Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Interactions in Oxalato-Centered Inverse Hexanuclear and Chain Copper(II) Complexes with Pyrazole Derivatives.

Two novel copper(II) complexes of formulas {[Cu(4-Hmpz)4][Cu(4-Hmpz)2(µ3-ox-κ2O1,O2:κO2':κO1')(ClO4)2]}n (1) and {[Cu(3,4,5-Htmpz)4]2[Cu(3,4,5-Htmpz)2(µ3-ox-κ2O1,O2:κO2':κO1')(H2O)(ClO4)]2[Cu2(3,4,5-Htmpz)4(µ-ox-κ2O1,O2:κ2O2',O1')]}(ClO4)4·6H2O (2) have been obtained by using 4-methyl-1H-pyrazole (4-Hmpz) and 3,4,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazole (3,4,5-Htmpz) as terminal ligands and oxalate (ox) as the polyatomic inverse coordination center. The crystal structure of 1 consists of perchlorate counteranions and cationic copper(II) chains with alternating bis(pyrazole)(µ3-κ2O1,O2:κO2':κO1'-oxalato)copper(II) and tetrakis(pyrazole)copper(II) fragments. The crystal structure of 2 is made up of perchlorate counteranions and cationic centrosymmetric hexanuclear complexes where an inner tetrakis(pyrazole)(µ-κ2O1,O2:κ2O2',O1'-oxalato)dicopper(II) entity and two outer mononuclear tetrakis(pyrazole)copper(II) units are linked through two mononuclear aquabis(pyrazole)(µ3-κ2O1,O2:κO2':κO1'-oxalato)copper(II) units. The magnetic properties of 1 and 2 were investigated in the temperature range 2.0-300 K. Very weak intrachain antiferromagnetic interactions between the copper(II) ions through the µ3-ox-κ2O1,O2:κO2':κO1' center occur in 1 [J = -0.42(1) cm-1, the spin Hamiltonian being defined as H = -J∑S1,i · S2,i+1], whereas very weak intramolecular ferromagnetic [J = +0.28(2) cm-1] and strong antiferromagnetic [J' = -348(2) cm-1] couplings coexist in 2 which are mediated by the µ3-ox-κ2O1,O2:κO2':κO1' and µ-ox-κ2O1,O2:κ2O2',O1' centers, respectively. The variation in the nature and magnitude of the magnetic coupling for this pair of oxalato-centered inverse copper(II) complexes is discussed in the light of their different structural features, and a comparison with related oxalato-centered inverse copper(II)-pyrazole systems from the literature is carried out.

Ligand effects on the structure and magnetic properties of alternating copper(II) chains with 2,2'-bipyrimidine- and polymethyl-substituted pyrazolates as bridging ligands.

A novel series of heteroleptic copper(II) compounds of formulas {[Cu2(µ-H2O)(µ-pz)2(µ-bpm)(ClO4)(H2O)]ClO4·2H2O}n (1), {[Cu2(µ-H2O)(µ-3-Mepz)2(µ-bpm)](ClO4)2·2H2O}n (2), and {[Cu2(µ-OH)(µ-3,5-Me2pz)(µ-bpm)(H-3,5-Me2pz)2](ClO4)2}n (3) [bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine, Hpz = pyrazole, H-3-Mepz = 3-methylpyrazole, and H-3,5-Me2pz = 3,5-dimethylpyrazole] have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction methods. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 consist of copper(II) chains with regular alternating bpm and bis(pyrazolate)(aqua) bridges, whereas that of 3 is made up of copper(II) chains with regular alternating bpm and (pyrazolate)(hydroxo) bridges. The copper centers are six- (1) or five-coordinate (2) in axially elongated, octahedral (1) or square-pyramidal (2) environments in 1 and 2, whereas they are five-coordinate in distorted trigonal-bipyramidal surroundings in 3. The values of the copper-copper separations across the bpm/pyrazolate bridges are 5.5442(7)/3.3131(6) (1), 5.538(1)/3.235(1) (2), and 5.7673(7)/3.3220(6) Å (3). The magnetic properties of 1-3 have been investigated in the temperature range of 25-300 K. The analysis of their magnetic susceptibility data through the isotropic Hamiltonian for an alternating antiferromagnetic copper(II) chain model [H = -J∑i=1-n/2 (S2i·S2i-1 + αS2i·S2i+1), with α = J'/J and Si = SCu = 1/2] reveals the presence of a strong to moderate antiferromagnetic coupling through the bis(pyrazolate)(aqua) [-J = 217 (1) and 215 cm(-1) (2)] and (pyrazolate)(hydroxo) bridges [-J = 153 cm(-1) (3)], respectively, whereas a strong to weak antiferromagnetic coupling occurs through the bis-bidentate bpm [-J' = 211 (1), 213 (2), and 44 cm(-1) (3)]. A simple orbital analysis of the magnetic exchange interaction within the bpm- and pyrazolate-bridged dicopper(II) fragments of 1-3 visualizes the σ-type pathways involving the (dx(2)-y(2)) (1 and 2) or d(z(2)) (3) magnetic orbitals on each metal ion, which account for the variation of the magnetic properties in these three novel examples of one-dimensional copper(II) compounds with regular alternating intrachain antiferromagnetic interactions.

Influence of socio-demographic, labour and professional factors on nursing perception concerning practice environment in Primary Health Care.

AIM: To analyze the perception of nursing professionals of the Madrid Primary Health Care environment in which they practice, as well as its relationship with socio-demographic, work-related and professional factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, analytical, observational study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTEXT: Questionnaire sent to a total of 475 nurses in Primary Health Care in Madrid (former Health Care Areas 6 and 9), in 2010. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Perception of the practice environment using the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) questionnaire, as well as; age; sex; years of professional experience; professional category; Health Care Area; employment status and education level. RESULTS: There was a response rate of 69.7% (331). The raw score for the PES-NWI was: 81.04 [95%CI: 79.18-82.91]. The factor with the highest score was "Support from Managers" (2.9 [95%CI: 2.8-3]) and the lowest "Workforce adequacy" (2.3 [95%CI: 2.2-2.4]). In the regression model (dependent variable: raw score in PES-NWI), adjusted by age, sex, employment status, professional category (coefficient B=6.586), and years worked at the centre (coefficient B=2.139, for a time of 0-2 years; coefficient B=7.482, for 3-10 years; coefficient B=7.867, for over 20 years) remained at p≤0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The support provided by nurse managers is the most highly valued factor in this practice environment, while workforce adequacy is perceived as the lowest. Nurses in posts of responsibility and those possessing a higher degree of training perceive their practice environment more favourably. Knowledge of the factors in the practice environment is a key element for health care organizations to optimize provision of care and to improve health care results.

Influencia de los factores sociodemográficos, laborales y profesionales de enfermería en la percepción del entorno de la práctica en atención primaria / Influence of socio-demographic, labour and professional factors on nursing perception concerning practice environment in Primary Health Care

Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de los profesionales enfermeros de atención primaria de Madrid sobre el entorno en el que realizan su práctica, también relacionada con los factores sociodemográficos, laborales y profesionales. Diseño: Estudio observacional analítico transversal. Participantes y contexto: 475 enfermeros de Atención Primaria de Madrid (áreas 6 y 9, en 2010). Mediciones principales: Percepción del entorno de la práctica, a través del cuestionario Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI); edad; sexo; años de experiencia profesional; categoría; área de salud; contratación y nivel académico. Resultados: Se estudiaron 331 sujetos (tasa de respuesta: 69,7%). La puntuación bruta para el PES-NWI fue: 81,04 [IC 95%: 79,18-82,91]. El factor mejor valorado fue «Apoyo de los gestores» (2,9 [IC 95%: 2,8-3]) y el peor, «Adecuación de la plantilla» (2,3 [IC 95%: 2,2-2,4]). En el modelo de regresión (variable dependiente: puntuación bruta del PES-NWI), ajustado por edad, sexo, situación laboral, permanecieron con una p≤0,05, la categoría profesional (coeficiente B =6,586) y los años de ejercicio profesional en el centro (coeficiente B = 2,139, para tiempo de 0a 2 años; coeficiente B = 7,482, para tiempo de 3-10 años; coeficiente B = 7,867, para tiempo de más de 20 años).Conclusiones: Las enfermeras con cargo de responsabilidad y aquellas que tienen mayor formación tienen una mejor percepción de su entorno de práctica. Conocer los factores del entorno de la práctica es un elemento clave para la organización sanitaria con el fin de optimizar la provisión de cuidados, y mejorar los resultados en salud (AU)

Aim: To analyze the perception of nursing professionals of the Madrid Primary Health Care environment in which they practice, as well as its relationship with socio-demographic, work-related and professional factors. Design: Cross-sectional, analytical, observational study. Participants and context: Questionnaire sent to a total of 475 nurses in Primary Health Care in Madrid (former Health Care Areas 6 and 9), in 2010. Main measurements: Perception of the practice environment using the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) questionnaire, as well as; age; sex; years of professional experience; professional category; Health Care Area; employment status and education level. Results: There was a response rate of 69.7% (331). The raw score for the PES-NWI was: 81.04 [95%CI: 79.18–82.91]. The factor with the highest score was “Support from Managers” (2.9 [95%CI: 2.8–3]) and the lowest “Workforce adequacy” (2.3 [95%CI: 2.2–2.4]). In the regression model (dependent variable: raw score in PES-NWI), adjusted by age, sex, employment status, professional category (coefficient B = 6.586), and years worked at the centre (coefficient B = 2.139, for a time of 0–2 years; coefficient B = 7.482, for 3–10 years; coefficient B = 7.867, for over 20 years) remained at p ≤ 0.05. Conclusions: The support provided by nurse managers is the most highly valued factor in this practice environment, while workforce adequacy is perceived as the lowest. Nurses in posts of responsibility and those possessing a higher degree of training perceive their practice environment more favourably. Knowledge of the factors in the practice environment is a key element for health care organizations to optimize provision of care and to improve health care results (AU)