Layered Monophosphate Tungsten Bronzes [Ba(PO4 )2 ]Wm O3m-3 : 2D Metals with Locked Charge-Density-Wave Instabilities.

Phosphate tungsten and molybenum bronzes represent an outstanding class of materials displaying textbook examples of charge-density-wave (CDW) physics among other fundamental properties. Here we report on the existence of a novel structural branch with the general formula [Ba(PO4 )2 ][Wm O3m-3 ] (m=3, 4 and 5) denominated 'layered monophosphate tungsten bronzes' (L-MPTB). It results from thick [Ba(PO4 )2 ]4- spacer layers disrupting the cationic metal-oxide 2D units and enforcing an overall trigonal structure. Their symmetries are preserved down to 1.8 K and the compounds show metallic behaviour with no clear anomaly as a function of temperature. However, their electronic structure displays the characteristic Fermi surface of previous bronzes derived from 5d W states with hidden nesting properties. By analogy with previous bronzes, such a Fermi surface should result into CDW order. Evidence of CDW order was only indirectly observed in the low-temperature specific heat, giving an exotic context at the crossover between stable 2D metals and CDW order.

Computation of Kullback-Leibler Divergence in Bayesian Networks.

Kullback-Leibler divergence KL(p,q) is the standard measure of error when we have a true probability distribution p which is approximate with probability distribution q. Its efficient computation is essential in many tasks, as in approximate computation or as a measure of error when learning a probability. In high dimensional probabilities, as the ones associated with Bayesian networks, a direct computation can be unfeasible. This paper considers the case of efficiently computing the Kullback-Leibler divergence of two probability distributions, each one of them coming from a different Bayesian network, which might have different structures. The paper is based on an auxiliary deletion algorithm to compute the necessary marginal distributions, but using a cache of operations with potentials in order to reuse past computations whenever they are necessary. The algorithms are tested with Bayesian networks from the bnlearn repository. Computer code in Python is provided taking as basis pgmpy, a library for working with probabilistic graphical models.

Multiferroic quantum criticality.

The zero-temperature limit of a continuous phase transition is marked by a quantum critical point, which can generate physical effects that extend to elevated temperatures. Magnetic quantum criticality is now well established, and has been explored in systems ranging from heavy fermion metals to quantum Ising materials. Ferroelectric quantum critical behaviour has also been recently demonstrated, motivating a flurry of research investigating its consequences. Here, we introduce the concept of multiferroic quantum criticality, in which both magnetic and ferroelectric quantum criticality occur in the same system. We develop the phenomenology of multiferroic quantum criticality and describe the associated experimental signatures, such as phase stability and modified scaling relations of observables. We propose several material systems that could be tuned to multiferroic quantum criticality utilizing alloying and strain as control parameters. We hope that these results stimulate exploration of the interplay between different kinds of quantum critical behaviours.

Combining gene expression data and prior knowledge for inferring gene regulatory networks via Bayesian networks using structural restrictions.

Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) are known as the most adequate instrument to provide a clear insight and understanding of the cellular systems. One of the most successful techniques to reconstruct GRNs using gene expression data is Bayesian networks (BN) which have proven to be an ideal approach for heterogeneous data integration in the learning process. Nevertheless, the incorporation of prior knowledge has been achieved by using prior beliefs or by using networks as a starting point in the search process. In this work, the utilization of different kinds of structural restrictions within algorithms for learning BNs from gene expression data is considered. These restrictions will codify prior knowledge, in such a way that a BN should satisfy them. Therefore, one aim of this work is to make a detailed review on the use of prior knowledge and gene expression data to inferring GRNs from BNs, but the major purpose in this paper is to research whether the structural learning algorithms for BNs from expression data can achieve better outcomes exploiting this prior knowledge with the use of structural restrictions. In the experimental study, it is shown that this new way to incorporate prior knowledge leads us to achieve better reverse-engineered networks.

Observation of Uncompensated Bound Charges at Improper Ferroelectric Domain Walls.

Low-temperature electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is used to probe unconventional domain walls in the improper ferroelectric semiconductor Er0.99Ca0.01MnO3 down to cryogenic temperatures. The low-temperature EFM maps reveal pronounced electric far fields generated by partially uncompensated domain-wall bound charges. Positively and negatively charged walls display qualitatively different fields as a function of temperature, which we explain based on different screening mechanisms and the corresponding relaxation time of the mobile carriers. Our results demonstrate domain walls in improper ferroelectrics as a unique example of natural interfaces that are stable against the emergence of electrically uncompensated bound charges. The outstanding robustness of improper ferroelectric domain walls in conjunction with their electronic versatility brings us an important step closer to the development of durable and ultrasmall electronic components for next-generation nanotechnology.

Topological Defects in Hexagonal Manganites: Inner Structure and Emergent Electrostatics.

Diverse topological defects arise in hexagonal manganites, such as ferroelectric vortices, as well as neutral and charged domain walls. The topological defects are intriguing because their low symmetry enables unusual couplings between structural, charge, and spin degrees of freedom, holding great potential for novel types of functional 2D and 1D systems. Despite the considerable advances in analyzing the different topological defects in hexagonal manganites, the understanding of their key intrinsic properties is still rather limited and disconnected. In particular, a rapidly increasing number of structural variants is reported without clarifying their relation, leading to a zoo of seemingly unrelated topological textures. Here, we combine picometer-precise scanning-transmission-electron microscopy with Landau theory modeling to clarify the inner structure of topological defects in Er1-xZrxMnO3. By performing a comprehensive parametrization of the inner atomic defect structure, we demonstrate that one primary length scale drives the morphology of both vortices and domain walls. Our findings lead to a unifying general picture of this type of structural topological defects. We further derive novel fundamental and universal properties, such as unusual bound-charge distributions and electrostatics at the ferroelectric vortex cores with emergent U(1) symmetry.

Antibacterial and osteoinductive properties of wollastonite scaffolds impregnated with propolis produced by additive manufacturing.

Biocompatible ceramic scaffolds offer a promising approach to address the challenges in bone reconstruction. Wollastonite, well-known for its exceptional biocompatibility, has attracted significant attention in orthopedics and craniofacial fields. However, the antimicrobial properties of wollastonite have contradictory findings, necessitating further research to enhance its antibacterial characteristics. This study aimed to explore a new approach to improve in vitro biological response in terms of antimicrobial activity and cell proliferation by taking advantage of additive manufacturing for the development of scaffolds with complex geometries by 3D printing using propolis-modified wollastonite. The scaffolds were designed with a TPMS (Triply Periodic Minimal Surface) gyroid geometric shape and 3D printed prior to impregnation with propolis extract. The paste formulation was characterized by rheometric measurements, and the presence of propolis was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The scaffolds were comprehensively assessed for their mechanical strength. The biological characterization involved evaluating the antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, employing Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Zone of Inhibition (ZOI), and biofilm formation assays. Additionally, SaOs-2 cultures were used to study cell proliferation (Alamar blue assay), and potential osteogenic was tested (von Kossa, Alizarin Red, and ALP stainings) at different time points. Propolis impregnation did not compromise the mechanical properties of the scaffolds, which exhibited values comparable to human trabecular bone. Propolis incorporation conferred antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The implementation of TPMS gyroid geometry in the scaffold design demonstrated favorable cell proliferation with increased metabolic activity and osteogenic potential after 21 days of cell cultures.

New Approach to Determine the Activity Concentration Index in Cements, Fly Ashes, and Slags on the Basis of Their Chemical Composition.

The manufacture of Portland cement entails high energy and environmental costs, and various solutions have been implemented in recent years to mitigate this negative impact. These solutions include improvements in the manufacture of cement clinker or the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash (FA) or slag as a replacement for a portion of the clinker in cement. The incorporation of these SCMs in cement may increase its radiological content as they are naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). The Activity Concentration Index (ACI) is a screening tool established in the European EURATOM Directive 2013/59 to determine the radiation protection suitability of a final construction material. The ACI is determined by the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, usually determined by gamma spectrometry. The methodology of gamma spectrometry is accurate and appropriate, but this technique is not available in all laboratories. For this reason, and taking into account that there is a relationship between the chemical and radiological composition of these building materials, a new approach is proposed to determine the radiological content of these materials from a chemical analysis such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF). In this paper, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to establish the relationships between the chemical composition and radiological content of cements, FAs, and slags of different natures. Through PCA it was possible to group the cements based on two variables: CaO content and Fe2O3-Al2O3-TiO2 content. A lower correlation was observed for the FAs and slags, as the sample scores were centered around the origin of the coordinates and showed greater dispersion than the cements. The clusters obtained in the HJ-Biplots allowed the determination, using multiple regression, of models relating the activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th (212Pb), and 40K to the oxide percentages obtained for the three matrices studied. The models were validated using five cements, one FA and one slag with relative percentage deviations (RSD(%)) equal to or less than 30% for 89% of the activity concentrations and 100% of the ACI determined.

Topotactic fluorination of intermetallics as an efficient route towards quantum materials.

Intermetallics represent an important family of compounds, in which insertion of light elements (H, B, C, N) has been widely explored for decades to synthesize novel phases and promote functional materials such as permanent magnets or magnetocalorics. Fluorine insertion, however, has remained elusive so far since the strong reactivity of this atypical element, the most electronegative one, tends to produce the chemical decomposition of these systems. Here, we introduce a topochemical method to intercalate fluorine atoms into intermetallics, using perfluorocarbon reactant with covalent C-F bonds. We demonstrate the potential of this approach with the synthesis of non-stoichiometric mixed anion (Si-F) LaFeSiFx single-crystals, which are further shown to host FeSi-based superconductivity. Fluorine topochemistry on intermetallics is thus proven to be an effective route to provide functional materials where the coexistence of ionic and metallo-covalent blocks, and their interactions through inductive effects, is at the root of their functional properties.

The Third Dimension of Ferroelectric Domain Walls.

Ferroelectric domain walls are quasi-2D systems that show great promise for the development of nonvolatile memory, memristor technology, and electronic components with ultrasmall feature size. Electric fields, for example, can change the domain wall orientation relative to the spontaneous polarization and switch between resistive and conductive states, controlling the electrical current. Being embedded in a 3D material, however, the domain walls are not perfectly flat and can form networks, which leads to complex physical structures. In this work, the importance of the nanoscale structure for the emergent transport properties is demonstrated, studying electronic conduction in the 3D network of neutral and charged domain walls in ErMnO3 . By combining tomographic microscopy techniques and finite element modeling, the contribution of domain walls within the bulk is clarified and the significance of curvature effects for the local conduction is shown down to the nanoscale. The findings provide insights into the propagation of electrical currents in domain wall networks, reveal additional degrees of freedom for their control, and provide quantitative guidelines for the design of domain-wall-based technology.

Electrical half-wave rectification at ferroelectric domain walls.

Domain walls in ferroelectric semiconductors show promise as multifunctional two-dimensional elements for next-generation nanotechnology. Electric fields, for example, can control the direct-current resistance and reversibly switch between insulating and conductive domain-wall states, enabling elementary electronic devices such as gates and transistors. To facilitate electrical signal processing and transformation at the domain-wall level, however, an expansion into the realm of alternating-current technology is required. Here, we demonstrate diode-like alternating-to-direct current conversion based on neutral ferroelectric domain walls in ErMnO3. By combining scanning probe and dielectric spectroscopy, we show that the rectification occurs at the tip-wall contact for frequencies at which the walls are effectively pinned. Using density functional theory, we attribute the responsible transport behaviour at the neutral walls to an accumulation of oxygen defects. The practical frequency regime and magnitude of the direct current output are controlled by the bulk conductivity, establishing electrode-wall junctions as versatile atomic-scale diodes.

Revealing the cerebello-ponto-hypothalamic pathway in the human brain.

The cerebellum is shown to be involved in some limbic functions of the human brain such as emotion and affect. The major connection of the cerebellum with the limbic system is known to be through the cerebello-hypothalamic pathways. The consensus is that the projections from the cerebellar nuclei to the limbic system, and particularly the hypothalamus, or from the hypothalamus to the cerebellar nuclei, are through multisynaptic pathways in the bulbar reticular formation. The detailed anatomy of the pathways responsible for mediating these responses, however, is yet to be determined. Diffusion tensor imaging may be helpful in better visualizing the surgical anatomy of the cerebello-ponto-hypothalamic (CPH) pathway. This study aimed to investigate the utility of high-spatial-resolution diffusion tensor tractography for mapping the trajectory of the CPH tract in the human brain. Fifteen healthy adults were studied. We delineated, for the first time, the detailed trajectory of the CPH tract of the human brain in fifteen normal adult subjects using high-spatial-resolution diffusion tensor tractography. We further revealed the close relationship of the CPH tract with the optic tract, temporo-pontine tract, amygdalofugal tract and the fornix in the human brain.

Non-collinear magnetism in multiferroic perovskites.

We present an overview of the current interest in non-collinear magnetism in multiferroic perovskite crystals. We first describe the different microscopic mechanisms giving rise to the non-collinearity of spins in this class of materials. We discuss, in particular, the interplay between non-collinear magnetism and ferroelectric and antiferrodistortive distortions of the perovskite structure, and how this can promote magnetoelectric responses. We then provide a literature survey on non-collinear multiferroic perovskites. We discuss numerous examples of spin cantings driving weak ferromagnetism in transition metal perovskites, and of spin-induced ferroelectricity as observed in the rare-earth based perovskites. These examples are chosen to best illustrate the fundamental role of non-collinear magnetism in the design of multiferroicity.

Polarization control at spin-driven ferroelectric domain walls.

Unusual electronic states arise at ferroelectric domain walls due to the local symmetry reduction, strain gradients and electrostatics. This particularly applies to improper ferroelectrics, where the polarization is induced by a structural or magnetic order parameter. Because of the subordinate nature of the polarization, the rigid mechanical and electrostatic boundary conditions that constrain domain walls in proper ferroics are lifted. Here we show that spin-driven ferroelectricity promotes the emergence of charged domain walls. This provides new degrees of flexibility for controlling domain-wall charges in a deterministic and reversible process. We create and position a domain wall by an electric field in Mn0.95Co0.05WO4. With a magnetic field we then rotate the polarization and convert neutral into charged domain walls, while its magnetic properties peg the wall to its location. Using atomistic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert simulations we quantify the polarization changes across the two wall types and highlight their general occurrence.

Morphological Findings in Trophozoites during Amoebic Abscess Development in Misoprostol-Treated BALB/c Mice.

During amoebic liver abscess (ALA) formation in susceptible animals, immune response is regulated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) dependent mechanisms. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of misoprostol (MPL), a PGE1 analogue, on ALA formation in BALB/c mice. Male mice from BALB/c strain were intrahepatically infected with 7.5 × 10(5) trophozoites of E. histolytica strain HM1:IMSS and treated with 10(-4) M of MPL daily until sacrifice at 2, 4, and 7 days postinfection (p.i.). ALA formation was evaluated at 2, 4, and 7 days postinfection; trophozoite morphology was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Results showed an increase in frequency of ALA formation in infected and MPL-treated mice only at 2 days p.i. (P = 0.03). A significant diminution in the size of trophozoites was detected in abscesses from mice independently of MPL treatment (from 5.8 ± 1.1 µm at 2 days p.i. to 2.7 ± 1.9 µm at 7 days p.i.) compared with trophozoites dimensions observed in susceptible hamsters (9.6 ± 2.7 µm) (P < 0.01). These results suggest that MPL treatment may modify the adequate control of inflammatory process to allow the persistence of trophozoites in the liver; however, natural resistance mechanisms cannot be discarded.

Avaliação da técnica de Millard associada à zetaplastia no tratamento de portadores de fenda labial unilateral / Evaluation of the Millard technique associated with zetaplasty in the treatment of patients with unilateral cleft lip

Introdução: As fendas labiais são deformidades congênitas muito comuns e acometem em grau variável as partes moles e estruturas ósseas do terço médio da face. O tratamento cirúrgico deve ser precoce e segue um protocolo que varia de acordo com o centro de referência. As técnicas cirúrgicas de queiloplastia são inúmeras e, dentre elas, uma das mais utilizadas é a de Millard. O objetivo é avaliar a técnica de Millard tipo I associada a uma zetaplastia da mucosa (técnica empregada pelo autor) como cirurgia de escolha na queiloplastia primária dos pacientes portadores de fenda labial unilateral, entendendo que a técnica é adequada se o número de cirurgias secundárias (reoperações) for baixo. Métodos: Foram operados 65 pacientes por essa técnica no período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2012 em Santos. Todos acompanhados por no mínimo quatro anos. Resultados: Dos 65 pacientes, 10 (15%) foram considerados "resultados insatisfatórios" e reoperados. Conclusão: Queiloplastia primária à Millard tipo I associada a zetaplastia é adequada, com um número de reoperações baixo e semelhantes aos da literatura atual.

Introduction: Cleft lips are very common congenital deformities that affect, in varying degrees, the soft tissues and bone structures of the middle third of the face. Surgical treatment should be performed early and a protocol must be followed, which varies according to the reference center. There are numerous surgical techniques for lip repair, and among them, the Millard technique is the most used. The objective is to evaluate the association of the Millard type I with zetaplasty mucosal technique (used by the author) as the surgery of choice for primary lip repair in patients with unilateral cleft lip, and to understand whether the techniques are appropriate when the number of second surgeries (reoperation) is low. Methods: Sixty-five patients underwent operations by this technique from January 2007 to December 2012 in Santos, all of whom were followed for at least four years. Results: Of the 65 patients, 10 (15%) were considered to present "unsatisfactory results" and underwent reoperation. Conclusion: Primary cheiloplasty with zetaplasty-associated Millard type I is appropriate when the number of reoperations is low, and our results agree with the current literature.

A method for integrating expert knowledge when learning Bayesian networks from data.

Automatic learning of Bayesian networks from data is a challenging task, particularly when the data are scarce and the problem domain contains a high number of random variables. The introduction of expert knowledge is recognized as an excellent solution for reducing the inherent uncertainty of the models retrieved by automatic learning methods. Previous approaches to this problem based on Bayesian statistics introduce the expert knowledge by the elicitation of informative prior probability distributions of the graph structures. In this paper, we present a new methodology for integrating expert knowledge, based on Monte Carlo simulations and which avoids the costly elicitation of these prior distributions and only requests from the expert information about those direct probabilistic relationships between variables which cannot be reliably discerned with the help of the data.

Tromboprofilaxis en pacientes hospitalizados, ¿estamos haciendo lo correcto? / Thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients, are we doing the right thing?

Introducción: El tromboembolismo venoso conlleva una alta morbimortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados. Existe contundente evidencia sobre la costo-efectividad de la tromboprofilaxis, y no realizarla, se considera una práctica médica insegura. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio trasversal se realizó para evaluar la presencia de factores de riesgo y la realización de profilaxis para trombosis venosa profunda y embolismo pulmonar en pacientes hospitalizados en los servicios de medicina interna, gineco-obstetricia y quirúrgicas del Hospital Universitario San Jorge, en Pereira, Colombia, entre agosto de 2009 y marzo de 2010. Resultados: De 210 pacientes sólo el 29,5 % recibió profilaxis farmacológica pese a que hasta un 57,6% presentaron tres o más factores de riesgo para tromboembolismo venoso. Prácticamente la mitad de los pacientes de los servicios de medicina interna (47%) y de cirugía (56,3%) fueron clasificados como “alto o muy alto riesgo”. El servicio de cirugía fue el que más pacientes de muy alto riesgo albergó (81,8%); sin embargo, no recibieron tromboprofilaxis un 86% de estos pacientes. En contraste, el servicio de Medicina Interna fue el que realizó tromboprofilaxis de tipo farmacológico con más frecuencia (75,8% de los pacientes en este servicio la recibieron), mientras que en el servicio de gineco-Obstetricia solo un 2,7% de las pacientes la recibieron. Del total de pacientes que recibieron profilaxis farmacológica, un 4,3% no tenía indicación. Discusión: El análisis mostró que ser hospitalizado en el servicio de quirúrgica o de gineco-obstetricia de este institución se convierte en un factor de riesgo para no recibir tromboprofilaxis (p<0,001). Este estudio demuestra la necesidad de aplicar estrategias para que los médicos comprendan la importancia de la tromboprofilaxis y la apliquen de acuerdo con las guías mundialmente aceptadas.

Introduction: Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism are important causes of morbidity and mortality in medically ill and surgical patients. There is a large body of evidence about the benefit of thromboprophylaxis and its cost-effectiveness, no performing prophylaxis is considered an unsafe medical care. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done to assess risk factors and prophylaxis given for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in newly admitted medically ill and surgical patients during August 2009 to March 2010, in a tertiary teaching care center hospital in Colombia (Hospital Universitario San Jorge). Results: Only 29.5 percent out of 210 patients were given pharmacological prophylaxis, despite more than a half patients (57.6%) had three or more venous thromboembolism risk factors. Most of very high risk patients (81.8%) were at the surgical ward. The 47% and the 56,3 were classified as having high or very high risk in the internal medicine and surgical ward respectively. However, 86% of patients at surgical ward, and 97.3% at gynecology and obstetrics ward, did not receive prophylaxis, as long as, at internal medicine ward, more than a half patients did receive it (75.8%). Only 4.3% of patients were given prophylaxis without indication. Discussion: Most of patients who did not receive pharmacological prophylaxis were at surgical ward (41.2%) and gynecology and obstetrics ward (48%) and being admitted in these becomes a risk factor for not receiving thromboprophylaxis (p<0.001). This study underlines the need to aggressively implement venous thromboembolism risk stratification strategy in medical and surgical patients and provide prophylaxis according to the published guidelines.

Una propuesta attropológica para la comprensiónde la resiliencia en niños: lass virtudes humanas / An anthropologiaal proposal to understand children's resilience: human virtues / Uma proposta antropológica para a compreensão da resiliência nas crianças: as virtudes humanas

El abordaje de la resiliencia ha tenido algunas modificaciones a lo largo de los años. En un principio, se enfocaba en los aspectos negativos que las personas generaban en medio de la adversidad. Posteriormente, se ha centrado en las características positivas que pueden desarrollarse como producto de estas situaciones. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en generar una reflexión sobre la manera de comprender y conceptualizar la resiliencia desde diferentes perspectivas teóricas y así generar una nueva manera de entenderla de acuerdo con las virtudes humanas desde la antropología filosófica. Para cumplir con este propósito, se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura empírico-analítica de los estudios que proponían una manera de evaluar y medir este concepto. Aunque existen algunas propuestas para medir la resiliencia desde diferentes disciplinas, ninguno de los estudios previos tuvo en cuenta las virtudes humanas como indicadores de resiliencia desde la antropología filosófica.

The approach to resilience has undergone several changes over the years. Initially, it concentrated on the negative aspects persons generate in the midst of adversity. Subsequently, the focus has been on the positive characteristics that may develop as a result of these situations. The aim of this study is to reflect on how resilience can be understood and conceptualized from different theoretical perspectives and, thus, to find new ways to understand it based on human virtues from the perspective of philosophical anthropology. To do so, the authors reviewed empirical-analytic literature on studies that propose ways to assess and measure this concept. Although there are some proposals to measure resilience through different disciplines, none of the previous studies took into account human virtues as indicators of resilience from the standpoint of philosophical anthropology.

A abordagem da resiliência vem tendo algumas modificações ao longo dos anos. Em um princípio, enfocava-se nos aspectos negativos que as pessoas geravam em meio da adversidade. Posteriormente, centrou-se nas características positivas que podem se desenvolver como produto dessas situações. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em gerar uma reflexão sobre a maneira de compreender e conceitualizar a resiliência sob diferentes perspectivas teóricas e, assim, gerar uma nova maneira de entendê-la de acordo com as virtudes humanas a partir da antropologia filosófica. Para atingir este propósito, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura empírico-analítica dos estudos que propunham uma maneira de avaliar e medir este conceito. Embora existam algumas propostas para medir a resiliência desde diferentes disciplinas, nenhum dos estudos prévios considerou as virtudes humanas como indicadores de resiliência a partir da antropologia filosófica.