Synchronous intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma: case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy, rarer when synchronous with a non medullary well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Parathyroid carcinoma accounts of 0.005% of all malignant tumors and it is responsible for less than 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism. The intrathyroidal localization of a parathyroid gland is not frequent with a reported prevalence of 0.2%. Carcinoma of parathyroids with intrathyroidal localization represents an even rarer finding, reported in only 16 cases described in literature. The rare constellation of synchronous parathyroid and thyroid carcinomas has prompted us to report our experience and perform literature review. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein report a case of a 63-years-old man with multinodular goiter and biochemical diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. Total thyroidectomy with radio-guide technique using gamma probe after intraoperative sesta-MIBI administration and intraoperative PTH level was performed. The high radiation levels in the posterior thyroid lobe discovered an intrathyroidal parathyroid. Microscopic examination revealed a parathyroid main cell carcinoma at the posterior thyroidal left basal lobe, a classic papillary carcinoma at the same lobe and follicular variant of papillary carcinoma at the thyroidal right lobe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case documenting a synchronous multicentric non medullary thyroid carcinomas and intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience was reported and literature review underlining challenging difficulties in diagnostic workup and surgical management was carried out.

Expanded negative pressure wound therapy in healing diabetic foot ulcers: a prospective randomised study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the benefits of treating diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) through a revised procedure using the mechanisms underlying negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in such a way as to achieve reduced and more evenly distributed lateral tension lines across the wound. METHOD: Patients with type 2 diabetes were assessed for elegibility. Included patients were divided randomly into two groups: the NPWT control group and the NPWT+ group. Patients in the NPWT control group were treated in the traditional manner: wounds were covered with foams shaped to fit the wound precisely. In the NPWT+ group, foams were shaped to fit the wound precisely, and an additional foam was then wrapped around the foot. RESULTS: Some 85 patients were assessed for eligibility; 59 were randomised into two groups: 29 patients in the NPWT+ group and 30 patients in the NPWT group. The primary objective was median healing time (NPWT+ 19 days, interquartile ratio (IQR) 7.5; NPWT 33 days, IQR 16; p<0.00001), and complete wound healing at three weeks (NPWT+ 55.20% NPWT 26.70% p=0.02). Secondary endpoints included number of major amputations (none in either group) and number of infections (NPWT+ 3.44% of patients, NPWT 6.66% of patients; p=0.57). CONCLUSION: Our initial findings show that this treatment significantly reduced wound closure times and accelerated healing in DFUs. It also demonstrated promising improvements in healing rates, with no significant increase in wound complications.

Hard-to-heal wound treated with Integra Flowable Wound Matrix: analysis and clinical observations.

Skin healing defects severely impair the quality of life of millions of people and burden healthcare systems globally. The therapeutic approach to these pathologies still represents a challenge. Novel scaffolds, used as dermal substitutes, possibly represent a promising strategy in complex wound management. Integra Flowable Wound Matrix (IFWM) is composed of a lyophilised, micronised form of collagen/chondroitin sulphate matrix, already used in regenerative medicine and endorsed in the therapy of diabetic foot lesions. In this paper, IFWM was applied to a tunnelling hard-to-heal skin lesion in order to restore tissue integrity. Although the different phases of skin wound healing are well established, the molecular mechanism underpinning IFWM-induced tissue repair are almost unknown. Here, we report, for the first time, the comparative analysis of molecular, histological and clinical observations of the healing process of a hard-to-heal tunnelling skin wound. The therapeutic success of this clinical case allowed us to recommend the use of IFWM as a tissue substitute in this rare type of hard-to-heal wound in which the high inflammatory status hampered the natural healing process.

Acellular Dermal Matrix Used in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Clinical Outcomes Supported by Biochemical and Histological Analyses.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a diabetes complication which greatly impacts the patient's quality of life, often leading to amputation of the affected limb unless there is a timely and adequate management of the patient. DFUs have a high economic impact for the national health system. Data have indeed shown that DFUs are a major cause of hospitalization for patients with diabetes. Based on that, DFUs represent a very important challenge for the national health system. Especially in developed countries diabetic patients are increasing at a very high rate and as expected, also the incidence of DFUs is increasing due to longevity of diabetic patients in the western population. Herein, the surgical approach focused on the targeted use of the acellular dermal matrix has been integrated with biochemical and morphological/histological analyses to obtain evidence-based information on the mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration. In this research report, the clinical results indicated decreased postoperative wound infection levels and a short healing time, with a sound regeneration of tissues. Here we demonstrate that the key biomarkers of wound healing process are activated at gene expression level and also synthesis of collagen I, collagen III and elastin is prompted and modulated within the 28-day period of observation. These analyses were run on five patients treated with Integra® sheet and five treated with the injectable matrix Integra® Flowable, for cavitary lesions. In fact, clinical evaluation of improved healing was, for the first time, supported by biochemical and histological analyses. For these reasons, the present work opens a new scenario in DFUs treatment and follow-up, laying the foundation for a tailored protocol towards complete healing in severe pathological conditions.

An evaluation of an ultrasonic debridement system in patients with diabetic foot ulcers: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the use of ultrasonic debridement in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). METHOD: In this prospective, single-arm, open-label study, all patients with DFUs underwent wound debridement by ultrasonic debridement system (SonicOne OR Ultrasonic debridement system). Wherever possible, the edges were approximated by means of stitches. In other cases, the surgical breach healed by secondary intention, or a partial thickness skin graft (with or without Integra Dermal Regeneration Template or Integra Flowable Wound Matrix) was applied, and subsequently healed by primary intention. RESULTS: We assessed 15 patients with a DFU. The time required for debridement was short (an average 15.06±4.02 minutes). Complete wound healing (defined as 100% re-epithelialisation) was achieved in all 15 cases. Median time to heal was 39.20±16.05 days. The ultrasonic debridement system was found to show adequate debridement while preserving more viable tissue to promote rapid healing. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that the device demonstrates advantages in the reduction of debridement times, and efficacy in safely preserving the viable tissue, with a low complication rate in surgery of DFUs. A study that uses a larger cohort is required to fully evaluate the effectiveness, or otherwise, of the ultrasonic debridement system.

Acellular Flowable Matrix in the Treatment of Tunneled or Cavity Ulcers in Diabetic Feet: A Preliminary Report.

OBJECTIVE: The authors aimed to explore the feasibility and safety of an advanced, acellular, flowable wound matrix (FWM) in patients with diabetes-related cavity or tunnel lesions involving deep structures. METHODS: Patients with diabetic foot ulcers were hospitalized at the General and Geriatric Surgery Unit of the University of Campania in Naples, Italy, between March 2015 and December 2015. Twenty-three patients with tunneled or cavity ulcers were treated. The lesions were filled with the FWM. Surgical wound edges were either approximated with stitches or left to heal by secondary intention. MAIN RESULTS: After 6 weeks, 78.26% of patients completely healed after a single application of the FWM. The healing time for all healed wounds was 30.85 ± 12.62 days, or 26.11 ± 5.43 days in patients for whom wound edges were approximated by stitches, and 57.66 ± 3.05 days in the patients who healed by secondary intention (P = .01). Permanent tissue regeneration was observed in a high percentage of patients, and shorter healing time was achieved. Study authors observed a low rate of complications such as major amputation and increased hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The FWM seems ideal for tunneled and cavity ulcers with irregular geometry. This new porous matrix allows closure of the lesion while reducing healing time and demolition surgery.

Development and validation of a practical score to predict pain after excisional hemorrhoidectomy.

PURPOSE: Excisional hemorrhoidectomy (EH) can be complicated by high early (EP) and prolonged pain (PP). This study aimed to determine predictors of high postoperative pain and to develop a risk score suitable to identify patient candidates to a more active analgesic treatment. METHODS: We collected data of patients undergoing EH between January 2005 and September 2012 (development group). Patient-, disease-, surgery-, and surgeon-related characteristics were gathered. Anxiety was evaluated by means of STAI-Y. EP was assessed at 1-day, while PP at 15-day follow-up by means of a 10-cm VAS (cutoff, EP ≥ 5; PP ≥ 3 cm). On the basis of the odds ratio from a logistic regression, independent risk factors were assigned a weighted integer. The sum comprised the risk score, which was validated on a prospective cohort of patients undergoing EH between September 2012 and January 2014. RESULTS: Five hundred fourteen patients were included in development group. Incidence of EP was 18.3 %, with 40.4 % developing PP. Younger age, male gender, advanced education, constipation, external component, anxious state and trait, and high anal resting tone were independent predictors of EP. Previous pain exerted a protective effect. Incomplete postoperative evacuation, advanced education level, high anal resting tone, and anxious trait were predictors of PP. In the development group, the risk of EP ranged between 1 % (low risk) and 21 % (high risk). Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis of validation group (n = 130) confirmed the discriminatory power of this model (area under the ROC = 0.69). CONCLUSION: The score can stratify the risk of EP following EH, identifying high-risk patient candidates to active analgesic administration or alternative surgical procedures.

Effects of a new pocket device for negative pressure wound therapy on surgical wounds of patients affected with Crohn's disease: a pilot trial.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical site infections (SSIs) affect costs of care and prolong length of stay. Crohn's disease (CD) represents an independent risk factor for SSI. The risk can be further increased by concomitant administration of immunosuppressive drugs and poor performance status at the time of surgery. Patients suffering from CD often need more than one surgical intervention during life, sometimes requiring fashioning of a stoma. The aim of this pilot study was to compare a portable device for negative pressure wound therapy (PICO, Smith & Nephew, London, UK) to conventional gauze dressings in patients undergoing surgery for stricturing CD. METHODS: Between January 2010 and November 2011, this controlled trial enrolled 30 patients, who were assigned to treatment with either PICO (n = 13) or conventional dressings (n = 17). Each patient completed a 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: Patients receiving PICO experienced significantly less postoperative wound complications (P = .001) and SSI (P = .017) compared with those who received conventional dressings. This resulted in shorter hospital stay (P = .0007). No significant differences in cosmetic results were found. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that PICO allows faster and safe discharge by reducing the incidence of SSI and wound-related complications in selected patients undergoing surgical intervention for stricturing CD. This could be particularly useful in patients receiving steroids.

New advances in negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) for surgical wounds of patients affected with Crohn's disease.

Surgical site complications (SSC) negatively affect costs of care and prolong length of stay. Crohn's disease (CD) is a risk factor for SSC. CD patients often need surgery, sometimes requiring stoma. Our primary aim was to compare the effects on SSC of a portable device for NPWT (PICO, Smith & Nephew, London, UK) with gauze dressings after elective surgery for CD. Secondary aims were manageability and safety of PICO and its feasibility as home therapy. Between 2010 and 2012, 50 patients were assigned to treatment with either PICO (n = 25) or conventional dressings (n = 25). Each patient completed 12-month follow-up. Parameters of interests for primary aim were SSC, surgical complications, and readmission rates. Data on difficulties in managing PICO and device-related complications were also collected. Patients receiving PICO had less SSC, resulting in shorter hospital stay. At last follow-up, readmission rates were lower with PICO. No differences were observed in surgical complications between groups. No patients reported difficulties in managing the device. Among patients discharged with PICO, none needed to come back to the hospital for device malfunctioning or inability to manage it. PICO reduces SSC and length of stay in selected CD patients compared with conventional dressings. The device is safe and user friendly.

Stepwise approach and surgery for gallbladder adenomyomatosis: a mini-review.

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder adenomyomatosis (GBA) is a hyperplastic disease affecting the wall of the gallbladder, with some typical features. It has historically been considered a benign condition, nevertheless recent reports highlighted a potential role of GBA in predisposing to malignancies of the gallbladder. DATA SOURCES: We reviewed the literature concerning GBA from its identification until July 2012. Owing to the relative rarity of the disease, studies often are case reports or case series. Thus we herein report a summary of the key-points concerning diagnosis and treatment of GBA, easily applicable in everyday practice, rather than a systematic review. Also, results are integrated with our recent experience. RESULTS: In our experience, we observed a trend toward an increase of GBA during the last years, probably due to enhanced ultrasonographic technical advancements and physician's expertise. GBA has distinctive imaging features. Several recent reports highlight the potential risk of cancer associated with GBA; however the disease is still classified as a benign condition. Although its correlation with malignancy has not been demonstrated, it is prudent to recommend cholecystectomy in some cases. However, in selected asymptomatic patients, a wait-and-see policy is a viable alternative. We propose an algorithm, based on GBA pathological pattern (diffuse, segmental, localized or fundal), suitable for decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: In symptomatic patients and if the diagnosis is doubtful, cholecystectomy is mandatory. Postponing surgery is an option to be offered to asymptomatic patients with low-risk GBA pattern who adhere to scheduled follow-ups.

Early postoperative administration of probiotics versus placebo in elderly patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Perioperative prophylactic antibiotic treatment significantly influences intestinal microflora, resulting in impaired bowel functioning in some patients, sometimes requiring further investigations. This may lead to a worse health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Probiotics administrated in the early post-operative period may help avoiding such nuisances in older people. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery aged over 70 years between 2005 and 2012. The study was approved by IRB. All patients received perioperative antibiotic treatment. Patients were randomized to one of two treatment arms: Group A patients received probiotics after surgery (VSL#3, VSL Pharmaceuticals, Inc. USA - 900 × 109 daily, while Group B patients received a Placebo (cornstarch). Patients were further divided in sub-groups whether ileo-caecal valve was spared or not. Patients were followed-up every 7 days for 4 weeks. Patients daily annotated bowel frequency, stool shape and consistency - according to Bristol's scale. HRQoL was assessed every week by means of SF-36 questionnaire. RESULTS: Group A included 10 while Group B included 8 patients. One patient in each group experienced a postoperative complication. Group A patients had fewer bowel movements than controls, during every week. Stool consistency was higher in patients undergoing resections including ileo-caecal valve receiving VSL#3. HRQoL gradually increased in both groups; Group A patients had higher "social functioning" item scores at week 1 and 4 than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients undergoing resection of ileo-caecal valve may benefit from an early probiotics administration pathway after perioperative antibiotic treatment.

Complications and functional outcomes of restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Restorative proctocolectomy with ileopouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the treatment of choice for intractable or complicated ulcerative colitis (UC). Debate exists concerning outcomes of IPAA in the elderly and literature data are scarce. We report our experience of IPAA in older population. METHODS: We gathered data on a prospective database of patients undergoing IPAA for UC over 70 years of age in our Unit from January 1990 through January 2010. Patients were compared with randomly selected younger controls on a 1:3 ratio. Patients underwent IPAA in 2 or 3 stages. Demographical data, disease characteristics, comorbidities, concomitant medications, peri-operative management, intra- and post-operative complications were analyzed. Function and quality of life were assessed by clinical visit and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire 1 and 3 years after ileostomy takedown. RESULTS: Twenty-seven elderly patients underwent IPAA for UC in the study period; these were compared with 81 younger controls. The former had more comorbidities and higher ASA score. All patients underwent loop-ileostomy closure. There were no differences between groups concerning the rate of major complications, but elderly patients more frequently had nuisances due to stoma output. Younger patients experienced significantly more episodes of small bowel obstruction. No significant differences in bowel control and health-related quality of life was observed, except for an higher rate of elderly patients taking antidiarrhoeals at 1-year follow-up; this observation was not confirmed at 3-year follow-up. A minimal decrease in continence was observed, but this did not affect overall satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: IPAA can be safely offered to selected elderly UC patients who are strongly motivated and with no clinical disturbances of continence. In experienced hands no differences are likely to be expected concerning complications, quality of life and function. Results are stable with time and comparable to those of younger patients.

Interplay between membrane lipid peroxidation, transglutaminase activity, and cyclooxygenase 2 expression in the tissue adjoining to breast cancer.

Breast cancer, a leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide, is one of the most common neoplasms in women. The increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in breast lesion is critically involved in the mutagenic processes that drive to breast carcinoma initiation and progression. To date, the molecular events occurring in the tissue adjoin the cancer lesion have not been elucidated. Here, we investigated the role of excess ROS generation during human breast carcinogenesis by evaluating oxidative stress biomarkers, tissue transglutaminase (t-TGase) activity, and expression levels of ubiquitin and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the normal tissue adjoin to fibroadenoma (nFA), atypical ductal hyperplasia (nADH), and invasive ductal carcinoma (nIDC) from 45 breast cancer patients. We found that lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production significantly increased in nIDC respect to nFA and nADH (P < 0.005) whereas the 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) protein-adducts increased only in nADH (P < 0.005). The increased lipid damage observed in nIDC correlates with estrogen receptor exposure in IDC (R(2) = 0.89). Moreover, nIDC and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) showed a 10-fold higher t-TGase activity compared to nFA and nADH. Contrary, COX-2 expression levels significantly decreased nIDC and IDC respect to the nFA and nADH (P < 0.001). The analysis of the free ubiquitin expression revealed equal levels in nADH and nIDC samples whereas high molecular weight-ubiquitin conjugate increased about fivefold only in nIDC (P < 0.01 vs. nADH). These novel findings reveal an interplay between membrane lipid peroxidation, t-TGase activity, and COX-2 expression levels in the tissue adjoining to neoplastic lesion during breast cancer progression.

Primary thyroid angiosarcoma: an unusual localization.

The finding of thyroid nodules is a very common occurrence in routine clinical practice. Approximately 5% to 7% of the entire population have thyroid nodules. Vascular lesions are one of the most controversial issues in thyroid pathology. These include benign lesions such as hemangiomas and, rarely, malignant tumors such as angiosarcomas or undifferentiated angiosarcomatoid carcinomas. In particular, angiosarcoma of the thyroid gland is a rare, highly aggressive malignant vascular tumor and in Italy the greatest geographical incidence of this lesion is witnessed near the Alps. Here, a case of thyroid angiosarcoma in a 71-year-old man with a history of goiter for about 20 years is described. The unusual localization of this lesion, the difficulties in reaching a definitive diagnosis for this particular histological type of primary tumor and a history of long-standing multinodular goiter in thyroid of an older man from outside the Alpine region prompted us to report this case of thyroid angiosarcoma mainly to discuss surgical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features.

Electrochemotherapy of cutaneous metastastes from breast cancer in elderly patients: a preliminary report.

BACKGROUND: The management of cutaneous metastases often represents a challenge because they may be widespread and may recur after radiotherapy or chemotherapy; breast cancer accounts for 51% of the total cases of cutaneous metastases. When surgical excision of chest wall recurrences is not possible and other local treatments such as radiotherapy or radiotherapy with hyperthermia fail, topical chemotherapy and electrochemotherapy (ECT) might be taken into account.ECT is a new local treatment of solid tumors which can be defined as the local potentiation, by means of permeabilizing electric pulses, of the antitumor activity of a non permeating anticancer drug with high intrinsic cytotoxicity. METHODS: This prospective observational study took place throughout March 2010 to October 2011. Twelve consecutive elderly patients (1 man and 11 women, median age of 76 years) with regional or distant skin or subcutaneous metastases from breast cancer, with or without visceral disease, were included in the study. Patient enrollment was carried out according to the ESOPE criteria. Bleomycin administration was followed by the application of brief electric pulses to each tumor nodule within 8 min after intravenous infusion of the drug. Electric currents were delivered by means of a 2-3 cm long needle electrode according to lesion size. All treatments were performed using the CliniporatorTM device. RESULTS: We observed Complete Response(CR) in 75.3% (107 metastases), Partial Response(PR) in 17% (24 metastases), no change in 7.7% (11 metastases) . No serious ECT-related adverse events were reported; adverse events consisted of pain in the treated area one to two days after treatment (1 patient, 8.3%) and ulceration of treated area (1 patient, 8.3%). CONCLUSION: ECT could be suggested as a primary local therapy in patients not suitable for surgical removal of the primary tumor, and clinicians should not hesitate to use it even in the elderly.

Rectosigmoid stump washout as an alternative to permanent mucous fistula in patients undergoing subtotal colectomy for ulcerative colitis in emergency settings.

BACKGROUND: Restorative proctocolectomy with ileopouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the treatment of choice for intractable or complicated ulcerative colitis(UC). Elderly patients often present with acute colitis requiring emergent subtotal colectomy(SC). Frail patients are at risk of developing septic complications related to the closed rectosigmoidal stump, often requiring formation of a second stoma to be reversed at the time of completion proctectomy. This carries nuisance to such exhausted patients. We propose a simple and inexpensive trick to avoid the need for creating a mucous fistula. METHODS: IPAA was performed as a 3-stage procedure in emergency settings. The rectosigmoidal stump was closed and placed subcutaneously; skin was closed over it. After SC, if patients showed signs of stump-related pelvic sepsis, a lavage of the rectal stump with povidone iodine solution and with saline was carried out as a rescue treatment aiming to avoid the need of opening the rectal stump to drain sepsis. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients underwent SC for UC between 1987 and 2012. The skin was closed over the closed stump in the 20. Seven patients out of these 20 experienced early stump-related septic complication. In five cases, we were able to avoid opening of the rectal stump, and a second stoma was unnecessary. After opening the closed stump in the remaining ones, a prompt improving of symptoms was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Rectal washout was well tolerated and avoided a second stoma in five out of seven patients, with better quality of life and body perception after IPAA surgery. This is relevant when dealing with geriatric patients, needing to completely recover before undergoing completion proctectomy.

Benign thyroid disease: treatment notes.

AIM: The treatment of benign thyroid disease is a topic widely debated, ranging from "Lobectomy" to "Total Thyroidectomy". This study aims to contribute to the thinking on treatment strategies for benign thyroid disease. MATERIALS OF STUDY: Thirty five patients underwent surgical treatment following the pre-surgical diagnosis of benign thyroid disease between 2003 and 2005 at the Complex Unit of General and Geriatric Surgery at the Second University of Naples (S.U.N.). In 26 cases total thyroidectomies were performed, in 3 subtotal thyroidectomies, in 6 simple lobectomies. DISCUSSION: Post-surgical course was optimal in the majority of cases. The large number of total thyroidectomies performed is consistent with the trend favoured by this type of strategy. When backed by FNA, non-radical surgery can be opted with greater confidence for single nodules and when surgical risks are high. The refinement of surgical techniques and directions for the identifying and preparing the recurrent nerve have enabled a radical approach in treating thyroid nodular disease. CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion, for a solitary nodule with residual diseased parenchyma we believe total thyroidectomy should be prescribed. If, however, the residual parenchyma is unharmed a lobectomy may be considered. In conclusion, we recommend the individual assessment of each pathology, though we favour total thyroidectomy.

The sentinel lymph node: a suitable technique in breast cancer treatment?

AIM: The sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was firstly introduced by Giuliano and co. in 1994 for the treatment of breast cancer; in comparison to the axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), the sentinel lymph node biopsy has shown both a lower morbidity and acceptable distance results. We want to show that this technique is reliable and should be used routinely in selected cases. MATERIALS OF STUDY: The study on the sentinel lymph node has been carried out, prior informed consent, in 128 patients aged between 27 and 80 years and suffering from non-multicentric infiltrating breast carcinoma, with a diameter not greater than 3 cm, clinically negative axillary, and hospitalized from January 1998 to September 2005 at the Department of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases of the Second University of the Study of Naples. For the recruitment of patients subjected to the sentinel lymph node research study, we have respected the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Histological examination of the tumor revealed 95 cases of ductal carcinoma, 16 cases of mucinus carcinoma, 13 of lobular carcinoma and 4 of medullary carcinoma. The sentinel lymph node was detected through lymphoscintigraphy in 96.9% of the cases (124 patients), whereas it was not possible to identify it in 4 patients (3.1% of the cases), 2 of which had previously been subject to excision biopsy. DISCUSSION: The SLNB is characterized by an identification rate of SLN > 90% with a false negative rate less than 5%. In our study we have found an SLN identification rate of 96.9% with false-negative rates of 3.9%. Our data show that in only 6,3% of the patients (4 non- identified and 4 false-negative cases) it was necessary to perform ALND because the SLN resulted positive; however no metastasis were observed in level III lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Since its inception, the sentinel lymph node technique has gained an increasingly important role in the conservative treatment of the breast carcinoma due to the short duration of the surgery, the decrease of post-operative pain, the risk of lymphedema onset and hospital confinement, the high predictive power and the diagnostic accuracy. We strongly believe that the sentinel lymph node technique is reliable and should be used routinely in selected cases.

Our orientation regarding the ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

AIM: The ductal carcinoma in situ is a malignant proliferation of mammary ductal epithelial cells without invasion beyond the basement membrane. The management of patients with DCIS is complex, controversial and has undergone changes over time. MATERIAL OF STUDY: We treated 65 patients diagnosed with DCIS between 2002 and 2005. We surveyed women aged between 28 and 71 years (average age 51.4), the DCIS in 16 patients appeared as a palpable mass (about 2.2 cm) - group I and in 49 patients as microcalcifications detected on mammography - group II. RESULTS: The most frequent histological type was found to be the comedocarcinoma. After 3 years of follow-up, we had 3 cases of recurrence (4.6%) in patients undergoing conservative surgery, with Van Nuys Prognostic Index between 3 and 4. DISCUSSION: 15-25% of cases of breast cancer are DCIS. Most of these are comedocarcinomas. Comedo form DCIS is an insidious cancer. Surgical treatment ranges from mastectomy to excision of the lesion, often the latter, followed by radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: We prefer, with regard to surgical treatment, quadrantectomy with systematic control of the free margins. The search for the axillary sentinel node represents for us, too, the gold standard.

Clinical considerations on the retroperitoneal liposarcomas.

AIM: It presents a clinical case of undifferentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma with 5 years' recurrence from the first operation for the rarity of the occurrence, the problems related to surgery and complementary therapeutic approach. MATERIAL OF STUDY: Male patient aged 73 was operated for removal of retroperitoneal mass with involvement of the right kidney at the Second University of Naples in the 2003. In accordance with the interdisciplinary board, complementary therapy is not indicated and follow-up program. The successive controls were negative until at least 2007. Reoperation for recurrence in 2008 for the presence of massive bone formation occupying a large part in the right half of the abdomen at the sub-hepatic level. In both cases histological examination showed undifferentiated liposarcoma. DISCUSSION: It is of unknown etiology and only 25% occurs in well-differentiated cells are also more than 100 histological subtypes, 85% are malignant. The most affected is the male sex and from the beginning looks like malignancy. The trend of growth in general is slow, and in most cases tends to recur over time. The role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy is controversial. CONCLUSIONS: The peculiarity of our case is higher than the average survival despite advanced age and presence of recurrence. This confirms the importance of surgical treatment, thus offering the patient a chance of better long-term survival.