Statin pretreatment and risk of in-hospital atrial fibrillation among patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a collaborative meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials.

AIMS: Statin pretreatment in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is understood to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF). However, this is based on observational and limited randomized trial evidence, resulting in uncertainty about any genuine anti-arrhythmic benefits of these agents in this setting. We therefore aimed to quantify precisely the association between statin pretreatment and postoperative AF among patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS: A detailed search of MEDLINE and PubMed databases (1st January 1996 to 31st July 2012) was conducted, followed by a review of the reference lists of published studies and correspondence with trial investigators to obtain individual-participant data for meta-analysis. Evidence was combined across prospective, randomized clinical trials that compared the risk of postoperative AF among individuals randomized to statin pretreatment or placebo/control medication before elective cardiac surgery. Postoperative AF was defined as episodes of AF lasting ≥5 min. Overall, 1105 participants from 11 trials were included; of them, 552 received statin therapy preoperatively. Postoperative AF occurred in 19% of these participants when compared with 36% of those not treated with statins (odds ratio 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.54, P < 0.00001, using a random-effects model). Atrial fibrillation prevention by statin pretreatment was consistent across different subgroups. CONCLUSION: Short-term statin pretreatment may reduce the risk of postoperative AF among patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

[Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: experience in 17 patients]. / Implante valvular aórtico transarterial: experiencia en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is taking a leading role in the management of patients with severe aortic stenosis. Valve replacement surgery prolongs survival and is the technique of choice considering its historical background and long experience worldwide. Recently however, TAVI has positioned itself as the only standard therapy for symptomatic patients who are not candidates for surgery. AIM: To report the experience with this new technique comparing our results with those reported in the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between May 2010 and December 2011,17 patients aged 81 ± 7.3 years (58.8% men with an Euro SCORE 29 ± 22.4%) underwent a TAVI. RESULTS: The median transvalvular gradient was 54 ± 15.7 mmHg. All patients received a CoreValve™. Technical success was 100%, with a post implant gradient of 6.29 ± 3.3 mmHg. Residual aortic regurgitation was observed in 94%, none greater than grade II. There were no complications at the vascular access site. One patient developed cardiac tamponade during the procedure. Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 35.2%. Hospital mortality rate was 5.8%, a figure that remained unchanged at 30 days of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk patients with aortic stenosis, TAVI has a high success rate and a low rate of complications. Besides an appropriate patient selection, a trained multidisciplinary team and technical conditions to solve possible complications of the procedure are required.

Transfemoral implantation of CoreValve Evolut-R aortic prosthesis in patient with prior ball-cage mechanical mitral valve prosthesis.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement remains challenge in patients with ball-cage-type mechanical valve in mitral position. Potential under-expansion of the percutaneous valve and interaction between the mitral ball-cage mechanical valve tilted towards the left ventricular outflow tract and the percutaneous valve adds risk during and after implantation. We report a successful implantation of the novel CoreValve Evolut-R self-expanding in a patient with severe aortic stenosis and a mitral Starr-Edwards mechanical valve implanted 28years ago.

Continuous cardiac output and hemodynamic monitoring: high temporal correlation between plasma TNF-alpha and hemodynamic changes during a sepsis-like state in cancer immunotherapy.

Through continuous cardiac output monitoring, we investigated the temporal relationship between hemodynamic changes and plasma cytokines in a cancer patient who developed collateral sepsis to immunotherapy. A 52-year-old male with metastatic renal cell carcinoma received interleukin-2 (IL-2) infusion completing 72 h of administration. The patient developed 3 sepsis-like states including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Hemodynamic parameters including systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) and cardiac index (CI) were measured over 60 h. Peripheral blood was drawn when SVRI dropped 20% in the patient and plasma cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta were measured using ELISA. After 60 h of immunotherapy, the patient showed a 63.4% decrease in SVRI, 54.5% decrease in LVSWI and 65.4% increase in CI. The evaluation of systemic cytokines revealed different kinetic patterns: (i) a sustained increase in TNF-alpha levels through all 3 sepsis-like states; (ii) IL-6 increased preferentially during SIRS and shock, while up/down-responses were found during MODS; (iii) IL-1beta was undetectable during the entire study period. A high temporal relationship between hemodynamic changes and plasma TNF-alpha, but not IL-6, was found. Although there are factors other than cytokines that can alter vascular resistance, this finding could represent an approach to evaluate the course of hemodynamia and probably the systemic cytokine expression after IL-2 administration in renal cancer.

The Ibero-American transcatheter aortic valve implantation registry with the CoreValve prosthesis. Early and long-term results.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the recommended therapy for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are not suitable candidates for surgery. The aim of this study was to describe early experience and long-term follow-up with the CoreValve self-expanding aortic prosthesis at 42 Ibero-American hospitals. METHODS: Multiple centre observational study including 1220 consecutive patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis who are not suitable candidates for surgery and underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the self-expanding Medtronic CoreValve System between December 2007 and May 2012. RESULTS: The registry included 1220 consecutive patients with a mean age of 80.8 ± 6.3 years and a mean logistic euroSCORE of 17.8% ± 13%. The procedural success rate was 96.1%. Hospital mortality was 7.3% and combined end-point was 21.3%. Aortic regurgitation after TAVI was present in 24.5% (Sellers grade ≥ 2). The estimated 1-year and 2-year survival rates were 82.1% and 73.4% respectively. The following issues were significant independent risk factors for hospital mortality: acute kidney failure (odds ratio 3.55); stroke (odds ratio 5.72); major bleeding (odds ratio 2.64) and euroSCORE (odds ratio 1.02). Long-term predictors of mortality were diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.09-2.31), severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (hazard ratio 1.85, 95% confidence interval 1.85-2.88), and functional classes NYHA III-IV (hazard ratio 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.70). CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation constitutes a safe and viable therapeutic option for high operative risk patients with severe aortic stenosis. Long-term prognosis is conditioned by associate comorbidities.

Pravastatin immunomodulates IL-6 and C-reactive protein, but not IL-1 and TNF-alpha, in cardio-pulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: While statins are increasingly used in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the anti-inflammatory effects of individual statins, within the context of various treatment regimes, need further examination. The present study evaluates the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of the short-term, preoperative and intensive postoperative use of pravastatin in CPB. METHOD: Forty three patients undergoing CPB were enrolled in a randomized, prospective clinical study. One group (n = 21), received pravastatin, the other (n = 22) did not. Patients in the pravastatin group received one dose of 40 mg per day for nine days, starting 48 hours before CPB, with an additional dose of 40 mg one hour after surgery. Plasma levels of selected inflammatory mediators were measured at baseline and tracked systematically. RESULTS: Pravastatin reduced postoperative interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels significantly at 24 and 48 hours, and at seven days. Mean +/- SD values, for treated versus untreated patients were: at 24 hours, 159.5 +/- 58.5 versus 251.2 +/- 53.0 pg/mL (p < 0.001); at 48 hours, 81.9 +/- 31.5 versus 194.2 +/- 56.3 pg/mL (p < 0.001); and at seven days, 16.4 +/- 7.2 versus 30.8 +/- 12.6 (p < 0.001). C-reactive protein (CRP) decreased significantly on the seventh postoperative day, when plasma levels were 3.6 +/- 1.1 in the treated patients versus 8.2 +/- 2.1 mg/dL in the controls (p < 0.001). No changes in plasma IL-1 and TNF-alpha were found during entire study. CONCLUSIONS: Pravastatin induced a precocious modulation of IL-6 expression and a later reduction of plasma CRP levels. Pravastatin;s effects on the expression of these pivotal inflammatory mediators strongly support its well-timed use in CPB.

Implante valvular aórtico transarterial: experiencia en Chile / Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Experience in 17 patients

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is taking a leading role in the management of patients with severe aortic stenosis. Valve replacement surgery prolongs survival and is the technique of choice considering its historical background and long experience worldwide. Recently however, TAVI has positioned itself as the only standard therapy for symptomatic patients who are not candidates for surgery. Aim: To report the experience with this new technique comparing our results with those reported in the literature. Material and Methods: Between May 2010 and December 2011,17patients aged 81 ± 7.3 years (58.8% men with an Euro SCORE 29 ± 22.4%) underwent a TAVI. Results: The median transvalvular gradient was 54 ± 15.7 mmHg. All patients received a CoreValveTM. Technical success was 100%, with a post implant gradient of 6.29 ± 3.3 mmHg. Residual aortic regurgita-tion was observed in 94%, none greater than grade II. There were no complications at the vascular access site. One patient developed cardiac tamponade during the procedure. Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in 35.2%. Hospital mortality rate was 5.8%, a figure that remained unchanged at 30 days offollow-up. Conclusions: In high-risk patients with aortic stenosis, TAVI has a high success rate and a low rate of complications. Besides an appropriate patient selection, a trained multidisciplinary team and technical conditions to solve possible complications of the procedure are required.

Citología del lavado pleural intraoperatorio en patología sin derrame, con especial referencia al cáncer del pulmón / Citology of the intraoperatory pleural lavage in pathology without effusion, specially in lung cancer

Objetivo: determinar la existencia de células neoplásicas en la cavidad pleural de pacientes sin derrame. Diseño: estudio prospectivo y ciego en 50 toracotomías sucesivas. Población: tres grupos de pacientes: Grupo I, control, con enfermedades no neoplásicas (n = 19); Grupo II con cáncer del pulmón (n = 22) y Grupo III, otras enfermedades neoplásicas (n = 9). Método: una vez abierta la cavidad pleural, antes de cualquier maniobra, se virtió 300 cc de solución fisiológica. Luego se repitió el procedimiento antes del cierre de la toracotomía. Se estudió la citología de ambos lavados. Se clasificó a los resultados de la citología en positivos, sospechosos y negativos. Resultados: en el Grupo I, todos los controles fueron negativos. En el Grupo II, hubo 7 positivos, 31,8 por ciento (p = 0,007). En el Grupo III, hubo un lavado +, 11 por ciento (p = 0,03) y 3 sospechosos (33 por ciento). Luego de una observación media de 11 meses (rango 7-15 meses), excluyendo la mortalidad por causas ajenas al cáncer, cursan la enfermedad todos los que presentaron citología + y el 14 por ciento de los pacientes con citología negativa (p = 0,0007). Conclusión: el estudio citológico intraoperatorio permite con un bajo costo, agregar una evaluación de extensión de la enfermedad de aparente valor pronóstico. El método es confiable y disponible. Su aplicación sistemática constituiría un excelente complemento de la estadificación habitual

Patología torácica quirúrgica transdiafragmática / Transdiaphragmatic chest surgical pathology

Se analiza la patología por migración transdiafragmática hidatídica subfrénicos entre 1970 y 1973. Durante ese período, sobre un total de 444 casos de patología de la región diafragmática, se trataron 33 casos de migración transdifragmática: 16 hidatidosis hepatotorácicas y 17 abscesos subfrénicos a evolución torácica. De los 16 casos de hidatidosis hepatorácica 7 fueron a evolución hepatopleural, 6 hepatopulmonar, 1 hepatomediastinal y 2 mixta. Los síndromes clínicos predominantes fueron el empiema pleural en 7 casos, la biliptisis en 3 y la supuración pulmonar en 3. En 7 casos hubo operaciones previas por la misma patología. Todos se operaron: 10 por toracofrenolaparotomía y 4 por toracofrenotomía y 2 por toracotomía y laparotomía separadas. Los procedimientos más empleados fueron decorticación pulmonar (7 casos), marzupialización del quiste (9 casos) resección del quiste (6 casos). No hubo mortalidad y la morbilidad fue del 25//. De los 17 casos de abscesos subfrénicos a evolución torácica, 13 fueron abscesos subfrénicos más empiema (2 con perforación diafragmática) y 4 fístulas abdominobronquiales. Todos se operaron, siendo las vías de abordaje más empleadas la toracofrenotomía (8 casos) y la toracofrenolaparotomía (4 casos). Los procedimientos más empleados fueron el drenaje de cavidades por separado (7 casos), la decorticación más drenaje por separado (4 casos) y la decorticación más cierre de fístula de diafragma (4 casos); 1 caso falleció por sepsis (5,9//). Los principios terapéuticos comunes a ambas entidades son: abordaje transpleural y tranfrénico electivo para los procesos de vértice de la cúpula diafragmática; tratamiento de las lesiones torácicas, comenzando por los procedimientos más simples (decorticación, cierre de comunicaciones bronquiales, resecciones de parénquima sólo en caso de necesidad, etc.); tratamiento de la cavidad subfrénica, con eliminación parasitaria en la hidatidosis y drenaje cavitario adecuado en ambas entidades. transtorácico, transabdominal o mixto según la ubicación; reparación de la brecha diafragmática; drenaje independiente de cavidad pleural