Why setbacks are compatible with progress in assimilating problematic themes: Illustrations from the case of Alicia.

Objective: This theory-building case study investigated setbacks in assimilation, seeking to replicate and elaborate previous work, in which most setbacks were one of two types, balance strategy (BS) or exceeding the therapeutic zone of proximal development (TZPD). Method: We studied the case of Alicia, a 26 year-old woman, treated successfully for depression. Her main problematic experiences were rated with the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES), and 267 setbacks were identified. We classified the setbacks and examined them quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: Alicia showed the usual irregular progress of assimilation, with generally increasing APES ratings, consistent with the improvements in outcome measures. Almost all setbacks could be distinguished as BS or TZPD. Replicating a previously observed pattern, BS setback passages tended to be at or above APES stage 3, whereas TZPD setback passages tended to be below APES stage 3. BS and TZPD setbacks also drew qualitatively different characterizations. Conclusion: Results represented a conceptual replication of previous work, explainable using the same theoretical tenets. As an integral part of therapeutic work, setbacks do not impede progress in therapy. BS and TZPD setbacks reflect different processes and have different implications for how therapist and client are working together.

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy: A Descriptive Review (2000 to July 2016).

BACKGROUND: The Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (BCP) Journal is the main academic publication of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies. It publishes empirical studies, reviews and theoretical papers, brief reports and single cases. AIM: To describe the main areas of interest and focus in BCP papers. METHOD: All the papers published in BCP from 2000 to July 2016 were analysed. A categorization procedure was followed with 813 contributions in six main areas: main author country; main author gender; kind of contribution; kind of therapeutic approaches; kind of samples; kind of focus/topic. RESULTS: Although the journal's scope is international, first authors tend to come from English-speaking countries. Since 2009, females contribute more than males. Empirical studies surpass theoretical studies and reviews, while the main therapy denomination is cognitive behavioural therapy. Variability of samples is wide, and ranges from analogues to main disorders. Finally, the main focus of papers is to study change and psychopathology, therapists' training and improvement of CBT. CONCLUSION: Given the total number of categorized papers, it can be tentatively assumed that they could exemplify some main areas of interest and evolvement in the cognitive and behavioural field.

Elaborating the assimilation model: Introduction to a special section on case studies of setbacks within sessions and therapeutic collaboration.

This article introduces a Special Section of case studies that focus on therapeutic collaboration and setbacks in the process of assimilation with the aim of contributing to the evolution of the assimilation model of therapeutic change. The first study examined setbacks in two depression cases (a good vs. a poor outcome) treated with emotion-focused therapy. The second article traced how therapist activities and positions toward internal voices were associated with setbacks in a case treated with linguistic therapy of evaluation. The third article studied contributions of therapeutic collaboration for both advances and setbacks in assimilation in two contrasting cases treated with emotion-focused therapy. The fourth and final article analyzed the therapeutic collaboration in episodes of ambivalence in two cases of narrative therapy (one good outcome, one poor outcome) reflecting on the implications for the assimilation model's perspective on the therapeutic relationship. This Introduction concludes by offering some suggestions for theory-building within the assimilation model.

Setbacks in the process of assimilation of problematic experiences in two cases of emotion-focused therapy for depression.

OBJECTIVE: Research on the assimilation model has suggested that psychological change takes place in a sequence of stages punctuated by setbacks, that is, by transient reversals in the developmental course. This study analyzed such setbacks in one good outcome case and one poor outcome case of Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) for depression. METHOD: Intensive analyses of five transcribed sessions from each case identified 26 setbacks in the good outcome case and 27 in the poor outcome case. The reason for each setback was classified into one of four categories: balance strategy, exceeding the therapeutic zone of proximal development either induced by the therapist (ZPD-T) or induced by the client (ZPD-C), or spontaneous switches. RESULTS: In the good outcome case the most frequent reasons for setbacks were balance strategy and spontaneous switches, whereas in the poor outcome case the most frequent reason for setbacks was ZPD-T. CONCLUSIONS: As in previously studied therapies, setbacks in EFT, usually represent productive work on relatively less advanced strands of the client's major problems. Results point to the importance of the therapist attending to the limits of the client's therapeutic ZPD.

Irregular assimilation progress: reasons for setbacks in the context of linguistic therapy of evaluation.

The assimilation model suggests progress in psychotherapy follows an eight-stage sequence described by the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES). This study sought to reconcile this developmental stage model with the common but superficially contradictory clinical observation that therapeutic advances alternate with setbacks. Setbacks (n=466) were identified in therapy transcripts of two clients and classified using a preliminary nine-category list of possible alternative reasons for setbacks. Most of the setbacks involved switches among the multiple strands of a problem due to (a) therapists exceeding clients' therapeutic zone of proximal development, (b) therapists guiding clients to shift toward relatively problematic material (balance metaphor), or (c) spontaneous switches. Rather than contradicting the theory, this close examination of setbacks yielded elaborations of it.

Exceeding the therapeutic zone of proximal development as a clinical error.

The Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES) summarizes a developmental continuum along which psychological problems progress in successful psychotherapy. The therapeutic zone of proximal development (TZPD) is the segment of the APES continuum within which the clients can proceed from their current APES level to the next with the therapist's assistance. It is the therapeutic working zone for a particular problem. As the client makes progress on a problem, its TZPD shifts up the APES. Theoretically, so long as the therapist's interventions remain within the TZPD, the client feels safe enough to work. However, when an intervention aims beyond the upper limit, the client will find it too risky and will reject or avoid the proposal. In this sense, exceeding the TZPD can be considered as a clinical error. This article presents examples of exceeding the TZPD and ways the error can be repaired. (PsycINFO Database Record

The subject in cognitive psychotherapy / El sujeto en psicoterapia cognitiva

This paper discusses the various subjects embedded in cognitive psychotherapy. The cognitive model developed by Beck, considered as a rationalist and modernist model, will exemplify these subjects. Cognitive therapy should be placed in the modernist historical context and related to a subject characterized as having rationality and the ability to observe and detect cognitions, emotions and behaviors. The paper develops this background introducing three main subject types. The first is the introspective and conscious subject, who is able to observe what is within oneself, has free access, and is conscious of one’s cognitive world. The second is the cognitive miser that describes the subject who enters into therapy. The final subject identified, is the trained scientist who is able to develop a more objective knowledge, changing faulty schemas and cognitive distortions. This subject is the one most looked for in cognitive therapy. We could connect these subjects to some of the main elements of cognitive therapy such as the concept of ABC, assessment procedures, cognitive techniques or the relevance of schemas. Finally, the paper suggests some issues for study that could contribute to the theoretical and clinical evolution of cognitive psychotherapy

En este trabajo se reflexiona sobre el tipo de sujetos implícitos en psicoterapia cognitiva. El modelo cognitivo de Beck, al que podemos considerar como un modelo racionalista y modernista, ejemplificará estos sujetos. En primer lugar, debemos situar a la terapia cognitiva en un contexto histórico y relacionarla con un sujeto caracterizado por poseer racionalidad y la habilidad para observar y detectar cogniciones, emociones y conductas. Este trabajo desarrolla todo ello introduciendo tres tipos principales de sujetos. El primero es el sujeto introspectivo y consciente, que es capaz de observar lo que pasa en su interior, tiene acceso libre y es consciente de su mundo cognitivo. El segundo, el indigente cognitivo, describe al tipo de sujeto que entra en psicoterapia cognitiva. El último sujeto identificado es el científico entrenado que es capaz de desarrollar un conocimiento más objetivo, cambiando esquemas disfuncionales y cogniciones distorsionadas. Este sujeto es el que se busca en psicoterapia cognitiva. Podemos relacionar estos sujetos con algunas de las características principales de la terapia cognitiva, como el concepto de ABC, los procedimientos de evaluación, las técnicas cognitivas o la relevancia de los esquemas. Finalmente, el trabajo sugiere algunos elementos de estudio que pueden contribuir a la evolución teorética y clínica de la psicoterapia cognitiva

El Estudio del Proceso del Cambio según el Modelo de Asimilación: Una Introducción Teórica y Metodológica / The Study of the Process of Change Following the Assimilation Model: A Theoretical and Methodological Introduction

Con este trabajo se busca la descripción teórica y metodológica del modelo de asimilación y de algunos de los principales resultados. El modelo de asimilación se ha desarrollado como un modelo de procesos integrador que permite describir el proceso de cambio en cualquier enfoque de terapia. Este trabajo describe el modelo y cómo debe ser el procedimiento a seguir cara al desarrollo de estudios de asimilación. Define, además, sus conceptos principales, como asimilación, voces dominantes y no dominantes y puente de significado y se presenta la Escala de Asimilación de Experiencias Problemáticas (APES). Se resumen algunos de los principales resultados alcanzados, como por ejemplo, la relación entre asimilación y cambio terapéutico, la relación entre no asimilación y ausencia de cambio terapéutico. Se hace mención, igualmente, al patrón característico de asimilación encontrado en terapias de corte cognitivo, es decir, un patrón de tipo dentado (AU)

The main aim of this paper is the theoretical and methodological description of the assimilation model. The assimilation model has been developed as an integrative process research model that allows us to describe the process of change in any therapeutic approach. This paper describes the model and how should be its procedure. Besides, the paper defines its main concepts, such as assimilation, dominant and nondominant voices, meaning bridge and describes The Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES). Some of the main results are shown, such as the one that relates change with assimilation and no assimilation and no change. Also, it is described the characteristic sawtoothed pattern of assimilation found in cognitive therapies (AU)

Enlazando en el tiempo la Semántica General y la Psicoterapia Cognitiva / Linking in time General Semantics and Cognitive Psychotherapy

En este trabajo se presentan similitudes y diferencias entre modelos de psicoTerapiaCognitiva típica, modelos constructivistas y la terapia lingüística de evaluación, modeloterapéutico basado en las propuestas de la Semántica General

Similarities and differences between Standard Cognitive Therapy, ConstructivistModels and Linguistic Evaluation Therapy are described. Linguistic Evaluation Therapyis based in General Semantics (AU)