TREATMENT OF VITREOMACULAR TRACTION WITH INTRAVITREAL PERFLUOROPROPANE (C3F8) INJECTION.

PURPOSE: To assess the posterior vitreous release rates following a single, office-based intravitreal injection of expansile gas in treating vitreomacular traction. METHODS: Thirty eyes of 29 consecutive patients with symptomatic vitreomacular traction received a single, office-based intravitreal injection of up to 0.3 mL of 100% perfluoropropane (C3F8). RESULTS: Overall, vitreomacular traction release occurred in 25 of 30 eyes by the final follow-up visit (83% final release rate); furthermore, 90% (9 of 10 eyes) with diabetes mellitus released, 83% (5 of 6 eyes) with concurrent epiretinal membrane released, and 83% (5 of 6 eyes) previously treated with ocriplasmin released. Vitreomacular traction release occurred overnight in some patients and was documented on spectral domain optical coherence tomography at an average of 13 days (range, 1-62 days). The phakic release rate was 89% (16 of 18 eyes) versus a 75% pseudophakic release rate (9 of 12 eyes) (P = 0.3173). Ellipsoid zone changes on spectral domain optical coherence tomography occurred in 1 of 30 gas-treated eyes. One patient developed pupillary block. CONCLUSION: Office-based intravitreal injection of C3F8 offers an inexpensive and effective treatment for vitreomacular traction, including for patients who underwent previous ocriplasmin administration and in patients with diabetes mellitus or epiretinal membrane.

SYSTEMIC PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF INTRAVITREAL AFLIBERCEPT, BEVACIZUMAB, AND RANIBIZUMAB.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the systemic pharmacokinetics (PKs) of aflibercept, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), or retinal vein occlusion (RVO). METHODS: Prospective, open-label, nonrandomized clinical trial of patients with AMD, DME, or RVO who were antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) naïve or had not received anti-VEGF for ≥4 months. Patients received 3 monthly intravitreal injections of aflibercept 2.0 mg, bevacizumab 1.25 mg, or ranibizumab (0.5 mg for AMD/RVO, 0.3 mg for DME). The main outcome measures were serum PKs and plasma free-VEGF concentrations after the first and third injections. RESULTS: A total of 151 patients were included. In AMD/DME/RVO, systemic exposure to each drug was highest with bevacizumab, then aflibercept, and lowest with ranibizumab. Ranibizumab cleared from the bloodstream more quickly than bevacizumab or aflibercept. Aflibercept treatment resulted in the greatest reductions in plasma free-VEGF relative to baseline levels, whereas ranibizumab treatment resulted in the smallest decreases in plasma free-VEGF. CONCLUSION: The three anti-VEGF treatments examined in this analysis demonstrated notable differences in systemic PKs. Generally, the reduction in plasma free-VEGF levels correlated with elevated levels of circulating anti-VEGF agents, with the reduction in free-VEGF levels greatest with aflibercept and least with ranibizumab.

Outer retina reflectivity changes on sd-oct after intravitreal ocriplasmin for vitreomacular traction and macular hole.

PURPOSE: To report initial experience with intravitreal ocriplasmin (IVO) and to describe outer retina reflectivity changes observed on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) after IVO injection in patients with vitreomacular traction (VMT) with or without macular holes (MHs). METHODS: A consecutive retrospective review of patients with VMT and MH who were treated with IVO was performed. Patients underwent complete ophthalmic evaluation, including nonstandardized Snellen visual acuity testing, and SD-OCT at baseline and follow-up visits. RESULTS: A total of 23 patients who received IVO for VMT and/or MH were included for analysis. Patient age ranged from 53 years to 93 years with a mean of 74 years. The mean follow-up was 174 days (range: 20-291 days). Vitreomacular traction release at Day 30 after IVO was achieved in 11 of 23 patients (47.82%), at an average of 14.54 days (range: 1-30 days) after treatment. The mean visual acuity improved from 0.50 to 0.38. At presentation, eight patients had MH associated with VMT. Closure of the MH with ocriplasmin was achieved in two patients, and six patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy for MH repair. Ten of 23 patients (43.47%) presented with changes in the outer retina reflectivity on SD-OCT after IVO, 4 patients of this group experienced a decrease in visual acuity. In 7 of these 10 patients (70%), VMT release was documented on OCT by Day 30 postinjection compared with 4 of 13 patients (30.76%) without outer retina changes post-IVO. Normalization of the outer retina reflectivity was achieved in all cases. CONCLUSION: In this case series of VMT/MH patients treated with ocriplasmin, changes in the SD-OCT outer retina reflectivity were relatively common. Within weeks, the outer retinal reflectivity on SD-OCT improved, as did the visual acuity. Further studies to investigate the association between outer retina reflectivity changes with the use of IVO and long-term visual acuity outcomes are warranted.

Incidence of choroidal neovascularization in the fellow eye in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of drug; dosing regimen; and traditional, nontraditional, and genetic risk factors on the incidence of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in the fellow eye of patients treated for CNV with ranibizumab or bevacizumab. DESIGN: Cohort study of patients enrolled in a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with no CNV in the fellow eye at the time of enrollment in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). METHODS: Eligibility criteria for the clinical trial required that study eyes have evidence on fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography of CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and visual acuity between 20/25 and 20/320. Treatment for the study eye was assigned randomly to either ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 3 different regimens for dosing over a 2-year period. The genotypes for 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with risk of AMD were determined. Only patients without CNV in the fellow eye at baseline were considered at risk. The CATT ophthalmologists examined patients every 4 weeks through 2 years and recorded treatment for CNV in the fellow eye. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Development of CNV in the fellow eye. RESULTS: Among 1185 CATT participants, 727 (61%) had no CNV in the fellow eye at enrollment. At 2 years, CNV had developed in 75 (20.6%) of 365 patients treated with ranibizumab and in 60 (16.6%) of 362 patients treated with bevacizumab (absolute difference, 4.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.7% to 9.6%; P = 0.17). The risk ratio for pro re nata dosing relative to monthly dosing was 1.1 (95% CI, 0.8-1.6). Greater elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium and fluid in the foveal center of the study eye were associated with increased incidence of CNV in the fellow eye. Incidence was not associated with genotype on rs1061170 (CFH), rs10490924 (ARMS2), rs11200638 (HTRA1), and rs2230199 (C3; P>0.35). CONCLUSIONS: Through 2 years, there was no statistically significant difference between ranibizumab and bevacizumab in incidence of CNV in the fellow eye. Genotype on 4 SNPs previously found to be associated with AMD did not affect the risk of CNV in the fellow eye among CATT patients. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Intravitreal ranibizumab for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: Patients with macular edema secondary to perfused central retinal vein occlusion were enrolled in this ongoing, prospective, open-label study. Treatment was initiated with monthly intravitreal ranibizumab for 3 months. In the first year, additional injections were administered for edema in quarterly intervals as needed (PRN) for Cohort 1 (n = 10) and monthly PRN for Cohort 2 (n = 10). In the second year of treatments, all patients received monthly PRN treatment. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study best-corrected visual acuity, central retinal thickness, fundus photographs, and fluorescein angiograms were evaluated, and the incidence and severity of adverse events were documented. RESULTS: Mean change in best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness improved during the induction phase in both groups. During the remainder of the first year for Cohort 1, initial gains were lost during quarterly treatment but returned with monthly PRN treatment in the second year. For Cohort 2, improvement in best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness from the induction phase was maintained through Month 24. Nineteen of 20 patients experienced a reduction in intraretinal hemorrhage, optic nerve swelling, and/or venous diameter after treatment. One myocardial infarction, one cerebrovascular accident, and no serious ocular adverse events were reported. Iris neovascularization was developed in none of the eyes. CONCLUSION: Ranibizumab was well tolerated and associated with a greater reduction in macular edema and improvement in visual acuity in the monthly PRN regimen compared with quarterly treatment. Vision lost during the quarterly PRN injection intervals in the first year of Cohort 1 could be regained by switching to monthly PRN dosing.

LARGE SILICONE DROPLETS AFTER INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB (AVASTIN).

PURPOSE: Despite its off-label status, intravitreal bevacizumab is the most commonly used intraocular anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent. Regulation of compounding pharmacies has recently increased to make compounded pharmaceuticals safer. Despite these changes, a marked increase in symptomatic, large silicone oil droplets following intravitreal bevacizumab injections was noticed. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed. Within a single private practice, patients who were noted to have large or symptomatic silicone oil bubbles after an intravitreal injection were reviewed. RESULTS: A recent, dramatic increase in the incidence of large or symptomatic silicone oil droplets was noted, with 23 cases noted in the past 5 months, compared with 1 in the previous decade. Patients frequently noted a circular floater consisting of a dark ring surrounding a bright central area immediately following an injection of intravitreal bevacizumab. All bevacizumab injections were from single-piece insulin syringes. B-scan ultrasonography produced a very characteristic reverberation pattern. No inflammation or visual acuity loss was noted because of the droplets; however, some patients were annoyed enough to consider vitrectomy. CONCLUSION: Patients should be carefully evaluated for this possibility, and the characteristic symptom of a round floater consisting of a dark ring surrounding a bright center, and the prominent reverberation pattern on B-scan ultrasonography may help increase detection. Changes in consent forms and discussion of this possibility are indicated while investigation into the cause of this increased incidence continues, especially if one is administering bevacizumab via the one-piece insulin syringes commonly used by compound pharmacies.

Ranibizumab for the treatment of macular edema associated with perfused central retinal vein occlusions.

PURPOSE: Assessment of biological effect, visual acuity changes, and safety of intravitreal (IVT) ranibizumab in patients with macular edema associated with perfused central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). DESIGN: Ongoing, prospective, open-label, single-center, uncontrolled study. PARTICIPANTS: Ten adult patients with macular edema associated with perfused CRVO. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive 3 monthly IVT injections of either 0.3 or 0.5 mg ranibizumab (n = 5 at each dose). Additional injections were administered quarterly as needed over the ensuing 21 months at the physician's discretion for recurrent or persistent macular edema. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The predetermined primary endpoint was the percentage of patients gaining >or=15 letters of best-corrected Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual acuity (BCVA). The secondary endpoints include the mean change in BCVA and central retinal thickness (CRT) measured by optical coherence tomography, the rate of progression to ischemic CRVO, extent of intraocular hemorrhage, retinal vein diameter, optic nerve head swelling, and the incidence and severity of ocular and nonocular adverse events. RESULTS: After 3, 6, and 9 months of follow-up, 40%, 10%, and 30% of patients, respectively, gained >or=15 letters in BCVA; mean BCVA improved by 12+/-20 letters, 3+/-21 letters, and 1+/-24 letters, respectively, compared with baseline; CRT showed a mean decrease of 272+/-244 microm, 88+/-178 microm, and 119+/-153 microm, compared with baseline. No significant differences were observed between the 0.3- and 0.5-mg doses. Most patients experienced decreases in the extent of retinal hemorrhage, retinal vein diameter, and optic nerve head swelling at months 3 and 6 compared with baseline. No patients progressed to ischemic CRVO or experienced a severe adverse event that was attributed to ranibizumab. CONCLUSIONS: Ranibizumab is generally well-tolerated and may improve BCVA and decrease CRT. The improvements in BCVA and CRT observed during the initial monthly injection period (0 to 3 months) were possibly lost to the recurrence of macular edema in between ranibizumab injection during the quarterly treatments (3 to 9 months). The extent of retinal hemorrhage, retinal vein diameter, and nerve swelling continued to normalize for most of the patients from baseline to 6 months. Follow-up is ongoing, and alternative dosing regimens are being evaluated.

Change in Diabetic Retinopathy Through 2 Years: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, and Ranibizumab.

Importance: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME) favorably affects diabetic retinopathy (DR) improvement and worsening. It is unknown whether these effects differ across anti-VEGF agents. Objective: To compare changes in DR severity during aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab treatment for DME. Design, Setting, and Participants: Preplanned secondary analysis of data from a comparative effectiveness trial for center-involved DME was conducted in 650 participants receiving aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab. Retinopathy improvement and worsening were determined during 2 years of treatment. Participants were randomized in 2012 through 2013, and the trial concluded on September 23, 2015. Interventions: Random assignment to aflibercept, 2.0 mg; bevacizumab, 1.25 mg; ranibizumab, 0.3 mg, up to every 4 weeks through 2 years following a retreatment protocol. Main Outcomes and Measures: Percentages with retinopathy improvement at 1 and 2 years and cumulative probabilities for retinopathy worsening through 2-year without adjustment for multiple outcomes. Results: A total of 650 participants (495 [76.2%] nonproliferative DR [NPDR], 155 proliferative DR [PDR]) were analyzed; 302 (46.5%) were women and mean (SD) age was 61 (10) years; 425 (65.4%) were white. At 1 year, among 423 NPDR eyes, 44 of 141 (31.2%) treated with aflibercept, 29 of 131 (22.1%) with bevacizumab, and 57 of 151 (37.7%) with ranibizumab had improvement of DR severity (adjusted difference: 11.7%; 95% CI, 2.9% to 20.6%; P = .004 for aflibercept vs bevacizumab; 8.9%; 95% CI, 1.7% to 16.1%; P = .01 for ranibizumab vs bevacizumab; and 2.9%; 95% CI, -5.7% to 11.4%; P = .51 for aflibercept vs ranibizumab). At 2 years, 33 eyes (24.8%) in the aflibercept group, 25 eyes (22.1%) in the bevacizumab group, and 40 eyes (31.0%) in the ranibizumab group had DR improvement; no treatment group differences were identified. For 93 eyes with PDR at baseline, 1-year improvement rates were 75.9% for aflibercept, 31.4% for bevacizumab, and 55.2% for ranibizumab (adjusted difference: 50.4%; 95% CI, 26.8% to 74.0%; P < .001 for aflibercept vs bevacizumab; 20.4%; 95% CI, -3.1% to 44.0%; P = .09 for ranibizumab vs bevacizumab; and 30.0%; 95% CI, 4.4% to 55.6%; P = .02 for aflibercept vs ranibizumab). These rates and treatment group differences appeared to be maintained at 2 years. Despite the reduced numbers of injections in the second year, 66 (59.5%) of NPDR and 28 (70.0%) of PDR eyes that manifested improvement at 1 year maintained improvement at 2 years. Two-year cumulative rates for retinopathy worsening ranged from 7.1% to 10.2% and 17.2% to 26.4% among anti-VEGF groups for NPDR and PDR eyes, respectively. No statistically significant treatment differences were noted. Conclusions and Relevance: At 1 and 2 years, eyes with NPDR receiving anti-VEGF treatment for DME may experience improvement in DR severity. Less improvement was demonstrated with bevacizumab at 1 year than with aflibercept or ranibizumab. Aflibercept was associated with more improvement at 1 and 2 years in the smaller subgroup of participants with PDR at baseline. All 3 anti-VEGF treatments were associated with low rates of DR worsening. These data provide additional outcomes that might be considered when choosing an anti-VEGF agent to treat DME.

Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To report the short-term safety, biologic effect, and a possible mechanism of action of intravitreal bevacizumab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Interventional, consecutive, retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-one eyes of 79 patients with subfoveal neovascular AMD. METHODS: Patients received intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg) on a monthly basis until macular edema, subretinal fluid (SRF), and/or pigment epithelial detachment (PED) resolved. Ophthalmic evaluations included nonstandardized Snellen visual acuity (VA), complete ophthalmic examination, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessments of safety, changes in Snellen VA, OCT retinal thickness, and angiographic lesion characteristics were performed. RESULTS: No significant ocular or systemic side effects were observed. Most patients (55%) had a reduction of >10% of baseline retinal thickness at 1 week after the injection. At 4 weeks after injection, 30 of 81 eyes demonstrated complete resolution of retinal edema, SRF, and PEDs. Of the 51 eyes with 8 weeks' follow-up, 25 had complete resolution of retinal thickening, SRF, and PEDs. At 1, 4, 8,and 12 weeks, the mean retinal thickness of the central 1 mm was decreased by 61, 92, 89, and 67 mum, respectively (P<0.0001 for 1, 4, and 8 weeks and P<0.01 for 12 weeks). At 4 and 8 weeks, mean VA improved from 20/200 to 20/125 (P<0.0001). Median vision improved from 20/200 to 20/80(-) at 4 weeks and from 20/200 to 20/80 at 8 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term results suggest that intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg) is well tolerated and associated with improvement in VA, decreased retinal thickness by OCT, and reduction in angiographic leakage in most patients, the majority of whom had previous treatment with photodynamic therapy and/or pegaptanib. Further evaluation of intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization is warranted.

Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To report the biologic effect of intravitreal bevacizumab in patients with retinal and iris neovascularization secondary to diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Interventional, consecutive, retrospective, case series. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-five eyes of 32 patients with retinal and/or iris neovascularization secondary to diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Patients received intravitreal bevacizumab (6.2 microg-1.25 mg). Ophthalmic evaluations included nonstandardized Snellen visual acuity (VA), complete ophthalmic examination, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change in fluorescein angiographic leakage of the proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Secondary outcomes included changes in Snellen VA. RESULTS: No significant ocular or systemic adverse events were observed. All patients with neovascularization demonstrated by fluorescein angiography (44/44 eyes) had complete (or at least partial) reduction in leakage of the neovascularization within 1 week after the injection. Complete resolution of angiographic leakage of neovascularization of the disc was noted in 19 of 26 (73%) eyes, and leakage of iris neovascularization completely resolved in 9 of 11 (82%) eyes. The leakage was noted to diminish as early as 24 hours after injection. In addition to the reduction in angiographic leakage, the neovascularization clinically appeared to involute in many patients with a reduction in the caliber or presence of perfused blood vessels. In 2 cases, a subtle decrease in leakage of retinal or iris neovascularization in the fellow uninjected eye was noted, raising the possibility that therapeutic systemic levels were achieved after intravitreal injection. Recurrence of fluorescein leakage varied. Recurrent leakage was seen as early as 2 weeks in one case, whereas in other cases, no recurrent leakage was noted at last follow-up of 11 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term results suggest that intravitreal bevacizumab is well tolerated and associated with a rapid regression of retinal and iris neovascularization secondary to PDR. A consistent biologic effect was noted, even with the lowest dose (6.2 microg) tested, supporting proof of concept. The observation of a possible therapeutic effect in the fellow eye raises concern that systemic side effects are possible in patients undergoing treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg), and lower doses may achieve a therapeutic result with less risk of systemic side effects. Further study is indicated.

Systemic pharmacokinetics following intravitreal injections of ranibizumab, bevacizumab or aflibercept in patients with neovascular AMD.

BACKGROUND: Data comparing systemic exposure and systemic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) suppression of ranibizumab, bevacizumab and aflibercept following intravitreal injection are lacking. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with wet age-related macular degeneration received intravitreal ranibizumab (0.5 mg), bevacizumab (1.25 mg), or aflibercept (2.0 mg). Serum pharmacokinetics and plasma free VEGF were evaluated after the first and third injections. RESULTS: Following the first dose, systemic exposure to aflibercept was 5-, 37-, and 9-fold higher than ranibizumab, whereas, bevacizumab was 9-, 310-, and 35-fold higher than ranibizumab, based on geometric mean ratio of peak and trough concentrations and area under the curve, respectively. The third dose showed accumulation of bevacizumab and aflibercept but not ranibizumab. Aflibercept substantially suppressed plasma free VEGF, with mean levels below lower limit of quantitation (10 pg/mL) as early as 3 h postdose until ≥7 days postdose. Mean free (unbound) VEGF levels with ranibizumab were largely unchanged, with mean trough level of 14.4 pg/mL compared with baseline of 17 pg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: There are notable differences in systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics among anti-VEGF treatments after intravitreal administration. All three agents rapidly moved into the bloodstream, but ranibizumab very quickly cleared, whereas bevacizumab and aflibercept demonstrated greater systemic exposure and produced a marked reduction in plasma free VEGF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02118831.

Open globe management.

The general ophthalmologist is most often the first responder in the care of severe open globe injuries, and in this review, we will outline the current thoughts on assessment and classification of open globe injuries. Basic medical and surgical management issues are reviewed, and relevant controversies and unresolved issues regarding the management of open globe injuries will be discussed.

Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion.

PURPOSE: To report the authors' experience after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin, Genentech) injection in patients with macular edema (ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusive disease (BRVO). METHODS: A consecutive retrospective review of patients with ME secondary to BRVO who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL). Patients underwent complete ophthalmic evaluation, which included nonstandardized Snellen visual acuity testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and/or angiographic testing at baseline and follow-up visits. RESULTS: There were 27 consecutive patients who received intravitreal bevacizumab injections. The mean length of follow-up was 5.3 months (median 6 months, range 3-8 months). The mean visual acuity improved from 20/200(-) at baseline to 20/100(-) at 1 month and 20/100(+) at 3 months and last follow-up (P < 0.001). The mean central 1 mm macular thickness was 478 microm at baseline and decreased to 310, 336, and 332 microm at 1 month, 3 months, and last follow-up (P < 0.001). Patients received an average of two injections (range one to three). No adverse side effects were observed following injections. CONCLUSION: The observed anatomic (by ophthalmic examination, OCT, and/or fluorescence angiography) and visual acuity improvements and lack of serious adverse side effects after intravitreal bevacizumab injection demonstrates, in principle, the potential of bevacizumab for the treatment of ME in this setting.