Unhealthy habits and comorbidities associated with uncontrolled asthma in young people.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airways that affects more than 260 million people worldwide and has been related to more than 460,000 deaths a year. It is estimated that in 60% of asthma cases, the symptoms are not adequately controlled. The objective of this study was to determine the association between some comorbidities, habits, and health risk behaviors with uncontrolled asthma in a sample of young people with asthma. METHODS: Through a cross-sectional study, data from 1,078 young people aged 17 to 19 years were analyzed. Information was collected through physical examination, direct questioning, and the application of a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: In the group of young people with asthma, the prevalence of uncontrolled asthma was 20.6%, of which 53.8% were women, 76.9% suffered from rhinitis, 46.2% were overweight and 23.1% were obese. In the group of young with uncontrolled asthma, gingivitis was detected in 53.8% and alcohol consumption in 84.6%. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between allergic rhinitis, gingivitis, carbohydrate intake, alcohol consumption, overweight, and obesity with uncontrolled asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Parents and members of the health team need to identify on time the risk factors associated with uncontrolled asthma in young people with asthma to limit its development and the negative effects it generates. The results of this study should be used to strengthen programs that promote the comprehensive health of adolescents.

Digestibility and Acceptability of Wheat Flour Cookies Partially Substituted with High Amylose Maize Starch.

Cookies are one of the most consumed bakery products and the formulation could be modified to consider them as a functional food. The high amylose maize starch (HAMS) is considered as resistant starch (RS) type 2. The objective of this work was to assess the starch fractions, texture, sensory properties and acceptability of wheat flour cookies added with HAMS at different percentages. Adding 15% of HAMS into the formulation increased the amount of RS from 2.3 to 12.8%. In sensory analysis, children and adults showed a good acceptability of cookies since the addition of HAMS did not result in significant changes in flavor or color. Cookies made with HAMS could be considered as functional foods since they had an acceptable texture and low caloric content.

[Nutritional status of Mexican school age children, living in the frontier with United States]. / Evaluación nutricional de escolares en una ciudad fronteriza entre Estados Unidos y México.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition and obesity coexist among Mexican children due to poverty, sedentariness and inadequate food intake. AIM: To assess the nutritional status of school age children in a Mexican city located in the frontier with United States. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross sectional assessment of children from 28 basic schools in 2005, 2008 and 2013. Using a cluster sampling methodology, 5 children per course were selected in each school, reaching a final sample 840 children aged 7 to 12 years old. Body mass index z scores were calculated. RESULTS: The pre valence of overweight and obesity among these children was 49, 54 and 45% in the assessments performed in 2005, 2008 and 2013 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There is a trend towards a decrease in the frequency of obesity in these children from 2005 to 2013.

[Effect of a nutritional intervention on nutrient content in school snacks in public schools in Mexico]. / Efecto de una intervención nutricional sobre el contenido de nutrientes de los refrigerios escolares en escuelas de educación pública de México.

INTRODUCTION: nutritional interventions (IN) in schoolchildren allow for health promotion, physical activity, and nutrition actions for the prevention of malnutrition. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effect of an IN on the nutrient content in school snacks (ER) in public education schools in Mexico. METHODS: descriptive, longitudinal, and prospective study with a sample of 812 children were classified into intervention group (IG) and control group (GC). Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference) were made to identify nutritional status (EN); to evaluate the ER, the food and beverages that the children took from home to consume during the break were recorded on a checklist; the IN was performed in the GI for 12 weeks with a 6-week reinforcement and the final evaluation was carried out that included EN and SP in both groups. RESULTS: a 1.4 % increase in overweight (SP) and obesity (OB) was observed in the GI, while in the GC it increased 5.5 %. In the CR, the GC showed a higher consumption of calories, carbohydrates, and sugars. In the intragroup analysis, the GI decreased carbohydrates, sugars. This intervention showed a small effect on the decrease of calories, carbohydrates and polyunsaturated acids of the GI compared to the GC. CONCLUSION: IN had a positive effect on the decrease in the energy and carbohydrate content of school snacks and therefore a slower trend in the prevalence of SP and OB in the GI compared to the GC.

[Lifestyle in university students during confinement by COVID-19]. / Estilo de vida en estudiantes universitarios durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthy eating and lifestyles. Objective: To determine the impact on diet and lifestyle in university students in the health area of the border areas of Mexico (Tamaulipas and Chiapas) during the confinement by COVID-19. Material and methods: This study was observational, descriptive, analytical, comparative cross-sectional, with convenience sampling with 409 students, 48.7% (199) from Tamaulipas, and 51.3% (210) from Chiapas. A survey with 30 items related to eating behavior and lifestyle was applied. Results: found an increase in obesity in Tamaulipas from 7.5% to 8.5% and in overweight in the state of Chiapas from 21.9% to 24.8% (p=0.001). A decrease in healthy eating was observed during confinement from 61.3% to 52.8% in Tamaulipas (p = 0.05) and from 70.5% to 57.1% in Chiapas (p = 0.001), with consumption of high carbohydrate foods (41.7%) and ultra-high-fat foods predominating on the northern border. processed (13.1%), while for the southern border there was a higher consumption of fruits and vegetables (35.2%) (p = 0.06). On both borders, physical activity decreased during confinement from 61.8% to 60.3% in Tamaulipas (p = 0.09) and 69.5% to 61.0% in Chiapas (p = 0.06). 52.3% and 52.4% of students in Tamaulipas and Chiapas also reported waking up during the night (p = 0.98). Conclusions: The diet and lifestyle of university students from the border areas of Mexico were affected during the confinement by COVID-19 with a decrease in the perception of healthy eating, an increase in the number of meals and a tendency to decrease in the number of meals. consumption of alcohol, tobacco and physical activity.

Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 impactó en la alimentación y en los estilos de vida saludables. Objetivo: determinar el impacto en la alimentación y el estilo de vida en los universitarios del área de la salud de las zonas fronterizas de México (Tamaulipas y Chiapas) durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. Material y métodos: este estudio fue observacional, analítico, comparativo y prospectivo, de corte transversal, con muestreo por conveniencia con 409 estudiantes, 48.7% (199) de Tamaulipas, y 51.3% (210) de Chiapas, se aplicó una encuesta con 30 ítems relacionados con el comportamiento alimentario y estilo de vida. Resultados: se identificó un aumento de obesidad en Tamaulipas (de 7.5 a 8.5%) y de sobrepeso en el estado de Chiapas (de 21.9 a 24.8%) (p = 0.001). Se observó una disminución de la alimentación saludable durante el confinamiento de un 61.3% a 52.8% en Tamaulipas (p = 0.05), y de un 70.5% a 57.1% en Chiapas (p = 0.001); predominando en la frontera norte el consumo de alimentos ricos en carbohidratos (41.7%) y alimentos ultraprocesados (13.1%), mientras que para la frontera sur se encontró un mayor consumo de frutas y verduras (35.2%) (p = 0.06). En ambas fronteras disminuyeron la actividad física durante el confinamiento de 61.8% a 60.3% Tamaulipas (p = 0.09) y 69.5% a 61.0% Chiapas (p = 0.06). También manifestaron despertar durante la noche el 52.3% y el 52.4% de los estudiantes de Tamaulipas y Chiapas (p = 0.98). Conclusiones: la alimentación y el estilo de vida en estudiantes universitarios de zonas fronterizas de México se vieron afectados durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, con una disminución en la percepción de alimentación saludable, aumento en el número de comidas y tendencia a la disminución en el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y actividad física.

Effect of Insulin Resistance on Abdominal Obesity, Liver Fat Infiltration, and Body Mass Index in Youngsters.

AIM: Evaluate insulin resistance (IR) as a mediator of the effect of body fat distribution on liver fat infiltration and stiffness (LSt) in young adults using structural equation modeling (SEM). METHODS: We invited 500 first year students from two universities and evaluated their family history to determine the risk for cardiometabolic disease. Of these, 174 students (age 19 ± 1 years) were assessed for total body fat percentage (BF%), LSt, fat infiltration (Coefficient attenuated parameter CAP), and serum biochemical analysis. We performed a mediation analysis using two different structural equation models to determine the relationship between BMI, BF%, abdominal obesity (AO), IR, LSt, and fat infiltration using standardized ß coefficients. The symbol "->" means "explains/causes". RESULTS: Model#1 supported that mediation analysis and had a better fit than the direct effect. AO->IR (b = 0.62, p = 0.005), AO->CAP (b = 0.63, p <0.001), and CAP->IR (b = 0.23, p = 0.007), with negligible effect of BMI on CAP and IR. Model#2 showed direct effect of BMI on LSt was a better fit than mediation. BMI->LSt (b = 0.17, p = 0.05) but no effect AO->LSt. Interestingly, LSt->IR (b = 0.18, p = 0.001), but bi-directional IR->LSt (b = 0.23, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AO and BMI in young adults have differential phenotypic effects on liver CAP and LSt. Visceral fat had a direct effect on IR and CAP. Meanwhile, BMI was associated with LSt. Our findings shed light on the complex interplay of factors influencing liver stiffness, particularly in young individuals. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying these associations and their implications for liver health.

Beliefs about causes and consequences of obesity among women in two Mexican cities.

Personal beliefs might be barriers to the prevention and treatment of obesity. To assess the beliefs about causes and consequences of and possible solutions to obesity among 18-40 years old women in two Mexican cities and to analyze the association with demographic variables, we developed a questionnaire and assessed the women's weight status. The questionnaire was applied at two outpatient healthcare centres and assessed the responses by the Likert scale. Results were analyzed by demographics, using the chi-square and Spearman correlations. One thousand one hundred adult women participated in the study. Mean age was 27.8 years, and mean BMI (kg/m²) was 27.05. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 35% and 24% respectively. The most mentioned causes of obesity were eating oil and fat (4.1), fried foods (4.1), and eating too much (4.00). The most reported consequences were diseases (4.1), discrimination (3.9), and early death (3.7). The main solutions were physical activity (4.2), healthful eating (4.2), and personal motivation (4.1). Age of participants higher than 30 years, living with a partner, having more than 6 years of education, and having overweight and obesity were predictors of more knowledge about the causes, consequences, and solutions. These Mexican women from low SES had reasonably good knowledge about the causes and consequences of obesity. Although improving education might be beneficial to prevent obesity, changes in environmental contingencies are also necessary to prevent this epidemic.

[Policies and strategies to combat obesity in Latin America]. / Políticas y estrategias para combatir la obesidad en Latinoamérica.

Background: Latin America is the region with the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity, therefore, strategies and policies have been implemented in some countries to reduce this health problem. Among these, fiscal policies, such as taxes on sugary drinks, high-calorie products, the regulation of advertising and food labeling. Objective: To describe the main strategies and policies against obesity, and the effect they have had on the population. Material and methods: A search was made for articles in English and Spanish published in Pubmed, Scielo, Google Scholar. The keywords were included: health policies, nutritional labeling in Latin America, food labeling, tax on sugary drinks and non-basic foods with high energy density. Results: Within the strategies, traffic light labeling, and warning labeling were the most accepted and understood. As for the taxation of sugar sweetened beverages, studies showed a positive effect on the reduction of consumption, purchase and sale, as well as a decrease in purchases of non-essential energy-dense foods. However, nutritional education in vulnerable groups is essential to better understand their interpretation. Conclusions: The studies analyzed suggest that food labeling, sugar sweetened beverages and non-essential energy-dense foods taxes could effectively reduce the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the population in the long term, as well as the costs associated with these diseases.

Introducción: América Latina es la región con mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, por lo que se han implementado estrategias y políticas en algunos países para reducir este problema. Entre estos, las políticas fiscales, como impuestos sobre las bebidas azucaradas, productos de alto contenido calórico, la reglamentación de la publicidad y el etiquetado de los alimentos. Objetivo: Describir las principales estrategias y políticas contra la obesidad, y el efecto que han tenido en la población. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en inglés y español publicados en Pubmed, Scielo, Google académico. Se incluyeron las palabras clave: políticas de salud, etiquetado nutricional en Latinoamérica, etiquetado de alimentos, impuesto a las bebidas azucaradas y alimentos no básicos con alta densidad energética. Resultados: El etiquetado del semáforo y el etiquetado de advertencia fueron los más aceptados y comprendidos. En cuanto al gravamen de las bebidas azucaradas, los estudios mostraron un efecto positivo en la reducción del consumo, compra y venta, así como una disminución en las compras de alimentos no básicos con alta densidad energética. Sin embargo, la educación nutricional en los grupos vulnerables es esencial para comprender mejor su interpretación. Conclusiones: Los estudios analizados sugieren que el etiquetado de alimentos, los impuestos sobre las bebidas azucaradas y los alimentos no básicos con alta densidad energética podrían reducir efectivamente la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población a largo plazo, así como los costos asociados con estas enfermedades.

[Factors associated with tobacco use in patients with asthma during the confinement due to COVID-19 in an urban region with high numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections]. / Factores asociados al tabaquismo en pacientes con asma durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en una región urbana con cifras elevadas de infecciones por SARS-CoV-2.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with tobacco use during the period of confinement in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Through an analytical and cross-sectional study, the data of 2, 372 participants were analyzed. The information was collected through a self-administered questionnaire that was built with the Google Forms tool, which was distributed and applied via email and WhatsApp; the private messaging platform. The relationship between the independent variables and the outcome was determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Out of the total population, 69.3 % were women, the median age was 20.11±2.01 years, the prevalence of asthma was 12.2 %, and the active tobacco use was 13.3 %. There was a higher number of patients with asthma who smoked (14.2 vs. 13.2 %) than of those who didn't have asthma. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that factors like considering that COVID-19 does not exist and not being confined were related to tobacco use in patients with asthma during the implementation of the contingency plan that the COVID-19 pandemic represents. CONCLUSIONS: During confinement to home for COVID-19, the prevalence of tobacco use is higher in patients with asthma than in individuals without this ailment; the factors that favor the aforementioned are present in the family environment.

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados al tabaquismo durante el periodo de confinamiento ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: Mediante un estudio analítico y transversal se analizaron los datos de 2372 participantes. La recolección de la información se realizó con un cuestionario autoadministrado construido con la herramienta Google Forms, el cual se distribuyó y aplicó a través de correo electrónico y de la plataforma de mensajería privada WhatsApp. La relación entre las variables independientes y la resultante fue determinada a través de regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: De la población total, 69.3 % fue del sexo femenino, la edad media de 20.11 ± 2.01 años, la prevalencia de asma de 12.2 % y la de tabaquismo activo, de 13.3 %. Una mayor proporción de pacientes con asma fumaba (14.2 versus 13.2 %), en comparación con quienes no padecían asma. La regresión logística multivariante mostró que considerar que COVID-19 no existe y no cumplir con el confinamiento se relacionaron con el tabaquismo en pacientes con asma durante la aplicación del plan de contingencia que representa la pandemia de COVID-19. Conclusiones: Durante el confinamiento en casa por COVID-19, la prevalencia de tabaquismo es mayor en pacientes con asma comparados con los individuos sin esta enfermedad. Los factores que favorecen lo anterior están presentes en el entorno familiar.

Optimization of PCR-based TYLCV molecular markers by response surface methodology.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most economically important vegetables worldwide. However, its production is affected by the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), causing the greatest devastation in the crop. One strategy to cope with TYLCV implies the use of resistant varieties, whose development can be accelerated by molecular markers. The aim of this study was to optimize endpoint PCR protocols for the detection of the molecular markers TG178, TG105A and P6-25, linked to Ty-1, Ty-2 and Ty-3 resistance genes, respectively, through a response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) for four factors (temperature of annealing (Ta), DNA amount, MgCl2 and primer concentrations). Applicability, the limit of detection and dynamic range were also analyzed. The optimized PCR conditions were: for TG178: Ta = 60 °C, 90 ng DNA, 3.36 mM MgCl2 and 0.13 µM primers; for TG105A: Ta = 54.4 °C, 10 ng DNA, 1.5 mM MgCl2 and 0.9 µM primers; for P6-25, Ta = 52.5 °C, 50 ng DNA, 2.5 mM MgCl2 and 0.5 µM primers. Dynamic ranges varied from 0.42 to 103.3 ng of DNA, while the limit of detection was 3.82, 0.42 and 11.47 ng of DNA for the TG178, TG105A and P6-25 molecular makers respectively and was 100% positive in replicates. CCD allowed the optimization of PCR protocols for molecular markers, which may further apply in identifying TYLCV resistant tomato lines.

Low income, Mexican mothers' perception of their infants' weight status and beliefs about their foods and physical activity.

Childhood obesity is being considered a global health epidemic, and one of the countries mostly affected by it is Mexico. The aim of this study was to assess the perceptions of low-income mothers with regard to their child's weight status and physical activity and their beliefs about healthy and high-density foods. A total of 813 mothers attending a vaccination centre at three primary care clinics in three different regions of Mexico, and their infants ranging from 5 to 24 months old, participated in the study. Anthropometrical measurements and interviews were conducted at the clinic. The child's average age was 12.7 months. Forty-three percent of mothers underestimate their child's weight status; this percentage jumps to 83% when we refer to mothers of overweight and obese children. Mothers with overweight and obese children, having a monthly income higher than 600 dollars, less than 6 years of education, and having migrated to their current state of residence are more likely to underestimate their child's weight. A high percentage of the mothers wish their children were less active, and they do not consider that carbonated and non-carbonated sweetened drinks and high fat snacks might be dangerous to their child's health. In conclusion, low-income, Mexican mothers highly underestimate their infant's weight status and have higher risks of fostering an obesogenic environment.

Supplement consumption in people who makes exercise in Northern Mexico gyms. / Consumo de suplementos nutricionales en personas que se ejercitan en gimnasios del norte de México.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity and sports have acquired great importance in contemporary society, given that they have created trends to improve performance, strength and muscle mass through the consumption of nutritional supplements. OBJECTIVE: To determine the profile of the consumer and the type of nutritional supplements in people attending the gyms of the northern border of Tamaulipas. METHOD: It was carried out a cross-sectional and descriptive study in a sample of 800 people attending gyms in 4 cities in the border area between the United States and Mexico, in the state of Tamaulipas (Reynosa, Rio Bravo, Nuevo Laredo and Matamoros). A survey was applied to determine the profile of the consumer and the type of supplements they consumed. RESULTS: 81% of people who went to a gym consumed nutritional supplements, and both genders used them, regardless of their body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: The most used supplements were proteins, essential amino acids and nitric oxide. Improving sports performance, beauty or aesthetics, health care and finally compensating losses were the reasons selected to justify the consumption of nutritional supplements.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La actividad física y el deporte han adquirido gran importancia en la sociedad actual, pues han generado tendencias para mejorar el rendimiento, la fuerza y la masa muscular mediante el consumo de suplementos alimenticios. OBJETIVO: Determinar el perfil del consumidor y el tipo de suplementos nutricionales en personas que asisten a gimnasios de la frontera norte de Tamaulipas. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal y descriptivo en una muestra de 800 personas que se ejercitaban en gimnasios en cuatro ciudades (Reynosa, Río Bravo, Nuevo Laredo y Matamoros) de la zona fronteriza entre los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y México, en el estado de Tamaulipas. Se aplicó una encuesta para determinar el perfil del consumidor y el tipo de suplementos que empleaba. RESULTADOS: El 81% de las personas que acudieron a un gimnasio consumían suplementos nutricionales y ambos sexos los utilizaron, independientemente de su índice de masa corporal. CONCLUSIONES: Los suplementos más utilizados fueron proteínas, aminoácidos esenciales y óxido nítrico. Mejorar el rendimiento deportivo, la belleza física o el aspecto estético, el cuidado de salud y, por último, compensar pérdidas, fueron las razones seleccionadas para justificar el consumo de suplementos nutricionales.

Asociación del índice de masa corporal con la insatisfacción corporal en escolares / Association of body mass index with body dissatisfaction in schoolchildren

Introducción: La malnutrición por exceso causa sobrepeso y obesidad, siendo un problema de salud pública, que se ha presentado en los primeros años de vida. Investigaciones realizadas han informado la existencia de insatisfacción corporal relacionada con el peso, debido a los estándares de belleza establecidos en la sociedad. Objetivo: asociar el índice de masa corporal con la insatisfacción corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal de los escolares. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal con 610 escolares. El estado nutricional se clasificó según el puntaje z del IMC. Para determinar la insatisfacción corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal, se aplicó una escala de imagen corporal infantil de siete fotografías, con un valor del 1 al 7 de acuerdo con el tamaño creciente, y el rango final del IMC. Se calculó la diferencia entre la figura que los participantes consideraron ideal y la forma corporal percibida. Resultados: el 47,3% presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad. La insatisfacción corporal fue mayor en las niñas con sobrepeso y obesidad (p = 0,013). El IMC correlacionó con la insatisfacción corporal (rho(608) = 0,480; p < 0,001) y la percepción de la imagen corporal (rho(608) = 0,433; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: El IMC se relacionó positivamente con la insatisfacción corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal; esto podría elevar el riesgo de presentar trastornos alimentarios, contribuir al mantenimiento del exceso de peso corporal, al no percibirse con exceso de peso, es menos probable que realicen acciones para controlarlo(AU)

Introduction: Excessive malnutrition causes overweight and obesity, being a public health problem, which has occurred in the first years of life. Research has reported the existence of body dissatisfaction related to weight, due to beauty standards established in society. Objective: to associate the BMI with body dissatisfaction and body image perception of schoolchildren. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study of 610 schoolchildren. Nutritional status was classified according to the BMI z score. To determine body dissatisfaction and body image perception, a child body image scale of seven photographs was applied, with a value of 1 to 7 according to the increasing size, and the final range of the BMI. The difference between the figure that participants considered ideal, and the perceived body shape was calculated. Results: 47.3% were overweight and obese. Body dissatisfaction was higher in overweight and obese girls (p = 0.013). BMI correlated with body dissatisfaction (rho(608) = 0.480; p < 0.001) and body image perception (rho(608) = 0.433; p < 0.001). Conclusions: BMI was positively related to body dissatisfaction and body image perception; this could increase the risk of developing eating disorders, contribute to the maintenance of excess body weight, as it is not perceived with excess weight, are less likely to take actions to control it(AU)

Prevalencia y tendencia de sobrepeso, obesidad y consumo de alimentos no recomendables en escolares del norte de México / Prevalence and trend of overweight, obesity and consumption of undesirable foods in schoolchildren in northern Mexico

Introducción. En los refrigerios escolares se ha incrementado el consumo de los productos industrializados y se ha observado una disminución en la ingesta de alimentos frescos. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y tendencia de sobrepeso, obesidad y consumo de alimentos no recomendables en escolares del norte de México. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo y transversal, realizado del año 2015 a 2022 en una muestra de 468 niños de ambos sexos de 9 a 12 años de escuelas públicas, se les realizó mediciones antropométricas de peso, estatura y circunferencia de cintura. Para diagnosticar el estado nutricional se utilizó el puntaje Z del índice de masa corporal (IMC) por medio del software Anthro Plus. El consumo alimentario de los escolares se evaluó por medio de una lista de cotejo durante cinco días consecutivos por observación directa los alimentos y bebidas que los escolares llevaron de casa para consumir durante el horario escolar. Resultados. Se encontró que el sobrepeso (SBP) y la obesidad (OB) aumentó durante la pandemia, siendo mayor el SBP en las niñas (17,0%) y mayor la OB en los niños (46,8%). En cuanto a la ingesta alimentaria se observó que durante la pandemia aumentó el consumo de alimentos no recomendables asociándose con el IMC. Conclusiones. El sobrepeso y la obesidad aumentó durante la pandemia, siendo mayor el sobrepeso en las niñas y mayor la obesidad en los niños. En cuanto a la ingesta alimentaria se observó que durante la pandemia el consumo de alimentos no recomendables específicamente en las bebidas azucaradas aumentó y se asoció con el IMC(AU)

Introduction. School snacks have increased consumption of industrialized products and a decrease in the intake of fresh food has been observed. Objective. Determine the prevalence and trend of overweight, obesity and consumption of undesirable foods in schoolchildren in northern Mexico. Materials and methods. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 468 children of both sexes aged 9 to 12 in public schools and anthropometric measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were made. The body mass index (BMI) Z score was used to diagnose nutritional status using the Anthro Plus software. Food consumption of schoolchildren was evaluated by means of a checklist for five consecutive days by direct observation of the food and beverages that schoolchildren took from home to consume during school hours. Results. Overweight (PBS) and obesity (OB) were found to increase during the pandemic, with higher PBS in girls (17.0%) and higher OB in boys (46.8%). About food intake, it was observed that during the pandemic consumption of undesirable foods increased in association with the BMI. Conclusions. Overweight and obesity increased during the pandemic, being more overweight in girls and obesity in boys. As for food intake it was noted that during the pandemic consumption of foods not specifically recommended in sugary drinks increased and was associated with BMI(AU)

Family, personal, and social factors associated with the non-use of contraceptive methods during the first sexual experience in adolescent women.

Unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescents continue to be major health problems around the world. They are associated with sex that occurs without contraceptive protection. We determined the relationship of family, personal, and social factors with the non-use of any contraceptive method during the first sexual experience in 1409 adolescent women. The most significant risk factors were being less than 15 years of age and lacking knowledge and awareness about contraceptive methods. In the family environment, the risk factors were living in an incomplete family and the existence of a poor relationship among the father, the mother, and the adolescents. Socialization with friends who became sexually active at an early age was also associated with having sex for the first time without protection. This information should be used in sexual and reproductive education programmes to prevent unplanned pregnancy and STIs in adolescent women.

Nutrition provided to Mexican-American preschool children on the Texas-Mexico border.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether nutrients offered to border Mexican-American preschool children met the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Nutrient contents of two dietary patterns were examined in this study, one composed exclusively of home foods and one containing a combination of both home and school foods. The sample consisted of 198 Mexican-American preschoolers living on the Texas-Mexico border, who were recruited using a convenience sampling technique. A self-administered, precoded 24-hour recall questionnaire was used. Nutrient values of home foods were collected during a weekend day, and nutrient values containing a combination of both home and school foods were collected during a weekday. Fisher's exact test or chi2 test and t test were used for analyses. Mean nutrient contents of foods provided to the border Mexican-American children exceeded recommendations for total energy (P<0.001), total fat (P<0.001), saturated fat (P<0.001), carbohydrates (P<0.001), protein (P<0.001), sodium (P<0.001), and niacin (P<0.001). Foods offered were also significantly insufficient in fiber (P<0.001), vitamin A (P<0.001), and potassium (P<0.001). Nutrition interventions targeting low-income border Mexican-American families should emphasize the need and importance of providing children with diets that meet the Recommended Dietary Allowances.

Natural variability of essential oil and antioxidants in the medicinal plant Turnera diffusa.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in yield and composition of the essential oil and antioxidant contents in Turnera diffusa plants from localities in central region of Tamaulipas. METHODS: Samples were collected in Tamaulipas, Mexico in the arid zone. Essential oil was obtained through steam distillation and analyzed using GC-MS. Polyphenol contents, antioxidant activities using ABTS and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods also were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 21 compounds were identified in the essential oils; nevertheless, only Eucalyptol, 1,4-Methanocycloocta[d]pyridazine, 1,4,4a,5,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-11,11-dimethyl-, (1à,4à,4aà,10aà) y Ethanone, 1-(1,3-dimethyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl) were detected in the three sites. Highest contents were registered in the sample from Padrón y Juárez with phenolic content of 33.85 mg GAE/g of dry material and antioxidant activities with ABTS 72.32% and with FRAP 21.33 mg GAE/g of dry material. Statistical differences were observed in essential oil, phenolics and antioxidants contents between populations. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that climatic differences and origin influence the phytochemicals in the medicinal plant Turnera diffusa, and thus, it is worth to consider such effects for industrial and medicinal purposes.

Alternativas para el aprovechamiento del cuajilote (Parmentiera edulis): una especie agroindustrial subutilizada / Alternatives for the use of cuajilote (Parmentiera edulis): an underutilized agro-industrial species

Resumen El fruto de la especie Parmentiera edulis, conocida como cuajilote, se produce de forma abundante por temporada, es rico en nutrientes y puede ser aprovechado para elaborar alimentos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la viabilidad técnica de utilizar el cuajilote en la formulación de alimentos y bebidas fermentadas para promover su aprovechamiento comercial. Se determinó la composición nutricional, el contenido fenólico y su capacidad antioxidante. Los frutos se deshidrataron y se obtuvo una harina que se mezcló al 0 % (control), 5 %, 10 % y 15 % con harina de maíz, para preparar tortillas, y se evaluó su composición nutricional y aceptación organoléptica. También, se elaboró una bebida fermentada y una bebida destilada, usando Sacharomyces cereviseae, a partir de pulpa de fruta con y sin cáscara. Los mostos para la bebida fermentada se pasteurizaron a 72 ºC/15 s. El fruto presentó alto contenido de proteína (6.5 ± 2.5 %) y fibra (3.9 ± 1.6 %), de compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante. En las tortillas, al aumentar la cantidad de cuajilote se elevó la cantidad de fibra y proteína. Sensorialmente, las tortillas adicionadas con 5 % y 10 % de cuajilote fueron mejor aceptadas. En la bebida fermentada no se encontró diferencia significativa en sus parámetros fisicoquímicos al elaborarla con y sin cáscara, excepto para la acidez total. Tampoco modificó el rendimiento de producción de bebida fermentada o de alcohol destilado. El cuajilote es un fruto poco incorporado a la dieta que presenta propiedades funcionales nutricionales adecuadas y puede ser aprovechado como materia prima en la elaboración de tortillas, aumentando su valor nutricional o para producir bebidas fermentadas o alcohol etílico.

Abstract The fruit of the species Parmentiera edulis, known as cuajilote, is abundantly produced per season, is rich in nutrients and can be used to make food. The objective of this work was to establish the technical feasibility of using cuajilote in the formulation of fermented foods and beverages to promote its commercial use. The nutritional composition, the phenolic content and its antioxidant capacity were determined. The fruits were dehydrated and a flour was obtained that was mixed at 0 % (control), 5 %, 10 % and 15 % with corn flour, to prepare tortillas, and its nutritional composition and organoleptic acceptance were evaluated. Also, a fermented beverage and a distilled beverage were elaborated, using Saccharomyces cereviseae, from fruit pulp with and without shell. The musts for the fermented beverage were pasteurized at 72 ºC/15 s. The fruit presented a high content of protein (6.5 ± 2.5 %) and fiber (3.9 ± 1.6 %) of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. In tortillas, increasing the amount of cuajilote increased the amount of fiber and protein. Sensorially, the tortillas added with 5 % and 10 % cuajilote were better accepted. In the fermented beverage, no significant difference was found in its physicochemical parameters when it was made with and without shell, except for total acidity. Nor did it modify the production yield of fermented beverage or distilled alcohol. Cuajilote is a fruit rarely incorporated into the diet that has adequate functional and nutritional properties and can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of tortillas, increasing its nutritional value or to produce fermented beverages or ethyl alcohol.

Efecto de una intervención nutricional en el consumo de alimentos en escolares de educación básica de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México / Effect of a nutritional intervention on food consumption in basic education schoolchildren in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Introducción: en los últimos años se ha incrementado el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en escolares y esto se ha relacionado con un aumento en la prevalencia de obesidad infantil. Objetivo: calcular el tamaño del efecto de una intervención nutricional en el consumo alimentario en escolares de educación básica de Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México. Materiales y métodos: estudio longitudinal, con una muestra de 309 escolares de 12 escuelas primarias públicas; se formaron dos grupos: intervención (GI) y control (GC) con seguimiento de un año. Se realizaron mediciones antropométricas. Para evaluar los alimentos incluidos en los refrigerios escolares se utilizó un registro de alimentos antes y después de la intervención y se caracterizaron como recomendables y no recomendables. Se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE) utilizando el estadístico "g" de Hedges. Resultados: al final del estudio en ambos grupos se incrementó el consumo de agua, sin embargo, él TE fue grande en el GI (TE=0,84), mientras que en el GC fue moderado (TE=0,50). En el GI se encontró una reducción pequeña en el consumo de carnes procesadas (p=0,004; TE=0,28), cereales dulces (p=0,001; TE=0,36) y bebidas no lácteas endulzadas (p=0,001; TE=0,49); mientras que el GC mostró un incremento pequeño en el consumo de comida rápida y antojitos mexicanos (p=0,001; TE=0,46). Conclusiones: en el GI se observó una disminución y un TE pequeño en el consumo de carnes procesadas, cereales dulces y bebidas no lácteas endulzadas. Es necesario diseñar estrategias que promuevan el consumo de alimentos recomendables(AU)

Introduction: In recent years, the consumption of ultraprocessed foods in schoolchildren has increased and this has been linked to an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Objective: To calculate the size of the effect of a nutritional intervention on food consumption in basic education schoolchildren in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Materials and methods: Longitudinal study, with a sample of 309 schoolchildren from 12 public elementary schools; two groups were formed: intervention (IG) and control (CG) with a follow-up of one year. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were made. To evaluate the foods included in school lunch, a food registry was used before and after the intervention and they were characterized as recommended and not recommended. The effect size (ES) was calculated using the Hedges'g statistic. Results: At the end of the study in both groups, water consumption increased, however the ES was big in the IG (ES=0.84); while in the CG it was moderate (ES=0.50). In the IG, a small reduction in the consumption of processed meats was observed (p=0.004; ES=0.28), sweet cereals (p=0.001; ES=0.36) and sweetened nondairy beverages decreased (p=0.001; ES=0.49); while the CG showed a small increase in the consumption of fast food and Mexican appetizers (p=0.001; ES=0.46). Conclusions: In the IG showed a TE small decrease in consumption of processed meats, sweet cereals, and sweetened non-dairy beverages. It is necessary to design strategies that promote the consumption of recommended foods(AU)

[Diabetes and type of diet as determinant factor in the progression of atherosclerosis]. / La diabetes y la alimentación determinantes en la progresión de aterosclerosis.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the biochemical progression of atherosclerotic plaque and its association with diet and diabetes. This study shows the scientific evidence of demonstrating that diabetic patients present high levels of fatty acids like palmitic acid and linoleic acid in their atheroma plaques in comparison with non-diabetic patients. This study also establishes how patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic heart diseases in the form of Coronary Thrombosis and have different anatomopathological appearance like higher necrotic core and thin fibrotic layer than the general population. Furthermore this review describes the different anatomopathological appearance and cellular changes involved in the formation of these plaques and how diet can affect the development of these plaques.