RESUMEN
The territory of present-day Vietnam was the cradle of one of the world's earliest civilizations, and one of the first world regions to develop agriculture. We analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) complete control region of six ethnic groups and the mitogenomes from Vietnamese in The 1000 Genomes Project (1000G). Genome-wide data from 1000G (~55k SNPs) were also investigated to explore different demographic scenarios. All Vietnamese carry South East Asian (SEA) haplotypes, which show a moderate geographic and ethnic stratification, with the Mong constituting the most distinctive group. Two new mtDNA clades (M7b1a1f1 and F1f1) point to historical gene flow between the Vietnamese and other neighboring countries. Bayesian-based inferences indicate a time-deep and continuous population growth of Vietnamese, although with some exceptions. The dramatic population decrease experienced by the Cham 700 years ago (ya) fits well with the Nam tien ("southern expansion") southwards from their original heartland in the Red River Delta. Autosomal SNPs consistently point to important historical gene flow within mainland SEA, and add support to a main admixture event occurring between Chinese and a southern Asian ancestral composite (mainly represented by the Malay). This admixture event occurred ~800 ya, again coinciding with the Nam tien.
Asunto(s)
Demografía , Flujo Génico/genética , Genoma Mitocondrial/genética , Filogeografía , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Etnicidad/genética , Evolución Molecular , Genética de Población , Haplotipos/genética , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Dinámica Poblacional , VietnamRESUMEN
Two sets of short amplicon binary markers (SABs): 50 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 38 insertion/deletion polymorphisms (Indels) were used to genotype bones of 35 years "post-mortem". Typing results of these binary markers were compared with those obtained for standard commercial STR and mini-STR DNA typing kits. We observed SAB marker performance to be better compared with conventional STR and mini-STR genotyping in degraded bone sample analysis. Furthermore, additional genetic information provided by these 88 binary markers, 50 SNPs and 38 Indels, combined with classical markers gave very high discrimination power even in severely degraded specimens, with all tested bone samples showing Random Match Probabilities (RMPs) higher than 1019. Missing person and disaster victim identification by kinship analysis is considerably strengthened by the addition of SAB markers since they can be successfully typed on degraded bone samples while adding considerable extra genetic data when poor or incomplete information is available from conventional forensic markers for the analysis of family pedigrees.