The multifunction Coxiella effector Vice stimulates macropinocytosis and interferes with the ESCRT machinery.

Intracellular bacterial pathogens divert multiple cellular pathways to establish their niche and persist inside their host. Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, secretes bacterial effector proteins via its Type 4 secretion system to generate a Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). Manipulation of lipid and protein trafficking by these effectors is essential for bacterial replication and virulence. Here, we have characterized the lipid composition of CCVs and found that the effector Vice interacts with phosphoinositides and membranes enriched in phosphatidylserine and lysobisphosphatidic acid. Remarkably, eukaryotic cells ectopically expressing Vice present compartments that resemble early CCVs in both morphology and composition. We found that the biogenesis of these compartments relies on the double function of Vice. The effector protein initially localizes at the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells where it triggers the internalization of large vacuoles by macropinocytosis. Then, Vice stabilizes these compartments by perturbing the ESCRT machinery. Collectively, our results reveal that Vice is an essential C. burnetii effector protein capable of hijacking two major cellular pathways to shape the bacterial replicative niche.

Cross talk between Paneth and tuft cells drives dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut mucosa.

Gut microbiota imbalance (dysbiosis) is increasingly associated with pathological conditions, both within and outside the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal Paneth cells are considered to be guardians of the gut microbiota, but the events linking Paneth cell dysfunction with dysbiosis remain unclear. We report a three-step mechanism for dysbiosis initiation. Initial alterations in Paneth cells, as frequently observed in obese and inflammatorybowel diseases patients, cause a mild remodeling of microbiota, with amplification of succinate-producing species. SucnR1-dependent activation of epithelial tuft cells triggers a type 2 immune response that, in turn, aggravates the Paneth cell defaults, promoting dysbiosis and chronic inflammation. We thus reveal a function of tuft cells in promoting dysbiosis following Paneth cell deficiency and an unappreciated essential role of Paneth cells in maintaining a balanced microbiota to prevent inappropriate activation of tuft cells and deleterious dysbiosis. This succinate-tuft cell inflammation circuit may also contribute to the chronic dysbiosis observed in patients.

The human OPA1delTTAG mutation induces adult onset and progressive auditory neuropathy in mice.

Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is one of the most prevalent forms of hereditary optic neuropathies and is mainly caused by heterozygous variants in OPA1, encoding a mitochondrial dynamin-related large GTPase. The clinical spectrum of DOA has been extended to a wide variety of syndromic presentations, called DOAplus, including deafness as the main secondary symptom associated to vision impairment. To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the deafness in DOA remain unknown. To gain insights into the process leading to hearing impairment, we have analyzed the Opa1delTTAG mouse model that recapitulates the DOAplus syndrome through complementary approaches combining morpho-physiology, biochemistry, and cellular and molecular biology. We found that Opa1delTTAG mutation leads an adult-onset progressive auditory neuropathy in mice, as attested by the auditory brainstem response threshold shift over time. However, the mutant mice harbored larger otoacoustic emissions in comparison to wild-type littermates, whereas the endocochlear potential, which is a proxy for the functional state of the stria vascularis, was comparable between both genotypes. Ultrastructural examination of the mutant mice revealed a selective loss of sensory inner hair cells, together with a progressive degeneration of the axons and myelin sheaths of the afferent terminals of the spiral ganglion neurons, supporting an auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). Molecular assessment of cochlea demonstrated a reduction of Opa1 mRNA level by greater than 40%, supporting haploinsufficiency as the disease mechanism. In addition, we evidenced an early increase in Sirtuin 3 level and in Beclin1 activity, and subsequently an age-related mtDNA depletion, increased oxidative stress, mitophagy as well as an impaired autophagic flux. Together, these results support a novel role for OPA1 in the maintenance of inner hair cells and auditory neural structures, addressing new challenges for the exploration and treatment of OPA1-linked ANSD in patients.

Resistance of the oyster pathogen Vibrio tasmaniensis LGP32 against grazing by Vannella sp. marine amoeba involves Vsm and CopA virulence factors.

Vibrios are ubiquitous in marine environments and opportunistically colonize a broad range of hosts. Strains of Vibrio tasmaniensis present in oyster farms can thrive in oysters during juvenile mortality events and behave as facultative intracellular pathogen of oyster haemocytes. Herein, we wondered whether V. tasmaniensis LGP32 resistance to phagocytosis is specific to oyster immune cells or contributes to resistance to other phagocytes, like marine amoebae. To address this question, we developed an integrative study, from the first description of amoeba diversity in oyster farms to the characterization of LGP32 interactions with amoebae. An isolate of the Vannella genus, Vannella sp. AP1411, which was collected from oyster farms, is ubiquitous, and belongs to one clade of Vannella that could be found associated with Vibrionaceae. LGP32 was shown to be resistant to grazing by Vannella sp. AP1411 and this phenotype depends on some previously identified virulence factors: secreted metalloprotease Vsm and copper efflux p-ATPase CopA, which act at different steps during amoeba-vibrio interactions, whereas some other virulence factors were not involved. Altogether, our work indicates that some virulence factors can be involved in multi-host interactions of V. tasmaniensis ranging from protozoans to metazoans, potentially favouring their opportunistic behaviour.

A novel duplication of PRMD13 causes North Carolina macular dystrophy: overexpression of PRDM13 orthologue in drosophila eye reproduces the human phenotype.

In this study, we report a novel duplication causing North Carolina macular dystrophy (NCMD) identified applying whole genome sequencing performed on eight affected members of two presumed unrelated families mapping to the MCDR1 locus. In our families, the NCMD phenotype was associated with a 98.4 kb tandem duplication encompassing the entire CCNC and PRDM13 genes and a common DNase 1 hypersensitivity site. To study the impact of PRDM13 or CCNC dysregulation, we used the Drosophila eye development as a model. Knock-down and overexpression of CycC and CG13296, Drosophila orthologues of CCNC and PRDM13, respectively, were induced separately during eye development. In flies, eye development was not affected, while knocking down either CycC or CG13296 mutant models. Overexpression of CycC also had no effect. Strikingly, overexpression of CG13296 in Drosophila leads to a severe loss of the imaginal eye-antennal disc. This study demonstrated for the first time in an animal model that overexpression of PRDM13 alone causes a severe abnormal retinal development. It is noteworthy that mutations associated with this autosomal dominant foveal developmental disorder are frequently duplications always including an entire copy of PRDM13, or variants in one DNase 1 hypersensitivity site at this locus.

Microtubule polyglutamylation and acetylation drive microtubule dynamics critical for platelet formation.

BACKGROUND: Upon maturation in the bone marrow, polyploid megakaryocytes elongate very long and thin cytoplasmic branches called proplatelets. Proplatelets enter the sinusoids blood vessels in which platelets are ultimately released. Microtubule dynamics, bundling, sliding, and coiling, drive these dramatic morphological changes whose regulation remains poorly understood. Microtubule properties are defined by tubulin isotype composition and post-translational modification patterns. It remains unknown whether microtubule post-translational modifications occur in proplatelets and if so, whether they contribute to platelet formation. RESULTS: Here, we show that in proplatelets from mouse megakaryocytes, microtubules are both acetylated and polyglutamylated. To bypass the difficulties of working with differentiating megakaryocytes, we used a cell model that allowed us to test the functions of these modifications. First, we show that α2bß3integrin signaling in D723H cells is sufficient to induce ß1tubulin expression and recapitulate the specific microtubule behaviors observed during proplatelet elongation and platelet release. Using this model, we found that microtubule acetylation and polyglutamylation occur with different spatio-temporal patterns. We demonstrate that microtubule acetylation, polyglutamylation, and ß1tubulin expression are mandatory for proplatelet-like elongation, swelling formation, and cytoplast severing. We discuss the functional importance of polyglutamylation of ß1tubulin-containing microtubules for their efficient bundling and coiling during platelet formation. CONCLUSIONS: We characterized and validated a powerful cell model to address microtubule behavior in mature megakaryocytes, which allowed us to demonstrate the functional importance of microtubule acetylation and polyglutamylation for platelet release. Furthermore, we bring evidence of a link between the expression of a specific tubulin isotype, the occurrence of microtubule post-translational modifications, and the acquisition of specific microtubule behaviors. Thus, our findings could widen the current view of the regulation of microtubule behavior in cells such as osteoclasts, spermatozoa, and neurons, which express distinct tubulin isotypes and display specific microtubule activities during differentiation.

Morphological consequences of acoustic trauma on cochlear hair cells and the auditory nerve.

AIMS: Hearing loss is the most common form of sensory impairment in humans. Short impulses of a high intensity noise can trigger sudden hearing loss, which is generally irreversible and associated with structural tissue damage of the cochlea and auditory nerve. It is well established that myelination is essential for the rapid propagation of action potentials along axons, and that Schwann cells are responsible for myelin sheath production in the peripheral nervous system. In the cochlea, spiral ganglion neuron axons are myelinated by Schwann cells. This myelin contributes to axonal protection and allows for efficient action potential transmission along the auditory nerve. For this reason, here we studie the morphological changes on cochlear hair cells and myelin sheaths of the auditory nerve, directly linked to hearing impairment induced by acoustic trauma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To study the auditory functions, auditory brainstem responses and distortion products were measured at baseline, 2 days, and 21 days after trauma in rats. Then, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques were performed to analyze cochleae and the auditory nerve at 21 days after trauma. RESULTS: We observed that acoustic trauma induced cochlear outer hair cell loss and fusion of inner hair cell stereocilia. We also observed an axonal loss and myelin sheath disorganization of the auditory nerve. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm that a strong acoustic trauma induced histological changes in the cochlea and auditory nerve, leading to permanent hearing loss.

A dominant mutation in MAPKAPK3, an actor of p38 signaling pathway, causes a new retinal dystrophy involving Bruch's membrane and retinal pigment epithelium.

Inherited retinal dystrophies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous with significant number of cases remaining genetically unresolved. We studied a large family from the West Indies islands with a peculiar retinal disease, the Martinique crinkled retinal pigment epitheliopathy that begins around the age of 30 with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane changes resembling a dry desert land and ends with a retinitis pigmentosa. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous c.518T>C (p.Leu173Pro) mutation in MAPKAPK3 that segregates with the disease in 14 affected and 28 unaffected siblings from three generations. This unknown variant is predicted to be damaging by bioinformatic predictive tools and the mutated protein to be non-functional by crystal structure analysis. MAPKAPK3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase of the p38 signaling pathway that is activated by a variety of stress stimuli and is implicated in cellular responses and gene regulation. In contrast to other tissues, MAPKAPK3 is highly expressed in the RPE, suggesting a crucial role for retinal physiology. Expression of the mutated allele in HEK cells revealed a mislocalization of the protein in the cytoplasm, leading to cytoskeleton alteration and cytodieresis inhibition. In Mapkapk3-/- mice, Bruch's membrane is irregular with both abnormal thickened and thinned portions. In conclusion, we identified the first pathogenic mutation in MAPKAPK3 associated with a retinal disease. These findings shed new lights on Bruch's membrane/RPE pathophysiology and will open studies of this signaling pathway in diseases with RPE and Bruch's membrane alterations, such as age-related macular degeneration.

A hemocyanin-derived antimicrobial peptide from the penaeid shrimp adopts an alpha-helical structure that specifically permeabilizes fungal membranes.

BACKGROUND: Hemocyanins are respiratory proteins with multiple functions. In diverse crustaceans hemocyanins can release histidine-rich antimicrobial peptides in response to microbial challenge. In penaeid shrimp, strictly antifungal peptides are released from the C-terminus of hemocyanins. METHODS: The three-dimensional structure of the antifungal peptide PvHCt from Litopenaeus vannamei was determined by NMR. Its mechanism of action against the shrimp pathogen Fusarium oxysporum was investigated using immunochemistry, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: PvHCt folded into an amphipathic α-helix in membrane-mimicking media and displayed a random conformation in aqueous environment. In contact with F. oxysporum, PvHCt bound massively to the surface of fungal hyphae without being imported into the cytoplasm. At minimal inhibitory concentrations, PvHCt made the fungal membrane permeable to SYTOX-green and fluorescent dextran beads of 4 kDa. Higher size beads could not enter the cytoplasm. Therefore, PvHCt likely creates local damages to the fungal membrane. While the fungal cell wall appeared preserved, gradual degeneration of the cytoplasm most often resulting in cell lysis was observed in fungal spores and hyphae. In the remaining fungal cells, PvHCt induced a protective response by the formation of daughter hyphae. CONCLUSION: The massive accumulation of PvHCt at the surface of fungal hyphae and subsequent insertion into the plasma membrane disrupt its integrity as a permeability barrier, leading to disruption of internal homeostasis and fungal death. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The histidine-rich antimicrobial peptide PvHCt derived from shrimp hemocyanin is a strictly antifungal peptide, which adopts an amphipathic α-helical structure, and selectively binds to and permeabilizes fungal cells.

Retroviral GAG proteins recruit AGO2 on viral RNAs without affecting RNA accumulation and translation.

Cellular micro(mi)RNAs are able to recognize viral RNAs through imperfect micro-homologies. Similar to the miRNA-mediated repression of cellular translation, this recognition is thought to tether the RNAi machinery, in particular Argonaute 2 (AGO2) on viral messengers and eventually to modulate virus replication. Here, we unveil another pathway by which AGO2 can interact with retroviral mRNAs. We show that AGO2 interacts with the retroviral Group Specific Antigen (GAG) core proteins and preferentially binds unspliced RNAs through the RNA packaging sequences without affecting RNA stability or eliciting translation repression. Using RNAi experiments, we provide evidences that these interactions, observed with both the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and the primate foamy virus 1 (PFV-1), are required for retroviral replication. Taken together, our results place AGO2 at the core of the retroviral life cycle and reveal original AGO2 functions that are not related to miRNAs and translation repression.

A comparative ultrastructure study of the tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus in the hydrated state, after desiccation and during the process of rehydration.

Tardigrades can survive hostile environments such as desiccation by adopting a state of anhydrobiosis. Numerous tardigrade species have been described thus far, and recent genome and transcriptome analyses revealed that several distinct strategies were employed to cope with harsh environments depending on the evolutionary lineages. Detailed analyses at the cellular and subcellular levels are essential to complete these data. In this work, we analyzed a tardigrade species that can withstand rapid dehydration, Ramazzottius varieornatus. Surprisingly, we noted an absence of the anhydrobiotic-specific extracellular structure previously described for the Hypsibius exemplaris species. Both Ramazzottius varieornatus and Hypsibius exemplaris belong to the same evolutionary class of Eutardigrada. Nevertheless, our observations reveal discrepancies in the anhydrobiotic structures correlated with the variation in the anhydrobiotic mechanisms.

The Wolfram-like variant WFS1E864K destabilizes MAM and compromises autophagy and mitophagy in human and mice.

Dominant variants in WFS1 (wolframin ER transmembrane glycoprotein), the gene coding for a mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (MAM) resident protein, have been associated with Wolfram-like syndrome (WLS). In vitro and in vivo, WFS1 loss results in reduced ER to mitochondria calcium (Ca2+) transfer, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced macroautophagy/autophagy and mitophagy. However, in the WLS pathological context, whether the mutant protein triggers the same cellular processes is unknown. Here, we show that in human fibroblasts and murine neuronal cultures the WLS protein WFS1E864K leads to decreases in mitochondria bioenergetics and Ca2+ uptake, deregulation of the mitochondrial quality system mechanisms, and alteration of the autophagic flux. Moreover, in the Wfs1E864K mouse, these alterations are concomitant with a decrease of MAM number. These findings reveal pathophysiological similarities between WS and WLS, highlighting the importance of WFS1 for MAM's integrity and functionality. It may open new treatment perspectives for patients with WLS.Abbreviations: BafA1: bafilomycin A1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HSPA9/GRP75: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 9; ITPR/IP3R: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; MAM: mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane; MCU: mitochondrial calcium uniporter; MFN2: mitofusin 2; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ROT/AA: rotenone+antimycin A; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1; WLS: Wolfram-like syndrome; WS: Wolfram syndrome; WT: wild-type.

The human OPA1delTTAG mutation induces premature age-related systemic neurodegeneration in mouse.

Dominant optic atrophy is a rare inherited optic nerve degeneration caused by mutations in the mitochondrial fusion gene OPA1. Recently, the clinical spectrum of dominant optic atrophy has been extended to frequent syndromic forms, exhibiting various degrees of neurological and muscle impairments frequently found in mitochondrial diseases. Although characterized by a specific loss of retinal ganglion cells, the pathophysiology of dominant optic atrophy is still poorly understood. We generated an Opa1 mouse model carrying the recurrent Opa1(delTTAG) mutation, which is found in 30% of all patients with dominant optic atrophy. We show that this mouse displays a multi-systemic poly-degenerative phenotype, with a presentation associating signs of visual failure, deafness, encephalomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia and cardiomyopathy. Moreover, we found premature age-related axonal and myelin degenerations, increased autophagy and mitophagy and mitochondrial supercomplex instability preceding degeneration and cell death. Thus, these results support the concept that Opa1 protects against neuronal degeneration and opens new perspectives for the exploration and the treatment of mitochondrial diseases.

Wfs1E864K knock-in mice illuminate the fundamental role of Wfs1 in endocochlear potential production.

Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder encompassing diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy, hearing loss (HL) as well as neurological disorders. None of the animal models of the pathology are presenting with an early onset HL, impeding the understanding of the role of Wolframin (WFS1), the protein responsible for WS, in the auditory pathway. We generated a knock-in mouse, the Wfs1E864K line, presenting a human mutation leading to severe deafness in affected individuals. The homozygous mice showed a profound post-natal HL and vestibular syndrome, a collapse of the endocochlear potential (EP) and a devastating alteration of the stria vascularis and neurosensory epithelium. The mutant protein prevented the localization to the cell surface of the Na+/K+ATPase ß1 subunit, a key protein for the maintenance of the EP. Overall, our data support a key role of WFS1 in the maintenance of the EP and the stria vascularis, via its binding partner, the Na+/K+ATPase ß1 subunit.

Meisosomes, folded membrane microdomains between the apical extracellular matrix and epidermis.

Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) form a physical barrier to the environment. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the epidermal aECM, the cuticle, is composed mainly of different types of collagen, associated in circumferential ridges separated by furrows. Here, we show that in mutants lacking furrows, the normal intimate connection between the epidermis and the cuticle is lost, specifically at the lateral epidermis, where, in contrast to the dorsal and ventral epidermis, there are no hemidesmosomes. At the ultrastructural level, there is a profound alteration of structures that we term 'meisosomes,' in reference to eisosomes in yeast. We show that meisosomes are composed of stacked parallel folds of the epidermal plasma membrane, alternately filled with cuticle. We propose that just as hemidesmosomes connect the dorsal and ventral epidermis, above the muscles, to the cuticle, meisosomes connect the lateral epidermis to it. Moreover, furrow mutants present marked modifications of the biomechanical properties of their skin and exhibit a constitutive damage response in the epidermis. As meisosomes co-localise to macrodomains enriched in phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate, they could conceivably act, like eisosomes, as signalling platforms, to relay tensile information from the aECM to the underlying epidermis, as part of an integrated stress response to damage.

Nuclear Lipid Droplet Birth during Replicative Stress.

The nuclear membrane defines the boundaries that confine, protect and shape the genome. As such, its blebbing, ruptures and deformations are known to compromise the integrity of genetic material. Yet, drastic transitions of the nuclear membrane such as its invagination towards the nucleoplasm or its capacity to emit nuclear lipid droplets (nLD) have not been evaluated with respect to their impact on genome dynamics. To begin assessing this, in this work we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model to ask whether a selection of genotoxins can trigger the formation of nLD. We report that nLD formation is not a general feature of all genotoxins, but of those engendering replication stress. Exacerbation of endogenous replication stress by genetic tools also elicited nLD formation. When exploring the lipid features of the nuclear membrane at the base of this emission, we revealed a link with the unsaturation profile of its phospholipids and, for the first time, of its sterol content. We propose that stressed replication forks may stimulate nLD birth by anchoring to the inner nuclear membrane, provided that the lipid context is adequate. Further, we point to a transcriptional feed-back process that counteracts the membrane's proneness to emit nLD. With nLD representing platforms onto which genome-modifying reactions can occur, our findings highlight them as important players in the response to replication stress.

Nuclear ingression of cytoplasmic bodies accompanies a boost in autophagy.

Membrane contact sites are functional nodes at which organelles reorganize metabolic pathways and adapt to changing cues. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the nuclear envelope subdomain surrounding the nucleolus, very plastic and prone to expansion, can establish contacts with the vacuole and be remodeled in response to various metabolic stresses. While using genotoxins with unrelated purposes, we serendipitously discovered a fully new remodeling event at this nuclear subdomain: the nuclear envelope partitions into its regular contact with the vacuole and a dramatic internalization within the nucleus. This leads to the nuclear engulfment of a globular, cytoplasmic portion. In spite of how we discovered it, the phenomenon is likely DNA damage-independent. We define lipids supporting negative curvature, such as phosphatidic acid and sterols, as bona fide drivers of this event. Mechanistically, we suggest that the engulfment of the cytoplasm triggers a suction phenomenon that enhances the docking of proton pump-containing vesicles with the vacuolar membrane, which we show matches a boost in autophagy. Thus, our findings unveil an unprecedented remodeling of the nucleolus-surrounding membranes with impact on metabolic adaptation.

The Syp1/FCHo2 protein induces septin filament bundling through its intrinsically disordered domain.

The septin collar of budding yeast is an ordered array of septin filaments that serves a scaffolding function for the cytokinetic machinery at the bud neck and compartmentalizes the membrane between mother and daughter cell. How septin architecture is aided by septin-binding proteins is largely unknown. Syp1 is an endocytic protein that was implicated in the timely recruitment of septins to the newly forming collar through an unknown mechanism. Using advanced microscopy and in vitro reconstitution assays, we show that Syp1 is able to align laterally and tightly pack septin filaments, thereby forming flat bundles or sheets. This property is shared by the Syp1 mammalian counterpart FCHo2, thus emphasizing conserved protein functions. Interestingly, the septin-bundling activity of Syp1 resides mainly in its intrinsically disordered region. Our data uncover the mechanism through which Syp1 promotes septin collar assembly and offer another example of functional diversity of unstructured protein domains.

Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Patients with Severe COPD into Functional Airway Epithelium.

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a major cause of mortality and disability, is a complex disease with heterogeneous and ill-understood biological mechanisms. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a promising tool to model human disease, including the impact of genetic susceptibility. Methods: We developed a simple and reliable method for reprogramming peripheral blood mononuclear cells into hiPSCs and to differentiate them into air−liquid interface bronchial epithelium within 45 days. Importantly, this method does not involve any cell sorting step. We reprogrammed blood cells from one healthy control and three patients with very severe COPD. Results: The mean cell purity at the definitive endoderm and ventral anterior foregut endoderm (vAFE) stages was >80%, assessed by quantifying C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4/SRY-Box Transcription Factor 17 (CXCR4/SOX17) and NK2 Homeobox 1 (NKX2.1) expression, respectively. vAFE cells from all four hiPSC lines differentiated into bronchial epithelium in air−liquid interface conditions, with large zones covered by beating ciliated, basal, goblets, club cells and neuroendocrine cells, as found in vivo. The hiPSC-derived airway epithelium (iALI) from patients with very severe COPD and from the healthy control were undistinguishable. Conclusions: iALI bronchial epithelium is ready for better understanding lung disease pathogenesis and accelerating drug discovery.

SPACR Encoded by IMPG1 Is Essential for Photoreceptor Survival by Interplaying between the Interphotoreceptor Matrix and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.

Several pathogenic variants have been reported in the IMPG1 gene associated with the inherited retinal disorders vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). IMPG1 and its paralog IMPG2 encode for two proteoglycans, SPACR and SPACRCAN, respectively, which are the main components of the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM), the extracellular matrix surrounding the photoreceptor cells. To determine the role of SPACR in the pathological mechanisms leading to RP and VMD, we generated a knockout mouse model lacking Impg1, the mouse ortholog. Impg1-deficient mice show abnormal accumulation of autofluorescent deposits visible by fundus imaging and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and attenuated electroretinogram responses from 9 months of age. Furthermore, SD-OCT of Impg1-/- mice shows a degeneration of the photoreceptor layer, and transmission electron microscopy shows a disruption of the IPM and the retinal pigment epithelial cells. The decrease in the concentration of the chromophore 11-cis-retinal supports this loss of photoreceptors. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the essential role of SPACR in maintaining photoreceptors. Impg1-/- mice provide a novel model for mechanistic investigations and the development of therapies for VMD and RP caused by IMPG1 pathogenic variants.