Epidemiology of dementia and its burden in the city of Kolkata, India.

OBJECTIVES: Increase in aging population is expected to lead to increasing prevalence of dementia in India. In this study, we aimed to determine prevalence, incidence, and mortality of dementia and its subtypes and assess dementia burden in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALY). METHODS: A community study was conducted over 5 years (2003-2008) in Kolkata, India, on 100,802 (males 53,209) randomly selected subjects to assess prevalence and capture data on incident cases and deaths. Standard case definitions were used. The data were used to estimate years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality, years of life lived with disability (YLD), and DALY, based on Global Burden of Disease 2010 approach. RESULTS: During 2003-2004, there were 103 (men 55) cases of dementia. The prevalence was 1.53% (age adjusted 1.12%) at age ≥65 years. In those ≥55 years age, average annual incidence rate of dementia was 72.57 per 100,000. All-cause standardized mortality ratio in dementia cases was 4.74 (men 6.19, women 3.03). The burden of dementia in 2007-2008 revealed that overall YLL was 47.13 per 100,000 and YLD ranged from 1.87 to 16.95 per 100,000 depending on the clinical severity of dementia. The overall DALY lost per 100,000 due to dementia for the year 2007-2008 was 74.19. CONCLUSIONS: This community study revealed a low prevalence and incidence of dementia with consequent low DALY-derived burden of illness compared with many industrialized nations. YLL formed major component of DALY indicating premature mortality to be an outcome of dementia burden. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Prevalence, burden, and risk factors of migraine: A community-based study from Eastern India.

BACKGROUND: Headache is common in communities; however, epidemiological research regarding its prevalence is infrequent in India. AIM: We planned to study the prevalence of migraine, its disease burden, and the associated risk factors. SETTING AND DESIGN: This is an urban community study conducted in Kolkata with a cross-sectional and nested case-control design. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The criteria to study headache among a representative sample (aged 20-50 years) was based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders-II. Sex- and age-matched controls without headache were evaluated for putative risk factors. The disease burden was measured as disability adjusted life years (DALY). RESULTS: Screening of 2421 individuals revealed that the 1-year prevalence of migraine was 14.12%. Education, environmental exposure, travel, and oral contraceptives determine approximately 75% of the underlying risks. DALY showed maximum burden among women in the age range of between 30 and 34 years. CONCLUSION: The community-based prevalence of migraine in India is similar to that observed in other countries except Africa. The burden was maximum among women. The risk factors responsible for migraine should be addressed and institution of public health measures are warranted.

Correlates of functional outcome among stroke survivors in a developing country--a prospective community-based study from India.

Stroke survivors (SS) are rising with higher incidence of stroke in developing countries. In addition to physical impairment, other factors such as cognition, social interaction, and depression determine the functional outcome after stroke. Considering the paucity of data from developing countries, we planned to determine the change in various functional parameters among SS. This community-based prospective study was carried out in Kolkata, India among 283 SS between 2006 and 2010. Functional outcome was assessed at baseline and at 3 annual follow-up visits using validated tools. A stepwise regression analysis was performed with demographic and stroke-related covariates against various measures of functional outcome. Result showed that mean Barthel Index score at baseline was 76.4 ± 30.8. Bengali version of mental status examination and Geriatric Depression Scale scores trended down over time with a negative regression coefficient of -.2061 (standard error [SE], .0937) and -.4488 (SE, .2145). Other outcomes did not change. Female gender, depression, and cognitive dysfunction had an unfavorable impact, whereas education correlated positively. In conclusions female gender and neuropsychiatric disturbances showed poor functional outcome compared with education, which correlates with better outcome. This information will be helpful for patients in developing countries for planning stroke rehabilitation.

Simplified basic periodontal examination (BPE) in children and adolescents: a guide for general dental practitioners.

UNLABELLED: Dental plaque-induced periodontal diseases are common in children and adults. Guidelines were previously not available for the periodontal screening of under 18s. However, new guidelines have been introduced by the British Society of Periodontology and the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry which set out recommendations for the periodontal screening and management of under 18s in primary dental care. This article provides a practical guide for general dental practitioners on how to use the BPE in children and adolescents, and highlights the importance of early detection and management of periodontal diseases in this age group. A failure to use the modified BPE in a young patient who is later diagnosed with periodontitis may leave a dentist vulnerable to a medico-legal complaint or claim. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: New BPE guidelines for children and adolescents have been introduced by the BSPD and BSP; it is important that all dentists are aware of these guidelines and how to implement them in general practice.

Disease burden of stroke in Kolkata, India: derivation of disability-adjusted life years by a direct method.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a new time-based measure of disease burden incorporating both disability and mortality. Our study aims to determine the DALYs lost due to stroke using a direct methodology and the implications. METHODS: A population-based, house-to-house, 2-stage, prospective study on stroke was conducted over 7 years in Kolkata, India, on 100,802 randomly selected subjects to capture the incident cases of first-ever stroke and those with fatal stroke. The data were utilized to estimate years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and DALYs lost. RESULTS: Over 7 years, there were 763 incident cases of first-ever stroke; of these, 320 had a fatal stroke within 30 days and 443 were stroke survivors. The overall DALYs lost due to stroke were computed as 795.57 per 100,000 person-years (730.43 in men and 552.86 in women). The overall YLL and YLD values were 593.14 and 202.43 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The YLLs comprised 74.5% of the total DALYs. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in India where DALYs lost due to stroke were derived by a direct method. High YLL values demand urgent measures for controlling premature stroke death.

Depression among stroke survivors: a community-based, prospective study from Kolkata, India.

OBJECTIVE: Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a disabling entity among stroke survivors (SS). Longitudinal studies on PSD, essential to determine its prognosis, are lacking from developing countries. This prospective study was undertaken to assess the prevalence, natural history, and correlates of depression among SS in an Indian community. METHODS: From a community based stroke registry, SS were assessed annually for cognition, disability, and depression using Bengali validated scales. PSD was diagnosed if score on geriatric depression scale was greater than or equal to 21. Complex sample strategy was considered when calculating prevalence of post stroke depression. An age- and sex-matched case-control study was undertaken to determine the odds of depression in SS. RESULTS: Prevalence of PSD was 36.98% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.89%-42.06%) among 241 patients assessed at baseline. About 17% developed depression annually and a similar proportion had spontaneous improvement. Peak rate of PSD was beyond 3 months and continued up to 18 months after stroke. Compared to the non-depressed group, PSD subjects were significantly older, had higher age at first stroke, less education, lower socioeconomic status, and greater cognitive impairment and disability. Education had a protective role. Mortality in PSD was nearly twice that in non-depressed patients, though not significant statistically (hazard ratio: 1.84; 95% CI: 0.90-3.77). Compared with controls, odds ratio of PSD was 19.95 (95% CI: 10.09-39.47). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of SS develop PSD, similar to developed countries. Prevalence remains stable annually. Delayed peak of PSD suggested later realization of underlying disability. Predictors of PSD have been described and higher literacy was protective in this study.

Early and delayed fatality of stroke in Kolkata, India: results from a 7-year longitudinal population-based study.

There is no previously published well-designed study on long-term outcome of stroke from India. The present study has examined the case fatality rate and survival pattern in patients with stroke in a stratified, randomly selected sample from a large Indian metropolitan area. This prospective study was conducted over 7 years (March 2003 to February 2010) using a validated questionnaire administered by a field team and headed by a neurologist. A cross-sectional house-to-house survey was repeated twice yearly. A verbal autopsy was performed to assess cases of death. The Kaplan-Meier method was applied for survival analysis. A cohort of 763 stroke cases were followed up. The overall stroke fatality was approximately 59% at 5 years and 61% at 7 years. Early fatality was 33% within 7 days and 42% within 30 days. Men were at greater risk of death than women. Logistic regression analysis revealed male sex and diabetes to be important predictors of fatality. The majority of deaths were attributable to the index stroke (70%), followed by recurrent stroke (19%) and cardiovascular causes (7%). Beyond the first year, recurrent stroke was by far the most common cause of death. Median survival time exceeded the 84-month observation period when 30-day fatalities were excluded. Early stroke fatality is higher in this study compared with reports from developed countries, but long-term survival is similar. Beyond 1 year, the causes of stroke fatality are similar to that reported in other Asian populations. Access to acute stroke care and appropriate preventive strategy are urgently needed to reduce early stroke fatality in India.

When (and when not) to use the Dahl Concept.

The Dahl Concept describes the re-establishment of occlusal contacts after the provision of a planned localised appliance or restoration in supraocclusion. Initially developed to create space for prosthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth suffering from localised wear, the principle has later been successfully applied to a variety of situations, including the Hall technique and resin-bonded bridges cemented in supraocclusion. Despite high levels of success seen in the relevant literature and widespread adoption in specialist care, the wider profession appears to be far more cautious in its use. This article aims to provide a brief summary of the Dahl Concept and discuss the local and general factors that influence its successful implementation in the hope of promoting its increased adoption by the broader dental profession.

Avoiding and managing the failure of conventional crowns and bridges.

UNLABELLED: The replacement of crowns and bridges is a common procedure for many dental practitioners. When correctly planned and executed, fixed prostheses will provide predictable function, aesthetics and value for money. However, when done poorly, they are more likely to fail prematurely and lead to irreversible damage to the teeth and supporting structures beneath. Sound diagnosis, assessment and technical skills are essential when dealing with failed or failing fixed restorations. These skills are essential for the 21st century dentist. This paper, with treated clinical examples, illustrates the areas of technical skill and clinical decisions needed for this type of work. It also provides advice on how the risk of premature failure can, in general, be further reduced. The article also confirms the very real risk in the UK of dento-legal problems when patients experience unexpected problems with their crowns and bridges. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This paper outlines clinical implications of failed fixed prosthodontics to the dental surgeon. It also discusses factors that we can all use to predict and reduce the risk of premature restoration failure. Restoration design, clinical execution and patient factors are the most frequent reasons for premature problems. It is worth remembering (and informing patients) that the health of the underlying supporting dental tissue is often irreversibly compromised at the time of fixed restoration failure.

A restorative approach to the clinical and aesthetic management of adult patients with Class II division 2 incisor malocclusions.

UNLABELLED: A Class II division 2 incisor malocclusion may be a cause of aesthetic and/or functional concern for some affected patients. Their particular concerns may include dark spaces around the misaligned teeth or uneven gingival contours. Orthodontic and/or orthognathic treatment can address some of these problems but frequently involves lengthy and expensive treatment in the adult dentition. Sadly, such treatment often produces an unstable result, with significant drawbacks such as the requirement for long-term retention. This article aims to describe alternative strategies for managing patients with this incisor malocclusion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This paper outlines a quicker, pragmatic and minimally destructive restorative treatment alternative to conventional orthodontic treatment and the associated long-term retention.

Oral disease prevention for older people.

This opinion paper reviews trends in oral disease and its management in older people, in response to a challenge, in an editorial in The Lancet, to the traditional curative model of dentistry and the publication of the most recent Adult Dental Health Survey. It highlights the challenge of an ageing population and its oral health needs and management. Professional issues in relation to preventive care are discussed with emphasis on the importance of identifying patient risk and providing preventive care, together with improving the uptake of dental care among older people.

Burden among stroke caregivers: results of a community-based study from Kolkata, India.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke causes significant caregiver (CG) stress, which is under-reported in India. This study assesses the financial, physical, psychological, and family burden on CG of stroke patients in an urban community. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of stroke patients and CG were selected from a community-based registry using validated scales through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: Data were available from 199 stroke survivors and a similar number of CG. Increased workload, related anxiety and depression, and sleep disturbance were reported by 70%, 76%, and 43% of CG, respectively, whereas >80% reported financial worry, which was greater among slum dwellers and less educated families. CG of patients with dementia and depression experienced greater stress. Female CG received more appreciation and family bonding was well-maintained. CONCLUSIONS: Financial stress was prominent and common among the socioeconomically weaker section. Psychological stress is similar to that of other studies. Women CG received greater appreciation. Family bonding was well-preserved in contrast to that of a western report.

A longitudinal study of epilepsy in Kolkata, India.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of epilepsy in the city of Kolkata, India. This is the first such longitudinal study in a heterogeneous urban Indian population. METHODS: A two-stage door-to-door survey of a stratified random sample was undertaken within the municipal limits of Kolkata. Trained field workers detected and interviewed the cases using a simple screening questionnaire, and the detailed follow-up was done by neurologists. The survey was conducted annually for five consecutive years from March 2003 through February 2008. RESULTS: A total of 52,377 (52.74% men) individuals were screened. There were 309 prevalent and 66 incident cases of active epilepsy. The prevalence and average annual incidence rate (AAIR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), age-standardized to World Standard Population, were 572.8 (509.79-641.54) per 100,000 and 27.27 (21.03-34.80) per 100,000 per year, respectively. The age-specific incidence rates of epilepsy showed bimodal distribution. During the 5-year period, 20 cases of active epilepsy died. The average annual mortality rate (AAMR) was 7.63 (95% CI 4.45-11.26) per 100,000 population per year. Compared to the general population of Kolkata, the all-cause standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for persons with epilepsy was 2.58 overall (men 3.67; women 1.77). There was no significant difference between slum and nonslum dwellers in epidemiologic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The AAIR of epilepsy is comparable to that observed in developed countries, but AAMR is higher. The all-cause SMR for epilepsy relative to the general population is, however, similar to that of developed nations.

Calcium channel blocker induced gingival enlargement following implant placement in a fibula free flap reconstruction of the mandible: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Gingival tissue enlargement is a common side effect of antiepileptic medications (e.g. phenytoin and sodium valproate), immunosuppressing drugs (e.g. cyclosporine) and calcium channel blockers (e.g. nifedipine, verapamil, amlodipine) (Murakami et al. 2018, Clin Periodontol 45:S17-S27, 2018). The clinical and histological appearances of lesions caused by these drugs are indistinguishable from one another (Murakami et al. 2018, Clin Periodontol 45:S17-S27, 2018). Drug-induced gingival enlargement is rarely seen in edentulous patients. CASE PRESENTATION: This case presents a 72-year-old female with a history of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth treated with surgical excision and fibula-free flap reconstruction. Following the uncovering of osseointegrated implants placed in the fibular-free flap, the patient developed gingival enlargement of the floor of the mouth. Cessation of amlodipine and switching to an alternative medication lead to a resolution of the enlarged tissue. CONCLUSIONS: This case illustrates that gingival enlargement can occur around dental implants, most notably in rehabilitation cases in patients who have had head and neck cancer. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of gingival enlargement in hypertensive patients taking calcium channel blockers prior to implant placement.

Mandibular implant-retained complete overdenture using retentive abutments: a case report.

UNLABELLED: An implant-retained complete lower denture is considered by many as the gold standard in the oral rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible. Its relative simplicity, minimal invasiveness, predictability, efficacy and affordability make it an attractive treatment option. The commonly used methods for anchoring overdentures to implants utilize bars, studs and magnets. There is little evidence, however, to suggest that any one method is significantly superior to another. This paper reviews treatment options available to restore the edentulous mandible and also reports on a patient treated using the Locator system, which is a relatively new type of stud attachment. This case report describes a chairside technique using the Locator system to retain a complete lower denture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The Locator system provides the dental practitioner with a useful attachment option for patients requiring an implant-retained overdenture.

A prospective community-based study of stroke in Kolkata, India.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Information on essential stroke parameters are lacking in India. This population-based study on stroke disorder was undertaken in the city of Kolkata, India, to determine the subtypes, prevalence, incidence, and case fatality rates of stroke. METHODS: This was a longitudinal descriptive study comprising 2-stage door-to-door survey of a stratified randomly selected sample of the city population, conducted twice per year for 2 successive years from March 2003 to February 2005. RESULTS: Out of the screened population of 52,377 (27 626 men, 24 751 women), the age standardized prevalence rate of stroke to world standard population is 545.10 (95% CI, 479.86 to 617.05) per 100,000 persons. The age standardized average annual incidence rate to world standard population of first-ever-in-a-lifetime stroke is 145.30 (95% CI, 120.39 to 174.74) per 100,000 persons per year. Thirty-day case fatality rate is 41.08% (95% CI, 30.66 to 53.80). Women have higher incidence and case fatality rates. Despite divergence on socioeconomic status between the slum and nonslum dwellers, stroke parameters were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The age standardized prevalence and incidence rates of stroke in this study are similar to or higher than many Western nations. The overall case fatality rate is among the highest category of stroke fatality in the world. The women have higher incidence and case fatality rates compared with men.