Fluoride Doping Na3 Al2/3 V4/3 (PO4 )3 Microspheres As Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries with Multielectron Redox.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are potential candidates for large energy storage usage because of the natural abundance and cheap sodium. Nevertheless, improving the energy density and cycling steadiness of SIB cathodes remains a challenge. In this work, F-doping Na3 Al2/3 V4/3 (PO4 )3 (NAVP) microspheres (Na3 Al2/3 V4/3 (PO4 )2.9 F0.3 (NAVPF)) are synthesized via spray drying and investigated as SIB cathodes. XRD and Rietveld refinement reveal expanded lattice parameters for NAVPF compared to the undoped sample, and the successful cation doping into the Na superionic conductor (NASICON) framework improves Na+ diffusion channels. The NAVPF delivers an ultrahigh capacity of 148 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 with 90.8% retention after 200 cycles, enabled by the activation of V2+ /V5+ multielectron reaction. Notably, NAVPF delivers an ultrahigh rate performance, with a discharge capacity of 83.6 mAh g-1 at 5000 mA g-1 . In situ XRD demonstrates solid-solution reactions occurred during charge-discharge of NAVPF without two-phase reactions, indicating enhanced structural stability after F-doped. The full cell with NAVPF cathode and Na+ preintercalated hard carbon anode shows a large discharge capacity of 100 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 with 80.2% retention after 100 cycles. This anion doping strategy creates a promising SIB cathode candidate for future high-energy-density energy storage applications.

Coordinating the Edge Defects of Bismuth with Sulfur for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction to Formate.

Bismuth-based materials have been recognized as promising catalysts for the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2 RR). However, they show poor selectivity due to competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this study, we have developed an edge defect modulation strategy for Bi by coordinating the edge defects of bismuth (Bi) with sulfur, to promote ECO2 RR selectivity and inhibit the competing HER. The prepared catalysts demonstrate excellent product selectivity, with a high HCOO- Faraday efficiency of ≈95 % and an HCOO- partial current of ≈250 mA cm-2 under alkaline electrolytes. Density function theory calculations reveal that sulfur tends to bind to the Bi edge defects, reducing the coordination-unsaturated Bi sites (*H adsorption sites), and regulating the charge states of neighboring Bi sites to improve *OCHO adsorption. This work deepens our understanding of ECO2 RR mechanism on bismuth-based catalysts, guiding for the design of advanced ECO2 RR catalysts.

Homogeneous Adsorption of Multiple Potassiation Products of Red Phosphorus Anode toward Stable Potassium Storage.

Potassium ion batteries (PIBs) are a viable alternative to lithium-ion batteries for energy storage. Red phosphorus (RP) has attracted a great deal of interest as an anode for PIBs owing to its cheapness, ideal electrode potential, and high theoretical specific capacity. However, the direct preparation of phosphorus-carbon composites usually results in exposure of the RP to the exterior of the carbon layer, which can lead to the deactivation of the active material and the production of "dead phosphorus". Here, the advantage of the π-π bond conjugated structure and high catalytic activity of metal phthalocyanine (MPc) is used to prepare MPc@RP/C composites as a highly stable anode for PIBs. It is shown that the introduction of MPc greatly improves the uneven distribution of the carbon layer on RP, and thus improves the initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of PIBs (the ICE of FePc@RP/C is 75.5% relative to 62.9% of RP/C). The addition of MPc promotes the growth of solid electrolyte interphase with high mechanical strength, improving the cycle stability of PIBs (the discharge-specific capacity of FePc@RP/C is 411.9 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.05 A g-1). Besides, density functional theory theoretical calculations show that MPc exhibits homogeneous adsorption energies for multiple potassiation products, thereby improving the electrochemical reactivity of RP. The use of organic molecules with high electrocatalytic activity provides a universal approach for designing superior high-capacity, large-volume expansion anodes for PIBs.

Co-Solvent Electrolyte Design to Inhibit Phase Transition toward High Performance K+ /Zn2+ Hybrid Battery.

Manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF) is one of the most promising cathode materials for aqueous battery because of its non-toxicity, high energy density, and low cost. But the phase transition from MnHCF to Zinc hexacyanoferrate (ZnHCF) and the larger Stokes radius of Zn2+ cause rapid capacity decay and poor rate performance in aqueous Zn battery. Hence, to overcome this challenge, a solvation structure of propylene carbonate (PC)-trifluoromethanesulfonate (Otf)-H2 O is designed and constructed. A K+ /Zn2+ hybrid battery is prepared using MnHCF as cathode, zinc metal as anode, KOTf/Zn(OTf)2 as the electrolyte, and PC as the co-solvent. It is revealed that the addition of PC inhabits the phase transition from MnHCF to ZnHCF, broaden the electrochemical stability window, and inhibits the dendrite growth of zinc metal. Hence, the MnHCF/Zn hybrid co-solvent battery exhibits a reversible capacity of 118 mAh g-1 and high cycling performance, with a capacity retention of 65.6% after 1000 cycles with condition of 1 A g-1 . This work highlights the significance of rationally designing the solvation structure of the electrolyte and promotes the development of high-energy-density of aqueous hybrid ion batteries.

Surface passivation for highly active, selective, stable, and scalable CO2 electroreduction.

Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formic acid using Bismuth catalysts is one the most promising pathways for industrialization. However, it is still difficult to achieve high formic acid production at wide voltage intervals and industrial current densities because the Bi catalysts are often poisoned by oxygenated species. Herein, we report a Bi3S2 nanowire-ascorbic acid hybrid catalyst that simultaneously improves formic acid selectivity, activity, and stability at high applied voltages. Specifically, a more than 95% faraday efficiency was achieved for the formate formation over a wide potential range above 1.0 V and at ampere-level current densities. The observed excellent catalytic performance was attributable to a unique reconstruction mechanism to form more defective sites while the ascorbic acid layer further stabilized the defective sites by trapping the poisoning hydroxyl groups. When used in an all-solid-state reactor system, the newly developed catalyst achieved efficient production of pure formic acid over 120 hours at 50 mA cm-2 (200 mA cell current).

Potential cost-effectiveness of a rotavirus immunization program in rural China.

BACKGROUND: To assess the incidence and economic burden of rotavirus diarrhea and the potential cost-effectiveness of a rotavirus immunization program in rural Zhengding County in Hebei Province, China. METHODS: Population-based surveillance was conducted during the peak season for diarrhea among children who were <5 years of age in Zhengding County from 14 October 2004 through 19 January 2005. The cost of illness was measured from the perspectives of both patient and society. A decision-analytic model was applied to the cost-effectiveness analysis using real data derived from surveillance and from a cost-of-illness study. RESULTS: During the surveillance period, 500 episodes of diarrhea were registered. Of these 500 episodes, 125 (25%) occurred in patients who were positive for rotavirus. Of these 125 episodes, 63 (50%) occurred in patients who were hospitalized. The overall incidence rate of rotavirus infection was 61.4 cases per 1000 children per year during the 14-week epidemic season. For a Chinese cohort of 5000 newborns, a universal rotavirus immunization program would prevent 1764 cases of rotavirus diarrhea, averting 882 hospitalizations of patients

[Survey and treatment of pulmonary acariasis among the workers involving in traditional Chinese medicinal materials].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of pulmonary acariasis among the employees working on traditional Chinese medicinal materials and observe the effect of treatment. METHODS: History inquiry, detection of mites in sputum, blood examination for eosinophils and specific antibodies, x-ray chest film were carried out for 327 workers involving in traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Mites were found in sputum in 121 persons who were then treated with metronidazole, twice a day with a daily dosage of 0.8g for seven days as a course of treatment. Two courses were conducted with an interval of 7-10 day. Prevalence and morbidity in different groups of occupation, age, and sex were analyzed. RESULTS: The overall infection rate of mites in sputum was 37.0% (121/327) with an average morbidity of 12.5% (41/327). Among the four types of worker investigated, the highest infection rate (51.8%), and morbidity (18.6%) were in those working in transfer warehouse; the second highest infection rate (40.7%) and morbidity (15.7%) were in employees in factory of Chinese traditional medicine. Both groups showed a significant difference with others (chi2inf=11.36, P< 0.01; chi2inc=11.36, P<0.01). Higher morbidity was found in the middle-aged ones and those with more years of service. No difference was found between males and females (chi2=0.31, P>0.05). After treatment with metronidazole, 88.4% showed negative in sputum examination for mites and the efficacy of the treatment for pulmonary acariasis was 92.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Employees engaged in traditional Chinese medicinal materials are one of the groups at the highest risk of pulmonary acariasis. Metronidazole is effective in treating the infection.