RESUMEN
The most common response of a host to pathogens is arguably the asymptomatic response. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for asymptomatic responses to pathogens are poorly understood. Here we report on the genetic cloning of two genes controlling the asymptomatic response to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). These two genes are homologous to tobamovirus multiplication 2A (TOM2A) from Arabidopsis, which was shown to be critical for the accumulation of TMV. Expression analysis indicates that the TOM2A genes might play fundamental roles in plant development or in responses to stresses. Consistent with this hypothesis, a null allele of the TOM2A ortholog in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) led to the development of bent branches and a high tolerance to both TMV and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). However, the TOM2A ortholog in Nicotiana glauca did not account for the asymptomatic response to TMV in N. glauca. We showed that TOM2A family is plant-specific and originated from Chlorophyte, and the biological functions of TOM2A orthologs to promote TMV accumulation are highly conserved in the plant kingdom-in both TMV host and nonhost species. In addition, we showed that the interaction between tobacco TOM1 and TOM2A orthologs in plant species is conserved, suggesting a conserved nature of TOM1-TOM2A module in promoting TMV multiplication in plants. The tradeoff between host development, the resistance of hosts to pathogens, and their influence on gene evolution are discussed. Our results shed light on mechanisms that contribute to asymptomatic responses to viruses in plants and provide approaches for developing TMV/ToMV-resistant crops.
Asunto(s)
Nicotiana/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Virus del Mosaico del Tabaco/fisiología , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Nicotiana/microbiología , Replicación ViralAsunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Herbicidas/farmacología , Piridazinas/farmacología , Transducción de Señal , Tetrapirroles/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/efectos de los fármacos , Arabidopsis/fisiología , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Núcleo Celular/fisiología , Clorofila/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/efectos de los fármacos , Cloroplastos/fisiología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Mutación , Estrés Oxidativo , Fenotipo , Fotosíntesis , Plantones/efectos de los fármacos , Plantones/genética , Plantones/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Anti-proliferative peptides have recently attracted attention for their excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility. In this paper, five novel anti-proliferative peptides were identified from the hydrolysate of hybrid sturgeon spinal cord (HSSC). In addition, the structure-activity relationship of the novel anti-proliferative peptides was explored. In vitro experiments indicated that the peptide "VDSVLDVVRK" presented the highest inhibition of HeLa cell growth in all samples (IC50 = 2.5 µM). VDSVLDVVRK showed a random coil secondary structure and nanomicelles in the tumor microenvironment. Transmission electron microscopy results confirmed that nanomicelles disassemble as the concentration of VDSVLDVVRK decreases. Furthermore, VDSVLDVVRK could induce HeLa cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of Cyt-c (98.65 ± 1.85%, p < 0.01) and caspase-9 (39.85 ± 1.81%, p < 0.01). In this study, the anti-proliferative mechanism of the HSSC peptide was discussed, which provided a theoretical basis for the research and development of anti-proliferative functional food.