A rapid systematic review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high order writing: Current findings and implications for intervention.

BACKGROUND: Theoretical writing models and empirical studies have suggested a possible strong association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high order writing (e.g., planning, text production, and revising). AIM: A rapid systematic review was conducted to examine this relationship with the aim of informing writing interventions specific to the ADHD population. METHOD: A systematic search for empirical studies on ADHD and high order writing performance from the last two decades identified 18 eligible studies. RESULTS: Most studies showed that, compared to their peers, students with ADHD have more significant difficulties in high order writing performance. Writing quality and writing process (e.g., planning and editing) were identified as a challenge for ADHD students and may be more challenging than writing productivity and meta-cognitive knowledge of writing. Individuals' inattention, short-term memory, working memory, executive functions, reading, oral language skills, and externalising behavioural problems were identified as significant predictors of high order writing performance. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The findings support theoretical writing models that propose writing as a complex process influenced by multiple cognitive factors, which are commonly impaired in individuals with ADHD. Interventions specific to the identified problems are discussed.

That darn scapula: a common pitfall in interpreting the chest radiograph.

For the inexperienced interpreter of chest radiographs, the normal scapula can mimic some very common and potentially serious abnormalities. Failure to recognize this normal bony structure can lead to needless diagnostic work up and treatment. The potentially mimicked abnormalities fall into 3 major categories: lung parenchymal abnormalities, pleural abnormalities, and bone abnormalities. This report discusses scapula anatomy as it pertains to chest radiographic anatomy, and the reasons for misinterpretations, and shows examples of the scapula mimicking pathologic processes.

Hovering performance of Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna) in ground effect.

Aerodynamic performance and energetic savings for flight in ground effect are theoretically maximized during hovering, but have never been directly measured for flying animals. We evaluated flight kinematics, metabolic rates and induced flow velocities for Anna's hummingbirds hovering at heights (relative to wing length R = 5.5 cm) of 0.7R, 0.9R, 1.1R, 1.7R, 2.2R and 8R above a solid surface. Flight at heights less than or equal to 1.1R resulted in significant reductions in the body angle, tail angle, anatomical stroke plane angle, wake-induced velocity, and mechanical and metabolic power expenditures when compared with flight at the control height of 8R. By contrast, stroke plane angle relative to horizontal, wingbeat amplitude and wingbeat frequency were unexpectedly independent of height from ground. Qualitative smoke visualizations suggest that each wing generates a vortex ring during both down- and upstroke. These rings expand upon reaching the ground and present a complex turbulent interaction below the bird's body. Nonetheless, hovering near surfaces results in substantial energetic benefits for hummingbirds, and by inference for all volant taxa that either feed at flowers or otherwise fly close to plant or other surfaces.