Human Campylobacter spp. infections in Italy.

PURPOSE: Campylobacter is a frequent cause of enteric infections with common antimicrobial resistance issues. The most recent reports of campylobacteriosis in Italy include data from 2013 to 2016. We aimed to provide national epidemiological and microbiological data on human Campylobacter infections in Italy during the period 2017-2021. METHODS: Data was collected from 19 Hospitals in 13 Italian Regions. Bacterial identification was performed by mass spectrometry. Antibiograms were determined with Etest or Kirby-Bauer (EUCAST criteria). RESULTS: In total, 5419 isolations of Campylobacter spp. were performed. The most common species were C. jejuni (n = 4535, 83.7%), followed by C. coli (n = 732, 13.5%) and C. fetus (n = 34, 0.6%). The mean age of patients was 34.61 years and 57.1% were males. Outpatients accounted for 54% of the cases detected. Campylobacter were isolated from faeces in 97.3% of cases and in 2.7% from blood. C. fetus was mostly isolated from blood (88.2% of cases). We tested for antimicrobial susceptibility 4627 isolates (85.4%). Resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was 75.5% and 54.8%, respectively; resistance to erythromycin was 4.8%; clarithromycin 2% and azithromycin 2%. 50% of C. jejuni and C. coli were resistant to ≥ 2 antibiotics. Over the study period, resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines significantly decreased (p < 0.005), while resistance to macrolides remained stable. CONCLUSION: Campylobacter resistance to fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in Italy is decreasing but is still high, while macrolides retain good activity.

Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): A 5-year retrospective nationwide survey.

INTRODUCTION: A lack of updated data on the burden and profile of anaerobic bloodstream infections (ABIs) exists. We assessed the incidence of ABIs and trends in antimicrobial resistance in anaerobes isolated from blood in Italy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study on 17 Italian hospitals (2016-2020). Anaerobes isolated from blood culture and their in vitro susceptibility profiles (EUCAST-interpreted) were registered and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1960 ABIs were identified. The mean age of ABIs patients was 68.6 ± 18.5 years, 57.6% were males. The overall incidence rate of ABIs was 1.01 per 10.000 patient-days. Forty-seven% of ABIs occurred in medical wards, 17% in ICUs, 14% in surgical wards, 7% in hemato-oncology, 14% in outpatients. The three most common anti-anaerobic tested drugs were metronidazole (92%), clindamycin (89%) and amoxicillin/clavulanate (83%). The three most common isolated anaerobes were Bacteroides fragilis (n = 529), Cutibacterium acnes (n = 262) and Clostridium perfringens (n = 134). The lowest resistance rate (1.5%) was to carbapenems, whereas the highest rate (51%) was to penicillin. Clindamycin resistance was >20% for Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp. and Clostridium spp. Metronidazole resistance was 9.2% after excluding C. acnes and Actinomyces spp. Bacteroides spp. showed an increased prevalence of clindamycin resistance through the study period: 19% in 2016, 33% in 2020 (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology of ABIs in Italy, filling a gap that has existed since 1995. Caution is needed when clindamycin is used as empirical anti-anaerobic drug.

Type I sialidosis, a normosomatic lysosomal disease, in the differential diagnosis of late-onset ataxia and myoclonus: An overview.

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are rare to extremely rare monogenic disorders. Their incidence, however, has probably been underestimated owing to their complex clinical manifestations. Sialidosis is a prototypical LSD inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and caused by mutations in the NEU1 gene that result in a deficiency of alpha-N-acetyl neuraminidase 1 (NEU1). Two basic forms of this disease, type I and type II, are known. The dysmorphic type II form features LSD symptoms including congenital hydrops, dysmorphogenetic traits, hepato-splenomegaly and severe intellectual disability. The diagnosis is more challenging in the normosomatic type I forms, whose clinical findings at onset include ocular defects, ataxia and generalized myoclonus. Here we report the clinical, biochemical and molecular analysis of five patients with sialidosis type I. Two patients presented novel NEU1 mutations. One of these patients was compound heterozygous for two novel NEU1 missense mutations: c.530A>T (p.Asp177Val) and c.1010A>G (p.His337Arg), whereas a second patient was compound heterozygous for a known mutation and a novel c.839G>A (p.Arg280Gln) mutation. We discuss the impact of these new mutations on the structural properties of NEU1. We also review available clinical reports of patients with sialidosis type I, with the aim of identifying the most frequent initial clinical manifestations and achieving more focused diagnoses.

Late-Onset N-Acetylglutamate Synthase Deficiency: Report of a Paradigmatic Adult Case Presenting with Headaches and Review of the Literature.

N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency (NAGSD) is an extremely rare urea cycle disorder (UCD) with few adult cases so far described. Diagnosis of late-onset presentations is difficult and delayed treatment may increase the risk of severe hyperammonemia. We describe a 52-year-old woman with recurrent headaches who experienced an acute onset of NAGSD. As very few papers focus on headaches in UCDs, we also report a literature review of types and pathophysiologic mechanisms of UCD-related headaches. In our case, headaches had been present since puberty (3-4 days a week) and were often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, or behavioural changes. Despite three previous episodes of altered consciousness, ammonia was measured for the first time at 52 years and levels were increased. Identification of the new homozygous c.344C>T (p.Ala115Val) NAGS variant allowed the definite diagnosis of NAGSD. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that an order/disorder alteration of the mutated form could affect the arginine-binding site, resulting in poor enzyme activation and late-onset presentation. After optimized treatment for NAGSD, ammonia and amino acid levels were constantly normal and prevented other headache bouts. The manuscript underlies that headache may be the presenting symptom of UCDs and provides clues for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of late-onset NAGSD.

Evaluation of Quantamatrix dRASTTM system for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates from positive blood cultures, in comparison with commercial Micronaut broth microdilution system.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) from blood culture (BC) may take several days, limiting the eventual impact on antimicrobial stewardship. Hence, rapid AST systems represent a valuable support in shorting the time-to-response. In this work, the Quantamatrix dRASTTM system (dRAST) was evaluated for rapid AST on 100 monomicrobial BCs (50 Gram-negatives and 50 Gram-positives), including several isolates with clinically relevant resistance mechanisms. AST results were provided in 6-hours, on average. Compared to Micronaut (Merlin) system based on broth microdilution, dRAST exhibited an overall categorical agreement of 92.5 %, essential agreement of 89.0 %, and mean bias of 15.9 %. Category overestimation (potentially leading to unnecessary high-dosage treatment or to exclude active agents) and category underestimation (potentially leading to underdosing or using ineffective agents) were observed in 4.3 % and 3.1 % of cases, respectively. Even though several issues were reported, results confirmed the potential contribution of dRAST to shorten the BCs clinical microbiology workflow and management.

Evaluation of the Liquid Colony™ Produced by the FAST System for Shortening the Time of Bacterial Identification and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Detection of Resistance Mechanisms from Positive Blood Cultures.

BACKGROUND: the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Liquid Colony™ (LC) generated directly from positive blood cultures (PBCs) by the FAST System (Qvella, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada) for rapid identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) compared with the standard of care (SOC) workflow. METHODS: Anonymized PBCs were processed in parallel by the FAST System and FAST PBC Prep cartridge (35 min runtime) and SOC. ID was performed by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). AST was performed by reference broth microdilution (Merlin Diagnostika, Bornheim, Germany). Carbapenemase detection was carried out with the lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) RESIST-5 O.O.K.N.V. (Coris, Gembloux, Belgium). Polymicrobial PBCs and samples containing yeast were excluded. RESULTS: 241 PBCs were evaluated. ID results showed 100% genus-level concordance and 97.8% species-level concordance between LC and SOC. The AST results for Gram-negative bacteria showed a categorical agreement (CA) of 99.1% (1578/1593), with minor error (mE), major error (ME), and very major error (VME) rates of 0.6% (10/1593), 0.3% (3/1122), and 0.4% (2/471), respectively. The results from Gram-positive bacteria showed a CA of 99.6% (1655/1662), with mE, ME, and VME rates of 0.3% (5/1662), 0.2% (2/1279), and 0.0% (0/378), respectively. Bias evaluation revealed acceptable results for both Gram-negatives and Gram-positives (-12.4% and -6.5%, respectively). The LC yielded the detection of 14/18 carbapenemase producers by LFIA. In terms of turnaround time, the ID, AST, and carbapenemase detection results were generally obtained one day earlier with the FAST System compared with the SOC workflow. CONCLUSIONS: The ID, AST, and carbapenemase detection results generated with the FAST System LC were highly concordant with the conventional workflow. The LC allowed species ID and carbapenemase detection within around 1 h after blood culture positivity and AST results within approximately 24 h, which is a significant reduction in the turnaround time of the PBC workflow.

Assessment of the feasibility of pool testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection screening.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represented a huge challenge for national health systems worldwide. Pooling nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs seems to be a promising strategy, saving time and resources, but it could reduce the sensitivity of the RT-PCR and exacerbate samples management in terms of automation and tracing. In this study, taking advantage of the routine implementation of a screening plan on health workers, we evaluated the feasibility of pool testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis in the presence of low viral load samples. METHOD: Pools were prepared with an automated instrument, mixing 4, 6 or 20 NP specimens, including one, two or none positive samples. Ct values of positive samples were on average about 35 for the four genes analyzed. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity of 4-samples and 6-samples pools was 93.1 and 90.0%, respectively. Focussing on pools including one sample with Ct value ≥35 for all analyzed genes, sensitivity decreased to 77.8 and 75.0% for 4- and 6-samples, respectively; pools including two positive samples, resulted positive in any size as well as pools including positive samples with Ct values <35. CONCLUSION: Pool testing strategy should account the balance between cost-effectiveness, dilution effect and prevalence of the infection. Our study demonstrated the good performances in terms of sensitivity and saving resources of pool testing mixing 4 or 6 samples, even including low viral load specimens, in a real screening context possibly affected by prevalence fluctuation. In conclusion, pool testing strategy represents an efficient and resources saving surveillance and tracing tool, especially in specific context like schools, even for monitoring changes in prevalence associated to vaccination campaign.

Evaluation of Three Immunoassays for the Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens.

Three assays for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection in nasopharyngeal swabs (Lumipulse® G SARS-CoV-2 Ag [LPG], STANDARDTM F COVID-19 Ag FIA [STF] and AFIAS COVID-19 Ag [AFC] were evaluated. Compared to RT-PCR, LPG, AFC and STF showed a variable sensitivity (87.9%, 37.5%, and 35.7%, respectively) and an overall high specificity (> 95%).