Induction of Autophagy by Extract from Corydalis heterocarpa for Skin Anti-Aging.

The extracts of Corydalis heterocarpa, a salt-tolerant plant, exhibit diverse physiological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiadipogenic effects. However, the anti-aging effects of C. heterocarpa extract (CHE) on human skin cells have not yet been investigated. In the present study, we determined that CHE inhibited senescence-associated ß-galactosidase (SA-ß-gal)-stained senescent human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Furthermore, CHE markedly suppressed the expression of major regulatory proteins involved in senescence, including p53, p21, and caveolin-1. Interestingly, CHE promoted autophagic flux, as confirmed by the formation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) puncta and lysosomal activity. Notably, using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we showed that CHE selectively regulated the gene expression of leucine-rich repeat and sterile alpha motif-containing 1 (LRSAM1), an important regulator of autophagy. The adenosine-monophosphate activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) pathway, which is essential for autophagy regulation, was also modulated by CHE. LRSAM1 depletion not only inhibited LC3B expression but also decreased the autophagy flux induced by CHE. Moreover, the knockdown of LRSAM1 suppressed the reversal of CHE-induced senescence in old HDFs. Collectively, our study has revealed the rejuvenating effects and molecular mechanisms of CHE, suggesting that CHE may be a promising anti-aging agent.

Extracts from Dendropanax morbifera leaves ameliorates cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampal damage by reducing oxidative damage in gerbil.

AIM: In this study, we investigated the effects of Dendropanax morbifera extract (DME) on neuroprotection against ischemic damage in gerbils. METHODS: DME (100 or 300 mg/kg) was orally administered to gerbils for three weeks, and 2 h after the last DME treatment, transient forebrain ischemia in the common carotid arteries was induced for 5 min. The forebrain ischemia-related cognitive impairments were assessed by spontaneous motor activity and passive avoidance test one and four days after ischemia, respectively. In addition, surviving and degenerating neurons were morphologically confirmed by neuronal nuclei immunohistochemical staining and Fluoro-Jade C staining, respectively, four days after ischemia. Changes of glial morphology were visualized by immunohistochemical staining for each marker such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding protein. Oxidative stress was determined by measurements of dihydroethidium, O2· (formation of formazan) and malondialdehyde two days after ischemia. In addition, glutathione redox system such as reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were measured two days after ischemia. RESULTS: Spontaneous motor activity monitoring and passive avoidance tests showed that treatment with 300 mg/kg DME, but not 100 mg/kg, significantly alleviated ischemia-induced memory impairments. In addition, approximately 67 % of mature neurons survived and 29.3 % neurons were degenerated in hippocampal CA1 region four days after ischemia, and ischemia-induced morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia were decreased in the CA1 region after 300 mg/kg DME treatment. Furthermore, treatment with 300 mg/kg DME significantly ameliorated ischemia-induced oxidative stress, such as superoxide formation and lipid peroxidation, two days after ischemia. In addition, ischemia-induced reduction of the glutathione redox system in the hippocampus, assessed two days after the ischemia, was ameliorated by treatment with 300 mg/kg DME. These suggest that DME can potentially reduce ischemia-induced neuronal damage through its antioxidant properties.

IL-31RA and TRPV1 Expression in Atopic Dermatitis Induced with Trinitrochlorobenzene in Nc/Nga Mice.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Interleukin 31 (IL-31), a novel cytokine in AD, causes pruritus, typically characteristic of AD patients. The transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is a cation channel activated by diverse noxious stimuli that has been studied in a variety of pruritic skin diseases. In this study, the AD animal model was generated by administering the hapten, trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB), to Nc/Nga mice, and the degree of expression of the IL-31 receptor alpha (IL-31RA) and TRPV1 in the skin of these atopic models was evaluated. The Nc/Nga mice were divided into 3 groups: control, TNCB 2-weeks treated, and TNCB 8-weeks treated. After inducing AD, the skin lesions in each group were scored and compared, and the histology of the skin lesions and the IL-31RA and TRPV1 expression for each group were evaluated by analyzing immunohistochemistry. The results show a significant difference in the skin lesion scores between the groups. The immunohistochemistry evaluation highlighted the remarkable expression of IL-31RA and TRPV1 in the nerve fibers of the TNCB 8-weeks-treated group. We thus confirmed that the long-term application of TNCB induced chronic atopic-like dermatitis and that IL-31RA and TRPV1 were overexpressed in the peripheral nerve fibers in this AD model.

Relationship between Preoperative Echocardiographic Parameters and the Incidence of Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Clipping of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background and Objectives: Preoperative echocardiography is widely performed in patients undergoing major surgeries to evaluate cardiac functions and detect structural abnormalities. However, studies on the clinical usefulness of preoperative echocardiography in patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm clipping are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between preoperative echocardiographic parameters and the incidence of postoperative complications in patients undergoing clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Materials and Methods: Electronic medical records of patients who underwent clipping of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm from September 2018 to April 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Data on baseline characteristics, laboratory variables, echocardiographic parameters, postoperative complications, and hospital stays were obtained. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent variables related to the occurrence of postoperative complications and prolonged hospital stay (≥8 d). Results: Among 531 patients included in the final analysis, 27 (5.1%) had postoperative complications. In multivariable logistic regression, the total amount of crystalloids infused (1.002 (1.001-1.003), p = 0.001) and E/e' ratio (1.17 (1.01-1.35), p = 0.031) were significant independent factors associated with the occurrence of a postoperative complication. Additionally, the maximal diameter of a cerebral aneurysm (1.13 (1.02-1.25), p = 0.024), total amount of crystalloids infused (1.001 (1.000-1.002), p = 0.031), E/A ratio (0.22 (0.05-0.95), p = 0.042), and E/e' ratio (1.16 (1.04-1.31), p = 0.011) were independent factors related to prolonged hospitalization. Conclusions: Echocardiographic parameters related to diastolic function might be associated with postoperative complications in patients undergoing clipping of unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Is Device Removal Necessary after Fixed-Angle Locking Plate Osteosynthesis of Proximal Humerus Fractures?

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether device removal in symptomatic patients following locking plate osteosynthesis of a proximal humerus fracture improves the clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Seventy-one patients who underwent fixed-angle locking plate osteosynthesis of a proximal humerus fracture were included. Thirty-three patients underwent device removal at a mean time of 10.4 months after index surgery (removal group). Thirty-eight patients who retained the device after index surgery (retention group) were included in the control group. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and range of motion (ROM) were evaluated pre- and postoperatively. Results: At the final follow-up, mean UCLA score, ASES score, and all ROMs were significantly higher in the removal group compared to the retention group (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference in mean VAS pain score was observed between the two groups. Comparison of the clinical outcomes before and after device removal surgery showed significant improvement in all clinical scores and ROMs after device removal (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Device removal surgery in symptomatic patients following locking plate osteosynthesis of a proximal humerus fracture can result in significant improvement in functional outcomes.

Comparison of Trunk Muscle Activity Between Traditional Plank Exercise and Plank Exercise With Isometric Contraction of Ankle Muscles in Subjects With Chronic Low Back Pain.

ABSTRACT: Choi, JH, Kim, DE, and Cynn, HS. Comparison of trunk muscle activity between traditional plank exercise and plank exercise with isometric contraction of ankle muscles in subjects with chronic low back pain. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2407-2413, 2021-This study aimed to compare the effects of 4 different ankle conditions on the activities of rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), transversus abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO), and erector spinae (ES) muscles during plank exercise in subjects with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Twenty-two subjects with CLBP participated in this study. The subjects performed the traditional plank and plank with 3 different ankle muscle contraction types (isometric contraction of ankle dorsiflexor, plantarflexor, and without ankle muscle contraction). Surface electromyography was used to measure the activities of RA, EO, TrA/IO, ES, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess the statistical significance of activities of the RA, EO, TrA/IO, and ES muscles. The activities of RA, EO, and TrA/IO muscles were significantly greater in the plank with isometric contraction of ankle dorsiflexor (PlankDF) than in the other 3 plank exercises. No significant difference in the activity of ES muscles was revealed during the 4 plank exercises. The activities of all abdominal muscles during PlankDF were significantly higher than those during the traditional plank, as well as during the plank with isometric contraction of ankle plantarflexor (PlankPF) and the plank without ankle muscular contraction (Plankw/o), and more than 60% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction was observed. Thus, PlankDF could be applied not only as a rehabilitation strategy for patients with decreased core stability owing to weakness of abdominal muscles but also as fitness program for improving core strength.

Neuropathological changes in dorsal root ganglia induced by pyridoxine in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Pyridoxine (PDX; vitamin B6), is an essential vitamin. PDX deficiency induces various symptoms, and when PDX is misused it acts as a neurotoxicant, inducing severe sensory neuropathy. RESULTS: To assess the possibility of creating a reversible sensory neuropathy model using dogs, 150 mg/kg of PDX was injected subcutaneously into dogs for 7 days and body weight measurements, postural reaction assessments, and electrophysiological recordings were obtained. In addition, the morphology of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactive satellite glial cells and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunoreactive microglia/macrophages were assessed at 1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks after the last PDX treatment. During the administration period, body weight and proprioceptive losses occurred. One day after the last PDX treatment, electrophysiological recordings showed the absence of the H-reflex in the treated dogs. These phenomena persisted over the four post-treatment weeks, with the exception of body weight which recovered to the pre-treatment level. Staining (CV and HE) results revealed significant losses of large-sized neurons in the DRG at 1 day and 1 week after PDX treatment cessation, but the losses were recovered at 4 weeks post-treatment. The Iba-1 and GFAP immunohistochemistry results showed pronounced increases in reactive microglia/macrophage and satellite glial cell at 1 day and 1 week, respectively, after the last PDX treatment, and thereafter, immunoreactivity decreased with increasing time after PDX treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that PDX-induced neuropathy is reversible in dogs; thus, dogs can be considered a good experimental model for research on neuropathy.

Hyaluronic Acid-Decorated Glycol Chitosan Nanoparticles for pH-Sensitive Controlled Release of Doxorubicin and Celecoxib in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer.

Nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of global cancer mortality. Recently, combinatorial treatment approaches have shown promise as they better address tumor heterogeneity. However, drug pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution differences remain problematic. To overcome these issues and improve therapeutic efficacies, the use of nanomedicines has been suggested. We devised a CD44 receptor target hyaluronic acid (HA)-decorated glycol chitosan (GC) nanoparticle which is conjugated to doxorubicin (DOX) by a pH-sensitive linker and coloaded celecoxib (CXB; HA-GC-DOX/CXB). Successful chemical conjugation of GC to DOX was confirmed and HA-GC-DOX/CXB showed ∼150 nm of uniform spherical shape. HA-GC-DOX/CXB were stable at pH 7.4 but steadily increased in size and released drugs at pH 6.0 and 4.0. In vitro NSCLC cells showed that DOX and CXB combination therapy has synergism in both free drug and nanoparticle formulation. In vivo NSCLC xenograft mice showed DOX and CXB exhibited a synergistic tumor suppressive effect in HA-GC-DOX/CXB. Furthermore, HA-GC-DOX/CXB dramatically inhibited tumor growth compared to other treatments as well as suppressed inflammation and metastasis-related gene/protein in the tumor tissues. Our findings demonstrate HA-GC-DOX/CXB is a potential anticancer therapy that controlled release under acidic tumor microenvironments and enhanced CD44 overexpressed tumor target efficacy.

Noninvasive Early Detection of Calpain 2-Enriched Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using a Human Serum Albumin-Bounded Calpain 2 Nanosensor.

Lung cancer is diagnosed at an advanced stage due to its unrecognized symptoms, resulting in high mortality. In recent decades, research into the development of an early diagnostic method for lung cancer has expanded in order to overcome the high mortality rate. Calpain 2 (CAPN2) has been suggested as a tumor marker linked to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and migration in non-small cell lung cancer. In this study, CAPN2 enzyme-activatable near-infrared peptide sensor linked to human serum albumin (HSA-CAPN2) was developed. Intracellular localization and strong recovered fluorescence signals of HSA-CAPN2 were observed in in vitro experiments using A549-Luc cells, and signal recovery was inhibited by ALLN (a CAPN2 inhibitor). In vivo distribution and signal recovery evaluations performed using A549-Luc cell xenograft mice revealed that HSA-CAPN2 accumulated in the tumor region and produced high fluorescent signal recovery. Three-dimensional reconstructed images using single-plane illumination microscopy after tissue clarity visualized localization of HSA-CAPN2 in tumors. In addition, ALLN pretreatment showed a significant inhibitory effect on signal recovery of HSA-CAPN2, and that inhibition was induced by downregulation of CAPN2 at the gene and protein levels followed by decreases in Ca2+ levels. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of HSA-CAPN2 as a sensor for CAPN2-enriched cancer.

Ischemia-related changes of fat-mass and obesity-associated protein expression in the gerbil hippocampus.

Fat-mass and obesity-associated protein (Fto) plays important roles in energy metabolism. It also acts as a demethylase and is most abundantly found in the brain. In the present study, we examined the spatial and temporal changes of Fto immunoreactivity after five minutes of transient forebrain ischemia in the hippocampus. In the control group, Fto immunoreactivity was mainly observed in the nucleus of pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions as well as the polymorphic layer, granule cell layer, and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Fto immunoreactivity was transiently, but not significantly, increased in the hippocampal CA3 region and the dentate gyrus two days after ischemia compared to mice without ischemia in the sham-operated group. Four days after ischemia, low Fto immunoreactivity was observed in the stratum pyramidale of the CA1 region because of neuronal death, but Fto immunoreactive cells were abundantly detected in the stratum pyramidale of the CA3 region, which is relatively resistant to ischemic damage. Thereafter, Fto immunoreactivity progressively decreased in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions and the dentate gyrus until ten days after ischemia. At this time-point, Fto immunoreactivity was significantly lower in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions and the dentate gyrus compared to that in the sham-operated group. The reduction of Fto immunoreactive structures in the hippocampus may be associated with impairments in Fto-related hippocampal function.

Physical Stress Induced Reduction of Proliferating Cells and Differentiated Neuroblasts Is Ameliorated by Fermented Laminaria japonica Extract Treatment.

Laminaria japonica is widely cultivated in East Asia, including South Korea. Fucoidan, a main component of L. japonica, protects neurons from neurological disorders such as ischemia and traumatic brain injury. In the present study, we examined the effects of extract from fermented L. japonica on the reduction of proliferating cells and neuroblasts in mice that were physically (with electric food shock) or psychologically (with visual, auditory and olfactory sensation) stressed with the help of a communication box. Vehicle (distilled water) or fermented L. japonica extract (50 mg/kg) were orally administered to the mice once a day for 21 days. On the 19th day of the treatment, physical and psychological stress was induced by foot shock using a communication box and thereafter for three days. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly increased after exposure to physical stress and decreased Ki67 positive proliferating cells and doublecortin immunoreactive neuroblasts. In addition, western blot analysis demonstrated that physical stress as well as psychological stress decreased the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the number of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) positive nuclei in the dentate gyrus. Fermentation of L. japonica extract significantly increased the contents of reduced sugar and phenolic compounds. Supplementation with fermented L. japonica extract significantly ameliorated the increases of plasma corticosterone revels and decline in the proliferating cells, neuroblasts, and expression of BDNF and pCREB in the physically stressed mice. These results indicate that fermented L. japonica extract has positive effects in ameliorating the physical stress induced reduction in neurogenesis by modulating BDNF and pCREB expression in the dentate gyrus.

Pyridoxine Deficiency Exacerbates Neuronal Damage after Ischemia by Increasing Oxidative Stress and Reduces Proliferating Cells and Neuroblasts in the Gerbil Hippocampus.

We investigated the effects of pyridoxine deficiency on ischemic neuronal death in the hippocampus of gerbil (n = 5 per group). Serum pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels were significantly decreased in Pyridoxine-deficient diet (PDD)-fed gerbils, while homocysteine levels were significantly increased in sham- and ischemia-operated gerbils. PDD-fed gerbil showed a reduction in neuronal nuclei (NeuN)-immunoreactive neurons in the medial part of the hippocampal CA1 region three days after. Reactive astrocytosis and microgliosis were found in PDD-fed gerbils, and transient ischemia caused the aggregation of activated microglia in the stratum pyramidale three days after ischemia. Lipid peroxidation was prominently increased in the hippocampus and was significantly higher in PDD-fed gerbils than in Control diet (CD)-fed gerbils after ischemia. In contrast, pyridoxine deficiency decreased the proliferating cells and neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus in sham- and ischemia-operated gerbils. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels also significantly decreased in PDD-fed gerbils sham 24 h after ischemia. These results suggest that pyridoxine deficiency accelerates neuronal death by increasing serum homocysteine levels and lipid peroxidation, and by decreasing Nrf2 levels in the hippocampus. Additionally, it reduces the regenerated potentials in hippocampus by decreasing BDNF levels. Collectively, pyridoxine is an essential element in modulating cell death and hippocampal neurogenesis after ischemia.

Effect of Isometric Hip Abduction on Foot and Ankle Muscle Activity and Medial Longitudinal Arch During Short-Foot Exercise in Individuals With Pes Planus.

CONTEXT: The improvement of hip joint stability can significantly impact knee and rearfoot mechanics. Individuals with pes planus have a weak abductor hallucis (AbdH), and the tibialis anterior (TA) may activate to compensate for this. As yet, no studies have applied isometric hip abduction (IHA) for hip stability during short-foot exercise (SFE). OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of IHA on the muscle activity of the AbdH, TA, peroneus longus (PL), and gluteus medius (Gmed), as well as the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle during sitting and standing SFE. DESIGN: Two-way repeated analyses of variance were used to determine the statistical significance of AbdH, TA, PL, and Gmed electromyography activity, as well as the change in MLA angle. SETTING: University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two participants with pes planus. INTERVENTION(S): The participants performed SFE with and without isometric hip abduction in sitting and standing positions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surface electromyography was used to measure the activity of the AbdH, TA, PL, and Gmed muscles, and Image J was used to measure the MLA angle. RESULTS: Significant interactions between exercise type and position were observed in terms of the PL muscle activity and in the change in MLA angle only, while other muscles showed significant main effects. The IHA during SFE significantly increased the AbdH muscle activity, while the TA muscle activity was significantly lower. The muscle activity of Gmed and PL was significantly increased in the standing position compared with sitting, but there was no significant difference with or without IHA. The change in the MLA angle was significantly greater in SFE with IHA in a standing position than in the other SFE conditions. CONCLUSIONS: IHA may be an effective method for reducing compensatory TA activity and increasing AbdH muscle activity during SFE for individuals with pes planus.

A Promising Biocompatible Platform: Lipid-Based and Bio-Inspired Smart Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy.

Designing new drug delivery systems (DDSs) for safer cancer therapy during pre-clinical and clinical applications still constitutes a considerable challenge, despite advances made in related fields. Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs) have emerged as biocompatible candidates that overcome many biological obstacles. In particular, a combination of the merits of lipid carriers and functional polymers has maximized drug delivery efficiency. Functionalization of LBDDSs enables the accumulation of anti-cancer drugs at target destinations, which means they are more effective at controlled drug release in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). This review highlights the various types of ligands used to achieve tumor-specific delivery and discusses the strategies used to achieve the effective release of drugs in TMEs and not into healthy tissues. Moreover, innovative recent designs of LBDDSs are also described. These smart systems offer great potential for more advanced cancer therapies that address the challenges posed in this research area.

Porcine spermatogonial stem cells self-renew effectively in a three dimensional culture microenvironment.

Generally, self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is maintained in vivo in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment consisting of the seminiferous tubule basement membrane, indicating the importance of the 3D microenvironment for in vitro culture of SSCs. Here, we report a 3D culture microenvironment that effectively maintains porcine SSC self-renewal during culture. Porcine SSCs were cultured in an agarose-based 3D hydrogel and in 2D culture plates either with or without feeder cells. Subsequently, the effects of 3D culture on the maintenance of undifferentiated SSCs were identified by analyzing cell colony formation and morphology, AP activity, and transcriptional and translational regulation of self-renewal-related genes and the effects on proliferation by analyzing cell viability and single cell-derived colony number. The 3D culture microenvironment constructed using a 0.2% (w/v) agarose-based 3D hydrogel showed the strongest maintenance of porcine SSC self-renewal and induced significant improvements in proliferation compared with 2D culture microenvironments. These results demonstrate that self-renewal of porcine SSCs can be maintained more effectively in a 3D than in a 2D culture microenvironment. Moreover, this will play a significant role in developing novel culture systems for SSCs derived from diverse species in the future, which will contribute to SSC-related research.

SP, CGRP changes in pyridoxine induced neuropathic dogs with nerve growth factor gene therapy.

BACKGROUND: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known not only as a major factor for neuronal plasticity but also as a pain stimulator. Although there have been several trials with NGF for its application in the regeneration or protection of the nervous system, the pain induced by NGF remains a challenge to be overcome. In this study, the pain induced by NGF gene therapy was evaluated. RESULTS: Vehicle or recombinant dog NGF plasmid was administered into the intrathecal space of dogs. Twenty-four hours after the vehicle or NGF plasmid inoculation, dogs were subcutaneously treated with 150 mg/kg pyridoxine every day for 7 days. For pain assessment, physical examination and electrophysiological recording were performed. Only in the vehicle-treated group, weight loss occurred, while NGF plasmid inoculation significantly improved this physical abnormalities. In the vehicle-treated group, electrophysiological recordings showed that H-reflex disappeared at 24 h after the last pyridoxine treatment. However, in the NGF plasmid inoculated group, the H-reflex were normal. In the results of immunohistochemistry, the NGF plasmid administration efficiently expressed in the dorsal root ganglia and significantly increased the pyridoxine-induced reduction of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive neurons, but not in substance P immunoreactive neurons, in the dorsal root ganglia. CONCLUSIONS: Given these results, we reason that NGF gene therapy in pyridoxine induced neuropathic dogs does not induce neuropathic pain with this dosage, even with increasing the expression of CGRP.

Cu, Zn-Superoxide Dismutase Increases the Therapeutic Potential of Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Maintaining Antioxidant Enzyme Levels.

In the present study, we investigated the ability of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) to improve the therapeutic potential of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) against ischemic damage in the spinal cord. Animals were divided into four groups: the control group, vehicle (PEP-1 peptide and artificial cerebrospinal fluid)-treated group, Ad-MSC alone group, and Ad-MSC-treated group with PEP-1-SOD1. The abdominal aorta of the rabbit was occluded for 30 min in the subrenal region to induce ischemic damage, and immediately after reperfusion, artificial cerebrospinal fluid or Ad-MSCs (2 × 105) were administered intrathecally. In addition, PEP-1 or 0.5 mg/kg PEP-1-SOD1 was administered intraperitoneally to the Ad-MSC-treated rabbits. Motor behaviors and NeuN-immunoreactive neurons were significantly decreased in the vehicle-treated group after ischemia/reperfusion. Administration of Ad-MSCs significantly ameliorated the changes in motor behavior and NeuN-immunoreactive neuronal survival. In addition, the combination of PEP-1-SOD1 and Ad-MSCs further increased the ameliorative effects of Ad-MSCs in the spinal cord after ischemia. Furthermore, the administration of Ad-MSCs with PEP-1-SOD1 decreased lipid peroxidation and maintained levels of antioxidants such as SOD1 and glutathione peroxidase compared to the Ad-MSC alone group. These results suggest that combination therapy using Ad-MSCs and PEP-1-SOD1 strongly protects neurons from ischemic damage by modulating the balance of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants.

Synthesis of novel arylaminoquinazolinylurea derivatives and their antiproliferative activities against bladder cancer cell line.

A novel series of arylurea and arylamide derivatives 1a-z, 2a-d having aminoquinazoline scaffold was designed and synthesized. Their in vitro antiproliferative activities against RT112 bladder cancer cell line and inhibitory activities against FGFR3 kinase were tested. Most compounds showed good antiproliferative activities against RT112 bladder cancer cell line, and arylurea compounds 1a-z were more potent than arylamide compounds 2a-d. Among them, eight compounds 1a, 1d-g, 1l, 1y, and 1z showed potent activities with GI50 values below submicromolar range. Especially, arylurea compounds 1d and 1g possessing 2,3-dimethyl and 3,4-dimethyl moieties exhibited superior or similar antiproliferative activity (GI50=8.8nM and 30.2nM, respectively) to AZD4547 (GI50=29.2nM) as a reference standard.

Dendropanax morbifera Léveille extract ameliorates cadmium-induced impairment in memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in rats.

BACKGROUND: Cadmium leads to learning and memory impairment. Dendropanax morbifera Léveille stem extract (DMS) reduces cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus. We investigated the effects of DMS on cadmium-induced impairments in memory in rats. METHODS: Cadmium (2 mg/kg), with or without DMS (100 mg/kg), was orally administered to 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 days. Galantamine (5 mg/kg), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, was intraperitoneally administered as a positive control. A novel-object recognition test was conducted 2 h after the final administration. Cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation were assessed by immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and doublecortin, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the synaptosomes of the hippocampus was also measured based on the formation of 5,5'-dithio-bis-acid nitrobenzoic acid. RESULTS: An increase in the preferential exploration time of new objects was observed in both vehicle-treated and cadmium-treated rats. In addition, DMS administration increased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus of vehicle-treated and cadmium-treated rats. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampal synaptosomes was also significantly higher in the DMS-treated group than in the vehicle-treated group. The effect of DMS on cadmium-induced memory impairment and cell proliferation in the hippocampus was comparable to that of galantamine. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that DMS ameliorates cadmium-induced memory impairment via increase in cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, and acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus. The consumption of DMS may reduce cadmium-induced neurotoxicity in animals or humans.

Essential oils from two Allium species exert effects on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse dentate gyrus by modulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor and acetylcholinesterase.

BACKGROUND: In the present study, we investigated the effects of oil products from two Allium species: Allium sativum (garlic) and Allium hookeri (Chinese chives) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse dentate gyrus. METHODS: Using corn oil as a vehicle, the essential oil from garlic (10 ml/kg), or Chinese chives (10 ml/kg) was administered orally to 9-week-old mice once a day for 3 weeks. One hour following the last treatment, a novel object recognition test was conducted and the animals were killed 2 h after the test. RESULTS: In comparison to the vehicle-treated group, garlic essential oil (GO) treatment resulted in significantly increased exploration time and discrimination index during the novel object recognition test, while Chinese chives essential oil (CO) reduced the exploration time and discrimination index in the same test. In addition, the number of Ki67-immunoreactive proliferating cells and doublecortin-immunoreactive neuroblasts significantly increased in the dentate gyrus of GO-treated animals. However, administration of CO significantly decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation. Administration of GO significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the hippocampal homogenates. In contrast, administration of CO decreased BDNF protein levels and had no significant effect on AChE activity, compared to that in the vehicle-treated group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that GO significantly improves novel object recognition as well as increases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, by modulating hippocampal BDNF protein levels and AChE activity, while CO impairs novel object recognition and decreases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, by reducing BDNF protein levels in the hippocampus.