Food regulations: low FODMAP labeling and communication goals.

There is growing clinical evidence in support of a diet for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) that is low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP). This low FODMAP diet is gaining acceptance globally among clinicians and IBS sufferers alike. However, there is disparity concerning the success rates of the FODMAP diet between patients, which can be attributed to differences in the recommended diet itself and to adherence issues. To address the differences in the diet, a generally accepted science-based definition of the analytical criteria for low FODMAP products suitable for a low FODMAP diet should be developed. To address the adherence challenge, regulators should permit manufacturers of low FODMAP products to communicate the benefits of a low FODMAP diet on product labels and promotional material which will facilitate people with IBS' selection and use low FODMAP foods.

Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management.

BACKGROUND: Lorcaserin is a selective serotonin 2C receptor agonist that could be useful in reducing body weight. METHODS: In this double-blind clinical trial, we randomly assigned 3182 obese or overweight adults (mean body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters] of 36.2) to receive lorcaserin at a dose of 10 mg, or placebo, twice daily for 52 weeks. All patients also underwent diet and exercise counseling. At week 52, patients in the placebo group continued to receive placebo but patients in the lorcaserin group were randomly reassigned to receive either placebo or lorcaserin. Primary outcomes were weight loss at 1 year and maintenance of weight loss at 2 years. Serial echocardiography was used to identify patients in whom valvulopathy (as defined by the Food and Drug Administration) developed. RESULTS: At 1 year, 55.4% of patients (883 of 1595) receiving lorcaserin and 45.1% of patients (716 of 1587) receiving placebo remained in the trial; 1553 patients continued into year 2. At 1 year, 47.5% of patients in the lorcaserin group and 20.3% in the placebo group had lost 5% or more of their body weight (P<0.001), corresponding to an average loss of 5.8+/-0.2 kg with lorcaserin and 2.2+/-0.1 kg with placebo during year 1 (P<0.001). Among the patients who received lorcaserin during year 1 and who had lost 5% or more of their baseline weight at 1 year, the loss was maintained in more patients who continued to receive lorcaserin during year 2 (67.9%) than in patients who received placebo during year 2 (50.3%, P<0.001). Among 2472 patients evaluated at 1 year and 1127 evaluated at 2 years, the rate of cardiac valvulopathy was not increased with the use of lorcaserin. Among the most frequent adverse events reported with lorcaserin were headache, dizziness, and nausea. The rates of serious adverse events in the two groups were similar. CONCLUSIONS: In conjunction with behavioral modification, lorcaserin was associated with significant weight loss and improved maintenance of weight loss, as compared with placebo. (Funded by Arena Pharmaceuticals; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00395135.)

Randomised clinical trial: safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of trazpiroben (TAK-906), a dopamine D2 /D3 receptor antagonist, in patients with gastroparesis.

BACKGROUND: Gastroparesis is a chronic gastric motility disorder. Dopamine D2 /D3 receptor antagonists metoclopramide and domperidone are current treatment options but are associated with central nervous system and cardiovascular safety concerns, respectively, precluding chronic use. Trazpiroben (TAK-906), a dopamine D2 /D3 receptor antagonist, is under development for chronic treatment of moderate-to-severe gastroparesis. Nonclinical data suggest trazpiroben will have D2 /D3 receptor antagonism comparable with metoclopramide or domperidone. AIMS: To evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (effect on prolactin and gastric function) of twice-daily trazpiroben (5, 25 and 100 mg) in participants with gastroparesis. METHODS: This phase 2a pilot study evaluated gastric emptying using the gastric emptying breath test, with metoclopramide as an internal control. Gastric accommodation and gastroparesis symptoms were assessed using the nutrient drink test and American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index-Daily Diary, respectively. RESULTS: Overall, 51 participants were enrolled. Trazpiroben was well tolerated, demonstrating a favourable safety profile without cardiovascular or central nervous system adverse events. All trazpiroben doses were rapidly absorbed and eliminated (t1/2z 4-5 hours), and D2 /D3 receptor target engagement confirmed by increased serum prolactin (peaking at trazpiroben 25 mg). No effect on gastric emptying was demonstrated with trazpiroben or metoclopramide (P > 0.05), although benefits in volume-to-fullness were seen at trazpiroben 5 mg (P > 0.05) and 25 mg (88.5 vs -26.3 mL; P = 0.019), and nonsignificant numerical aggregate symptom score improvements were observed with trazpiroben 25 mg vs placebo (P = 0.182). CONCLUSIONS: Trazpiroben was well tolerated with a favourable safety profile, supporting its further development for the treatment of gastroparesis. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03268941.

Current Trends in IBD-Development of Mucosal-Based Biomarkers and a Novel Minimally Invasive Recoverable Sampling System.

Despite recent developments in therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), there have been limited advances in diagnostic tools available to aid in disease management. A growing body of evidence suggests that there are important host-microbe interactions at the mucosal interface that modulate the inflammatory response in patients with IBD. Additionally, the importance of mucosal integrity and its disruption appears to be important in the pathophysiology and perpetuation of the disease. The ability to characterize this interface may provide valuable information for both disease monitoring and identification of new treatment targets. Endoscopy remains the primary tool for disease monitoring, and mucosal healing is the primary therapeutic target in IBD treatment. However, establishing mucosal healing requires repetitive endoscopic procedures, and endoscopy is limited by factors such as invasiveness, cost, and risk of adverse events. Moreover, the use of a bowel preparation for colonoscopies alters the mucus layer and thus perturbs evaluation of the host-microbe interaction. Stool sampling may also be inaccurate because it reflects the end state of metabolites and proteins, failing to take into account the degradation or alteration of substrates of interest by bacterial proteases and other enzymes during passage through the colon. A novel sampling capsule, called the Recoverable Sampling System (RSS), is being developed as a complementary tool to colonoscopy. The RSS is intended to be a platform for noninvasive autonomous sampling, preservation, handling, and storage of analytes of interest found in the gastrointestinal fluids. A proprietary preservative contained within the chambers of the capsule has been developed to stabilize DNA and proteins for ex vivo microbiome and metabolomics analyses. Surrogate markers such as SPP24 and GUCA2a have been identified to correlate with gut health, intestinal permeability, and inflammation and could be locally sampled by the RSS. The potential clinical utility of an RSS device is broad and would likely be able to guide therapy by allowing for more frequent disease monitoring, aiding in disease characterization, and facilitating in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.

A new technology is being developed, Recoverable Sampling System (RSS), that may allow sampling without a colonoscopy. This may lead to new biomarkers and even drug targets which may ultimately improve the care of these patients.

Nelotanserin, a novel selective human 5-hydroxytryptamine2A inverse agonist for the treatment of insomnia.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(2A) receptor inverse agonists are promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of sleep maintenance insomnias. Among these agents is nelotanserin, a potent, selective 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist. Both radioligand binding and functional inositol phosphate accumulation assays suggest that nelotanserin has low nanomolar potency on the 5-HT(2A) receptor with at least 30- and 5000-fold selectivity compared with 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(2B) receptors, respectively. Nelotanserin dosed orally prevented (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI; 5-HT(2A) agonist)-induced hypolocomotion, increased sleep consolidation, and increased total nonrapid eye movement sleep time and deep sleep, the latter marked by increases in electroencephalogram (EEG) delta power. These effects on rat sleep were maintained after repeated subchronic dosing. In healthy human volunteers, nelotanserin was rapidly absorbed after oral administration and achieved maximum concentrations 1 h later. EEG effects occurred within 2 to 4 h after dosing, and were consistent with vigilance-lowering. A dose response of nelotanserin was assessed in a postnap insomnia model in healthy subjects. All doses (up to 40 mg) of nelotanserin significantly improved measures of sleep consolidation, including decreases in the number of stage shifts, number of awakenings after sleep onset, microarousal index, and number of sleep bouts, concomitant with increases in sleep bout duration. Nelotanserin did not affect total sleep time, or sleep onset latency. Furthermore, subjective pharmacodynamic effects observed the morning after dosing were minimal and had no functional consequences on psychomotor skills or memory. These studies point to an efficacy and safety profile for nelotanserin that might be ideally suited for the treatment of sleep maintenance insomnias.

Alosetron versus traditional pharmacotherapy in clinical practice: effects on resource use, health-related quality of life, safety and symptom improvement in women with severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is associated with decreased health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and increased health care costs. Treatment recommendations for IBS-D often start with traditional pharmacotherapy (TP), with escalation to alosetron, rifaximin or eluxadoline if there is no success. There has been no previous head-to-head clinical trial comparing IBS-D treatment outcome for alosetron versus TP. This study, GSK protocol S3B30020, evaluated resource use, work productivity, health-related quality of life and global symptom response in women with IBS-D who were treated with alosetron or TP. METHODS: A total of 1956 patients who met criteria for severe IBS-D were randomized to treatment with alosetron 1 mg twice daily (BID) or only TP for up to 24 weeks. Work productivity and resource use were evaluated by standard questionnaires, HRQOL by the IBSQOL instrument and IBS symptoms by the Global Improvement Scale (GIS). RESULTS: Compared to only TP, alosetron-treated patients reported: (1) fewer clinic/office visits for any health problem (p = .0181) or for IBS-D (p = .0004); (2) reduced use of over-the-counter medications for IBS-D (p < .0001); (3) fewer days of lost work productivity (p < .0001); (4) decreased restriction of social and outdoor activities (p < .0001); and (5) greater global improvement in IBS-D symptoms (p < .0001). Alosetron treatment improved HRQOL scores for all domains (p < .0001). Incidence of adverse events during alosetron use was not remarkable and was similar to that previously reported. CONCLUSIONS: Alosetron 1 mg BID significantly reduced health care utilization and lost productivity, and significantly improved global IBS symptoms, HRQOL, and participation in outdoor and social activities compared with treatment response to TP.

Challenges in IBD Research: Environmental Triggers.

Environmental triggers is part of five focus areas of the Challenges in IBD research document, which also includes preclinical human IBD mechanisms, novel technologies, precision medicine and pragmatic clinical research. The Challenges in IBD research document provides a comprehensive overview of current gaps in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) research and delivers actionable approaches to address them. It is the result of a multidisciplinary input from scientists, clinicians, patients, and funders, and represents a valuable resource for patient centric research prioritization. In particular, the environmental triggers section is focused on the main research gaps in elucidating causality of environmental factors in IBD. Research gaps were identified in: 1) epidemiology of exposures; 2) identification of signatures of biological response to exposures; and 3) mechanisms of how environmental exposures drive IBD. To address these gaps, the implementation of longitudinal prospective studies to determine disease evolution and identify sub-clinical changes in response to exposures is proposed. This can help define critical windows of vulnerability and risk prediction. In addition, systems biology analysis and in silico modeling were proposed as approaches to integrate the IBD exposome for the identification of biological signatures of response to exposures, and to develop prediction models of the effects of environmental factors in driving disease activity and response to therapy. This research could lead to identification of biomarkers of exposures and new modalities for therapeutic intervention. Finally, hypothesis-driven mechanistic studies to understand gene-environment interactions and to validate causality of priority factors should be performed to determine how environment influences clinical outcomes.

APD125, a selective serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor inverse agonist, significantly improves sleep maintenance in primary insomnia.

INTRODUCTION: Insomnia is a condition affecting 10% to 15% of the adult population and is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, or nonrestorative sleep, accompanied by daytime impairment or distress. This study evaluates APD125, a selective inverse agonist of the 5-HT(2A) receptor, for treatment of chronic insomnia, with particular emphasis on sleep maintenance. In phase 1 studies, APD125 improved sleep maintenance and was well tolerated. METHODOLOGY: Adult subjects (n=173) with DSM-IV defined primary insomnia were randomized into a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-way crossover study to compare 2 doses of APD125 (10 mg and 40 mg) with placebo. Each treatment period was 7 days with a 7- to 9-day washout period between treatments. Polysomnographic recordings were performed at the initial 2 screening nights and at nights (N) 1/2 and N 6/7 of each treatment period. RESULTS: APD125 was associated with significant improvements in key sleep maintenance parameters measured by PSG. Wake time after sleep onset decreased (SEM) by 52.5 (3.2) min (10 mg) and 53.5 (3.5) min (40 mg) from baseline to N 1/2 vs. 37.8 (3.4) min for placebo, (P < 0.0001 for both doses vs. placebo), and by 51.7 (3.4) min (P = 0.01) and 48.0 (3.6) min (P = 0.2) at N 6/7 vs. 44.0 (3.8) min for placebo. Significant APD125 effects on wake time during sleep were also seen (P < 0.0001 N 1/2, P < 0.001 N 6/7). The number of arousals and number of awakenings decreased significantly with APD125 treatment compared to placebo. Slow wave sleep showed a statistically significant dose-dependent increase. There was no significant decrease in latency to persistent sleep. No serious adverse events were reported, and no meaningful differences in adverse event profiles were observed between either dose of APD125 and placebo. APD125 was not associated with next-day psychomotor impairment as measured by Digit Span, Digit Symbol Copy, and Digit Symbol Coding Tests. CONCLUSIONS: APD125 produced statistically significant improvements in objective parameters of sleep maintenance and sleep consolidation and was well tolerated in adults with primary chronic insomnia.

Alosetron use in clinical practice: significant improvement in irritable bowel syndrome symptoms evaluated using the US Food and Drug Administration composite endpoint.

BACKGROUND: Alosetron is approved to treat women with severe IBS and diarrhea (IBS-D) who have failed standard therapy. In our study, we aimed to evaluate alosetron efficacy using new US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) endpoints and utilization in clinical practice. METHODS: This prospective, open-label, multicenter, observational 12-week study evaluated women with severe IBS-D enrolled in the alosetron prescribing program. The coprimary FDA endpoints were changes from baseline in stool consistency and abdominal pain severity. Responders achieved a 30% decrease compared with baseline in weekly average of the worst abdominal pain in the past 24 h, and a 50% or greater reduction from baseline in the number of days/week with at least one stool of type 6 (mushy) or type 7 (watery) consistency. Secondary endpoints included changes from baseline in stool frequency, fecal urgency and fecal incontinence. RESULTS: Enrolled patients (n = 192) were primarily White (90.6%), with a mean age of 44.5 years. Patient and physician rating of IBS severity was between moderate and severe (85.9% concordance, Spearman coefficient 0.429, p < 0.0001). Alosetron 0.5 mg twice daily (82.8%) was the most common dosing regimen. A total of 152 alosetron-treated patients completed the study. Of 105 fully evaluable patients, 45% met the FDA composite endpoint responder criteria for ⩾50% of the study period. Improvements in all individual symptoms were statistically significant compared with baseline. There were no serious adverse events, cases of colonic ischemia, or complications of constipation. CONCLUSION: In a clinical practice setting study, alosetron demonstrated treatment success using a rigorous FDA composite endpoint and also improved multiple other IBS symptoms, including fecal urgency and incontinence in women with severe IBS-D [ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01257477].

Molecular Pathophysiology of Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Over the years, the scientific community has explored myriads of theories in search of the etiology and a cure for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The cumulative evidence has pointed to the key role of the intestinal barrier and the breakdown of these mechanisms in IBD. More and more scientists and clinicians are embracing the concept of the impaired intestinal epithelial barrier and its role in the pathogenesis and natural history of IBD. However, we are missing a key tool that bridges these scientific insights to clinical practice. Our goal is to overcome the limitations in understanding the molecular physiology of intestinal barrier function and develop a clinical tool to assess and quantify it. This review article explores the proteins in the intestinal tissue that are pivotal in regulating intestinal permeability. Understanding the molecular pathophysiology of impaired intestinal barrier function in IBD may lead to the development of a biochemical method of assessing intestinal tissue integrity which will have a significant impact on the development of novel therapies targeting the intestinal mucosa.

Potent reduction of apolipoprotein B and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by short-term administration of an antisense inhibitor of apolipoprotein B.

BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is an important structural component of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and plays a key role in LDL-C transport and removal. Reduction in apoB synthesis is expected to reduce circulating LDL-C, a proven risk factor of cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we describe the outcome of the first-in-humans study on the safety and efficacy of an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of apoB. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation investigation conducted at a single site in 36 volunteers with mild dyslipidemia. The study utilized an initial single dose of 50 to 400 mg of ISIS 301012, a 20-mer oligonucleotide, followed by a 4-week multiple-dosing regimen with the same assigned dose. Safety was assessed by the incidence, severity, and relationship of adverse events to dose. Efficacy was determined by changes in serum apoB and LDL-C relative to baseline and placebo. The most common adverse event was erythema at the injection site (21 of 29 subjects). ApoB was reduced by a maximum of 50% (P=0.002) from baseline in the 200-mg cohort. This decrease in apoB coincided with a maximum 35% reduction of LDL-C (P=0.001). LDL-C and apoB remained significantly below baseline (P<0.05) up to 3 months after the last dose. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of an antisense oligonucleotide to human apoB resulted in a significant, prolonged, and dose-dependent reduction in apoB and LDL-C. Although injection-site reactions were common, adherence to protocol was unaffected.

A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study of alicaforsen, an antisense inhibitor of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, for the treatment of subjects with active Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of alicaforsen, a first-generation antisense inhibitor of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, with placebo in subjects with active Crohn's disease, a disorder in which intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is overexpressed. METHODS: In 2 identical double-masked, placebo-controlled studies, 331 subjects with active Crohn's disease were treated with either alicaforsen (221 subjects) or placebo (110 subjects) administered via 2-hour intravenous infusion 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Patients then returned for follow-up every 2 weeks. The primary end point was clinical remission by week 12. Secondary end points included clinical response and remission in relation to previous use of other biologics including tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists and presence of fistulous disease. RESULTS: The results, whether combined or analyzed individually, failed to demonstrate statistical significance as a measure of its primary outcome (alicaforsen 33.9% vs placebo 34.5%; P = .89). In addition, no statistical differences in response were observed between alicaforsen and placebo in subjects who were previously treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy or had baseline fistulizing disease. There were no significant differences in adverse events from placebo apart from a higher infusion reaction rate. CONCLUSIONS: In the subject population studied, alicaforsen failed to demonstrate efficacy in any of its primary outcome measures. Alicaforsen was well-tolerated.

Serum Infliximab, Antidrug Antibodies, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Predict Sustained Response in Pediatric Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Serum infliximab (s-IFX) levels, antibodies to IFX (ATI), and inflammatory markers are important in predicting clinical outcomes in adults, but their roles in pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) require further study. The primary aim of this study was to determine the association between serologic parameters during induction and ongoing IFX therapy at 12 months in pediatric CD. METHODS: S-IFX, ATI, serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (s-TNF-α), and C-reactive protein were measured at IFX initiation, 10 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months in a prospective cohort study of children with CD at a single tertiary care center. RESULTS: At 12 months, 60 of 77 participants (78%) remained on IFX. Participants who completed 12 months of IFX had higher 10-week median s-IFX levels (20.40 µg/mL; interquartile range [IQR], 11.20-35.00] versus 8.70 µg/mL; IQR 0.90-16.90; P = 0.01), a greater proportion with undetectable 10-week ATI (P = 0.008), and a greater median change in s-TNF-α between baseline and week 10 (-5.96 pg/mL; IQR, -8.73 to -4.17 versus -1.76 pg/mL; IQR, -5.60 to 0.30; P = 0.006). Receiver operating characteristic analysis to predict ongoing IFX at 12 months showed area under the curve (95% confidence interval) for 10-week s-IFX and change in s-TNF-α from baseline to 10 weeks to be 0.71 (0.54-0.88) and 0.74 (0.58-0.91), respectively. C-reactive protein was not associated with ongoing therapy. CONCLUSIONS: ATI, s-IFX, and s-TNF-α during IFX induction are associated with 12-month clinical outcomes in pediatric CD. Future studies are needed to further define the clinical role of s-TNF-α measurement and to compare the clinical utility of 10 and 14-week ATI and s-IFX levels.

Antibodies to infliximab are associated with lower infliximab levels and increased likelihood of surgery in pediatric IBD.

BACKGROUND: Adult studies suggest antibodies to infliximab (ATI) correlate with loss of response in inflammatory bowel disease but pediatric data are limited. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of trough infliximab levels and ATI in 134 pediatric and young adult patients receiving infliximab. At the time serum was obtained demographics, disease phenotype, duration of infliximab therapy, use of combination therapy (methotrexate or 6-mercaptopurine with infliximab), and surgery were recorded. RESULTS: Assays were performed on 134 subjects currently receiving infliximab (85 male; mean age, 17.3 ± 4.3 years; 114 Crohn's disease and 20 ulcerative colitis). Infliximab use ranged from 12 days to 12 years: median 2.0 (interquartile range [1.1-4.3]) years. Twenty-seven of 134 (20%) patients had ATI ≥5 U/mL. Of patients with ATI ≥5 U/mL, 59% had infliximab levels <5 µg/mL, compared with 14% of patients with ATI <5 U/mL (P < 0.001). Ten (7%) patients (9 Crohn's disease, 1 ulcerative colitis) underwent bowel resections after beginning infliximab infusions. Sixty percent who underwent surgery had ATI ≥12 U/mL; in contrast, only 8% of patients who did not undergo surgery had ATI ≥12 U/mL (P = 0.01). At the time of serum sampling, 50 (37%) patients were receiving combination therapy, compared with 84 (63%) on infliximab alone. Combination therapy at the time of serum sampling did not correlate with either increase infliximab levels or lower ATI compared with infliximab monotherapy. However, prior immunomodulator use was associated with lower antibody levels (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: ATI correlates with reduction in infliximab level and a higher risk of surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Biomedicines to reduce inflammation but not viral load in chronic HCV--what's the sense?

Although cytokines and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are among the predominant mechanisms of host defense against viral pathogens, they can induce an inflammatory response that often leads to tissue injury. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a major cause of liver-related disease, results in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and CTL activity, followed by liver injury. Although inflammation facilitates the wound healing process, chronic persistence over several decades results in scar accumulation, fibrosis and often cirrhosis. This review summarizes biological data implicating a cause-and-effect relationship between TNF-alpha levels and the progression of fibrosis in chronic HCV infections, in contrast to the role of TNF-alpha in hepatitis B virus infections. Furthermore, an overview of therapeutic approaches to halting the inflammatory cascade in individuals with chronic HCV, including the use of agents to reduce the level of TNF-alpha, is presented.

Systems biology approaches for inflammatory bowel disease: emphasis on gut microbial metabolism.

Although the prevalence of main idiopathic forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has risen considerably over the last decades, their clinical features do not allow accurate prediction of prognosis, likelihood of disease progression, or response to specific therapy. Through a better understanding of the molecular pathways involved in IBD and the promise of more targeted therapies, the personalized approach to the management of IBD shows potential. To achieve this, there remains a significant need to better understand the disease process at cellular and molecular levels for any given individual with IBD. The complexity of biological functional networks behind the etiology of IBD highlights the need for their comprehensive analysis. In this, omics technologies can generate a systemic view of IBD pathogenesis on which to base novel, multiple pathway-integrated therapies. Omics sciences have just started to contribute here by generating gene, protein expression, metabolite data at global level and large scale, and more recently by offering new opportunities to explore gut functional ecology. In particular, there is much expectation regarding the putative role of the gut microbiome in IBD. No doubt it will provide additional insights and lead to the development of alternative, hopefully better, diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring tools in the management of IBD. This review discusses perspectives of relevance to clinical translation with emphasis on gut microbial metabolic activities.

A 9-year evaluation of temporal trends in alosetron postmarketing safety under the risk management program.

OBJECTIVES: Adverse events (AEs) of ischemic colitis (IC) and complications of constipation (CoC) associated with alosetron are rare and have been adjudicated during the first 5.5 years of the risk management program (RMP); however, changes in incidence rates relative to reductions in AE reports and increases in alosetron prescriptions over the 9-year RMP have not been evaluated. The authors aim to evaluate temporal trends in alosetron postmarketing safety over the 9-year RMP. METHODS: The alosetron safety database was searched to identify cases of IC, CoC, and related AEs from 20 November 2002 to 31 December 2011. Adjudication of IC and CoC cases were based on US Food and Drug Administration-defined criteria. Incidence rates were calculated using the number of AEs and alosetron prescriptions (expressed as cases/1000 patient-years exposure). RESULTS: A total of 29 cases were adjudicated as probable/possible IC and 7 cases were adjudicated as CoC. Cumulative adjudicated incidence rate of IC (1.03 cases/1000 patient-years) is low and stable, while that of CoC (0.25 cases/1000 patient-years) is low, declining progressively over time. Decreases in the incidence rates of potential symptoms of IC (abdominal pain with bloody diarrhea/hematochezia) and CoC (constipation) were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Over the 9-year RMP period, incidence rates of IC and CoC remain rare. Substantial reductions over time were observed in the incidence of CoC and in symptoms suggestive of IC or CoC, while IC incidence has been stable at approximately 1.0 case/1000 patient-years. Decreases in AEs and serious outcomes associated with IC and CoC since the reintroduction of alosetron are likely attributable to the RMP.

Monitoring of adalimumab and antibodies-to-adalimumab levels in patient serum by the homogeneous mobility shift assay.

This report describes the analytical validation and application of the homogeneous mobility shift assay (HMSA) method for the measurement of adalimumab and human antibodies-to-adalimumab (ATA) in serum samples from patients who have lost response to adalimumab treatment. Validation of the ATA- and the adalimumab-HMSA revealed a lower limit of detection to be 0.026 U/mL for ATA and 0.018 µg/mL for adalimumab in serum samples. Intra-assay and inter-assay precision determination yielded a coefficient of variation of less than 15%, and the accuracy of both assays was within 20%. Adalimumab drug tolerance in the ATA-HMSA was up to 20 µg/mL in the test serum. Serum samples from 100 drug-naïve healthy subjects were tested to set-up the cut point of 0.55 U/mL for ATA and 0.68 µg/mL for adalimumab. Analysis of 100 serum samples from patients who were losing response to adalimumab showed that 26% had an adalimumab level below the cut point, of these 68% were ATA positive. Overall, 44% of the patients (44/100) were positive for ATA. This study presents evidence that drug and anti-drug antibody levels are important determinants of patient response to therapy.

Combined serological, genetic, and inflammatory markers differentiate non-IBD, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis patients.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that serological markers can assist in diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we aim to build a diagnostic tool incorporating serological markers, genetic variants, and markers of inflammation into a computational algorithm to examine patterns of combinations of markers to (1) identify patients with IBD and (2) differentiate patients with Crohn's disease (CD) from ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, patient blood samples from 572 CD, 328 UC, 437 non-IBD controls, and 183 healthy controls from academic and community centers were analyzed for 17 markers: 8 serological markers (ASCA-IgA, ASCA-IgG, ANCA, pANCA, OmpC, CBir1, A4-Fla2, and FlaX), 4 genetic markers (ATG16L1, NKX2-3, ECM1, and STAT3), and 5 inflammatory markers (CRP, SAA, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and VEGF). A diagnostic Random Forest algorithm was constructed to classify IBD, CD, and UC. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic analysis compared the diagnostic accuracy of using a panel of serological markers only (ASCA-IgA, ASCA-IgG, ANCA, pANCA, OmpC, and CBir1) versus using a marker panel that in addition to the serological markers mentioned above also included gene variants, inflammatory markers, and 2 additional serological markers (A4-Fla2 and FlaX). The extended marker panel increased the IBD versus non-IBD discrimination area under the curve from 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], ±0.05) to 0.87 (95% CI, ±0.04; P < 0.001). The CD versus UC discrimination increased from 0.78 (95% CI, ±0.06) to 0.93 (95% CI, ±0.04; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating a combination of serological, genetic, and inflammation markers into a diagnostic algorithm improved the accuracy of identifying IBD and differentiating CD from UC versus using serological markers alone.

Evaluation of treatment continuation with alosetron by IBS-D severity criteria.

OBJECTIVES: This article evaluates the characteristics and treatment patterns of female patients with severe diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) who were treated with alosetron under a risk management program. METHODS: Patients prescribed alosetron (2002-2009) and who voluntarily enrolled in the follow-up study were evaluated. Questionnaires were administered at baseline, Wk 5, Wk 10, and quarterly thereafter for ≤1 year. Subgroup analyses were conducted in female patients with IBS-D ≥6 months, stratified by IBS-D severity criteria met (1-3) from the alosetron prescribing information (treatment recommended in female patients meeting ≥1 severity criterion). The voluntary and observational nature of the study are potential limitations, such that eligible patients in the clinical practice setting may have had more severe IBS-D, possibly representing a more motivated and homogeneous subpopulation of patients than the broader IBS-D population. RESULTS: A total of 7841 patients enrolled in the study; 92.4% were adult females; 79.4% (n = 6229) met label criteria. Mean follow-up time was ∼10.3 months; 50.3% completed 1 year. Of the 6229 female patients, 76.9% met 3/3 severity criteria; 21.5% met 2/3 severity criteria; 1.4% met 1/3 severity criteria. The most common complaint was restriction of daily activities, followed by accidents/fecal incontinence, and stomach cramps/bloating. One-year treatment continuation was ≥64% across IBS-D severity groups. CONCLUSIONS: One-year treatment continuation with alosetron was high, irrespective of the number of IBS-D severity criteria met. Restriction of daily activities was the primary indicator of disease severity. These findings demonstrate that alosetron continues to be safely and effectively used under the risk management program, and appears to provide long-term benefit in appropriate patients with IBS-D.