Definitions and unmet needs in the management of oligomestatic renal cell carcinoma in the modern era.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a complex entity, potentially leading to a specific clinical management of these patients. Recent and ongoing trials have raised several unresolved questions that could impact clinical routine practice, advocating for the integration of novel treatment options (systemic treatment, cytoreductive surgery, or stereotactic body radiotherapy - SBRT) with varied modalities and objectives. RECENT FINDINGS: Immunotherapy represents a breakthrough in the systemic treatment of mRCC. However, many questions are still unsolved regarding the perfect timing for starting systemic and whether the systemic treatment could improve the activity of metastases-directed strategies. Moreover, the widespread use of adjuvant immunotherapy will challenge the treatment paradigm in the oligorecurrent scenario. Radical surgery of metastases and more recently SBRT - both eventually associated with systemic treatment - actually represent two important approaches to be considered in oligometastatic patients. SUMMARY: Oligometastatic RCC represents a status including a wide spectrum of clinical conditions that requires a tailored treatment approach. The correct management integrates local approaches (either metastasectomy or SRBT) and systemic (immune)-therapy. Several unmet needs have to be investigated, mainly regarding the lack of prospective randomized trials that directly compare modern therapies and different integration strategies.

Is Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index a Real Non-Invasive Biomarker to Predict Oncological Outcomes in Patients Eligible for Radical Cystectomy?

Background and Objectives: To assess the potential prognostic role of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in predicting oncological outcomes in a cohort of patients treated with radical cystectomy (RC). Materials and Methods: From 2016 to 2022, a retrospective monocentric study enrolled 193 patients who were divided into two groups based on their SII levels using the optimal cutoff determined by the Youden index. The SII was obtained from a preoperative blood test approximately one month before RC. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the capacity of SII to predict lymph node invasion (N), advanced pT stage (pT3/pT4), and locally advanced condition at the time of RC. Multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for preoperative and postoperative features were used to analyze the prognostic effect of SII on recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS). Results: The optimal cutoff value of the SII was 640.27. An elevated SII was seen in 113 (58.5%) patients. Using the multivariable preoperative logistic regression models, an elevated SII was correlated with nodal invasion (N; p = 0.03), advanced pT stage (p = 0.04), and locally advanced disease (p = 0.005), with enhancement of AUCs for predicting locally advanced disease (p = 0.04). In multivariable Cox regression models that considered preoperative clinicopathologic factors, an elevated SII was linked to poorer RFS (p = 0.005) and OS (p = 0.01). Moreover, on multivariable Cox regression postoperative models, a high SII was linked to RFS (p = 0.004) and to OS (p = 0.01). Conclusions: In this monocentric retrospective study, higher preoperative SII values predicted worse oncological outcomes in patients with bladder cancer (BCa) who underwent RC.

Second line therapy with axitinib after only prior sunitinib in metastatic renal cell cancer: Italian multicenter real world SAX study final results.

BACKGROUND: This multi-institutional retrospective real life study was conducted in 22 Italian Oncology Centers and evaluated the role of Axitinib in second line treatment in not selected mRCC patients. METHODS: 148 mRCC patients were evaluated. According to Heng score 15.5%, 60.1% and 24.4% of patients were at poor risk, intermediate and favorable risk, respectively. RESULTS: PFS, OS, DCR and ORR were 7.14 months, 15.5 months, 70.6% and 16.6%, respectively. The duration of prior sunitinib treatment correlated with a longer significant mPFS, 8.8 vs 6.3 months, respectively. Axitinib therapy was safe, without grade 4 adverse events. The most frequent toxicities of all grades were: fatigue (50%), hypertension (26%), and hypothyroidism (18%). G3 blood pressure elevation significantly correlated with longer mPFS and mOS compared to G1-G2 or no toxicity. Dose titration (DT) to 7 mg and 10 mg bid was feasible in 24% with no statistically significant differences in mPFS and mOS. The sunitinib-axitinib sequence was safe and effective, the mOS was 41.15 months. At multivariate analysis, gender, DCR to axitinib and to previous sunitinib correlated significantly with PFS; whereas DCR to axitinib, nephrectomy and Heng score independently affected overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Axitinib was effective and safe in a not selected real life mRCC population. Trial registration INT - Napoli - 11/16 oss. Registered 20 April 2016. http://www.istitutotumori.na.it.

Cabozantinib-related cardiotoxicity: a prospective analysis in a real-world cohort of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients.

AIMS: Data regarding the cardiac toxicity of cabozantinib lacks. The aim of our study was to assess the risk of cabozantinib-related cardiotoxicity in mRCC patients. METHODS: We performed a multicentre prospective study on mRCC patients treated with cabozantinib between October 2016 and November 2017. Transthoracic echocardiogram and plasma biomarkers assay were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months after cabozantinib initiation. RESULTS: The study population included 22 mRCC patients. At baseline, 9.1% had a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), but none had a left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Patients with baseline reduced LVEF did not show further significant LVEF modification after 3 months. After 6 months, only 1 had an LVEF decline >10% compared to baseline, resulting in LV systolic dysfunction. At baseline, 64.7% and 27.3% of patients had elevated precursor brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP) and high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI), respectively. Among patients with basal normal proBNP and hsTnI, none had elevated values at 3 and 6 months. No correlation was found between basal elevated proBNP and basal reduced LVEF (P = .29), and between elevated proBNP and reduced LVEF after 6 months (P = .37). Similarly, we found no correlations between elevated hsTnI and reduced LVEF or elevated proBNP at baseline (P = .47; P = .38), at 3 (P = .059; P = .45) and after 6 months (P = .72; P = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study revealed a modest risk of developing left ventricular systolic dysfunction related to cabozantinib. A lack of correlation between elevated cardiac biomarkers and reduced LVEF at different time-points was detected. Assessments of the cardiac function should be reserved at the occurrence of clinical symptoms.

Inside the 2016 American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Cancers Symposium: part 1 - kidney cancer.

The American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, Moscone West Building, San Francisco, CA, USA, 7-9 January 2016 The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, held in San Francisco (CA, USA), from 7 to 9 January 2016, focused on 'patient-centric care: translating research to results'. Every year, this meeting is a must for anyone studying genitourinary tumors to keep abreast of the most recent innovations in this field, exchange views on behaviors customarily adopted in daily clinical practice, and discuss future topics of scientific research. This two-part report highlights the key themes presented at the 2016 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, with part 1 reporting the main novelties of kidney cancer and part 2 discussing the most relevant issues which have emerged for bladder and prostate tumors.

Inside the 2016 American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Cancers Symposium: part 2 - prostate and bladder cancer.

The American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, Moscone West Building, San Francisco, CA, USA, 7-9 January 2016 The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, held in San Francisco (CA, USA), from 7 to 9 January 2016, focused on 'patient-centric care: translating research to results'. Every year, this meeting is a must for anyone studying genitourinary tumors to keep abreast of the most recent innovations in this field, exchange views on behaviors customarily adopted in daily clinical practice and discuss future topics of scientific research. This two-part report highlights the key themes presented at the 2016 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, with part 1 reporting the main novelties of kidney cancer and part 2 discussing the most relevant issues which have emerged for bladder and prostate tumors.

Complete remission with sunitinib in a poor-risk patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the fine balance between toxicity and efficacy.

Sunitinib represents a reasonable therapeutic option for first-line treatment of poor-risk metastatic renal cell carcinoma and the treatment should aim at the delicate balance between managing side effects to improve the toxicity profile and patient compliance to treatment while maintaining anticancer efficacy. Achievement of a complete response, although rare, is possible, even in poor-risk patients. Treatment discontinuation represents a viable alternative for both tumour biology and patients' quality of life. To date, no molecular markers have been identified with prognostic and/or predictive value for guiding therapeutic decisions. Further research should aim at gaining in-depth knowledge of renal cell carcinoma biology for a tailored personalized therapy. We report a case of poor-risk metastatic renal cell carcinoma, with Von Hippel-Lindau loss of function, which achieved and maintained a complete remission after first-line therapy with sunitinib by using a reduced dosage and a modified schedule of treatment.

Kidney cancer and 2014: is innovation really over?

2014 has been a year of significant innovations on kidney cancer treatments, the most relevant of which will be shown below. In particular, we analyzed the consolidated knowledge regarding the role of surgery in localized and advanced renal cell carcinoma and the targeted therapies already approved for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Furthermore, we examined the outstanding issues, with particular reference to the choice of the second-line and the role of adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatments. Finally, we outlined the future therapeutic perspectives and those definitely abandoned.

Suppression of mTOR pathway in solid tumors: lessons learned from clinical experience in renal cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors and new perspectives.

The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway plays role in the regulation of many cellular processes. Hyperactivation of mTOR signaling has been implicated in human carcinogenesis, representing an attractive target for cancer therapy. Among other cancer subtypes, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and neuroendocrine tumors are relevant settings in which the deregulation of mTOR pathway is of crucial importance. Different mTOR-inhibitory agents have been developed in recent years. Temsirolimus is approved for advanced RCC; everolimus is registered for the treatment of advanced RCC, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and postmenopausal, hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer. This review is focused on the description of the clinical experience with mTOR-inhibitor agents for the treatment of advanced RCC and neuroendocrine tumors, followed by an excursus on the landscape of the ongoing research in this field.

Present and future of personalized medicine in adult genitourinary tumors.

The development of targeted agents has completely revolutionized the therapeutic scenario of genitourinary tumors. However, no biomarkers of tumor response or patient tolerability have been validated so far, and the selection of patients who may benefit from these approaches is still empirical. Significant advances in genomic sequencing and molecular characterization of these tumors have allowed identification of complex genomic abnormalities, thus increasing our knowledge on cancer biological landscapes and paving the way to the development of personalized strategies based on the patient's genomic and cancer's molecular profiles. This review is an overview of recent findings and emerging individualized therapies in patients with prostate, renal and bladder cancer, focusing on the promises and limitations of this approach in this setting.

Inside the 2015 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium.

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Genitourinary Cancers Symposium, Rosen Shingle Creek, Orlando, FL, USA, 26-28 February 2015 The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Genitourinary Cancers Symposium was held in Orlando (FL, USA), from 26 to 28 February 2015. This meeting was focused on 'Integrating Biology into patient-centric care' and represented an attractive opportunity for oncology professionals with a special interest in the diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary tumors. The identification and validation of biomarkers for tumor response had been the focus of several researchers at the symposium, together with the development of novel targeted agents. This report is a summary of the highlights on kidney and prostate tumors presented at the 2015 ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium by various investigators.

Prognostic and predictive factors in patients treated with chemotherapy for advanced urothelial cancer: where do we stand?

The standard of care for patients with local advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma is chemotherapy. However, results with this are rather disappointing, and validated prognostic factors and biomarkers of tumor response, which are useful in the decision-making process, are still lacking. PubMed databases were searched for articles published until November 2013. Several promising clinical and biological candidate prognostic factors or markers of tumor response to first- or second-line therapy, such as hemoglobin, performance status, visceral metastasis and ERCC1, hENT1 and EMT markers, have been identified and described in this article. In summary, clinical parameters and molecular profiling could revolutionize the management of local advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer, but an improvement in individualized therapeutic approaches still seems distant.

Selected news from the 2014 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium: translating novel strategies into clinical practice.

2014 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium San Francisco, CA, USA, 30 January-1 February 2014 The American Society of Clinical Oncology symposium dedicated to genitourinary tumors represents an unmissable opportunity for the whole oncology community with a special interest in the diagnosis and treatment of genitorurinary tract malignancies, in particular kidney and prostate tumors. The 2014 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium focused attention on the need to find a personalized therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma and castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. The development of biomarkers for tumor response and/or resistance will represent a major step in this context and has been the focus of several researches at the symposium.

Highlights from the 2024 ASCO Genitourinary Symposium: focus on urothelial and prostate cancer.

The 2024 ASCO Genitourinary Cancer Symposium, this year celebrating the 20th anniversary, delved into key advancements in urothelial carcinoma (UC) and prostate cancer (PC). For UC, insights emerged from adjuvant pembrolizumab for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, and from the efficacy of the EV-302 study of enfortumab vedotin +pembrolizumab in the metastatic setting. In PC, adjuvant therapy with high-dose radiotherapy schedules plus long-t erm ADT was explored. In metastatic castration-resistant PC, highlights included a novel combo (cabozantinib+atezolizumab) for poor prognosis patients; confirmed benefits of ARSI+PARPi in BRCA-mutated patients; and safety considerations for ARSI treatments. The symposium continued its role as an indispensable platform for shaping specialized oncological care.

2024 ASCO genitourinary cancers symposium: a focus on renal cell carcinoma.

In this article, we report the breakthrough acquisitions for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) management presented at the 2024 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. The results from Keynote 564 showed an impressive overall survival (OS) advantage for pembrolizumab, in patients at higher risk of relapse after surgery and confirmed the benefit in terms of disease-free survival (DFS). Until now, pembrolizumab is the only immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) to prove a survival advantage. On the contrary, the results from CheckMate 914 trial showed the lack of benefit of adjuvant nivolumab. In the metastatic setting, the longer-term follow-up data of the CheckMate 9ER and CheckMate 214 trials reassessed the undoubtable role of ICI-based combination in first-line treatment, with a clear survival advantage in the subgroup of patients at intermediate/poor IMDC prognosis. No OS advantage was seen in favorable IMDC risk group patients. This 2024 ASCO Genitourinary Cancer Symposium laid the foundations for further knowledge development necessary for an increasingly personalized therapy for RCC patients.

The incidence and relative risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and hypertension in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors plus tyrosine-kinase inhibitors for solid tumors: a systemic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can be responsible for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). We performed a meta-analysis to assess the relative risk (RR) of MACEs and hypertension in cancer patients treated with ICI+TKI combinations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We selected prospective trials through MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ASCOMeeting abstracts. We calculated combined ORs, RRs, and 95% CIs using RevMansoftware for meta-analysis (v.5.2.3). RESULTS: Seven studies were selected for the analysis of MACEs (3849 patients). The incidence MACEs were 0.8% with ICI+TKI combinations, compared to 0.2% in the control arms for both any- and high-grade. ICI+TKI combinations significantly increased the risk of any- (OR = 3.21; p = 0.01) and high-grade MACEs (OR = 2.72; p = 0.05). Ten studies were selected for the analysis of hypertension (5744 patients). The incidence of treatment-related hypertension of any-grade and high-grade was41.3% (vs. 20.8%) and 26.1% (vs. 12.3%) with ICI+TKI combinations, respectively. ICI+TKI combinations significantly increased the risk of treatment-related hypertension of any-grade (RR = 2.10; p = 0.001), but not of high-grade (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: ICI+TKI combinations increase the risk of MACEs compared to controls, although the absolute incidence is eventually low. Routine cardiovascular monitoring in asymptomatic patients is therefore not recommended.

Theranostics revolution in prostate cancer: Basics, clinical applications, open issues and future perspectives.

In the last years, theranostics has expanded the therapeutic options available for prostate cancer patients. In this review, we explore this dynamic field and its potential to revolutionize precision medicine for prostate cancer. We delve into the foundational principles, clinical applications, and emerging opportunities, emphasizing the potential synergy between radioligand therapy and other systemic treatments. Additionally, we address the ongoing challenges, including optimizing patient selection, assessing treatment responses, and determining the role of theranostics within the broader landscape of prostate cancer treatment.

The Role of the Complement in Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma (ccRCC)-What Future Prospects Are There for Its Use in Clinical Practice?

In recent years, the first-line available therapeutic options for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) have radically changed with the introduction into clinical practice of new immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combinations. Many efforts are focusing on identifying novel prognostic and predictive markers in this setting. The complement system (CS) plays a central role in promoting the growth and progression of mRCC. In particular, mRCC has been defined as an "aggressive complement tumor", which encompasses a group of malignancies with poor prognosie and highly expressed complement components. Several preclinical and retrospective studies have demonstrated the negative prognostic role of the complement in mRCC; however, there is little evidence on its possible role as a predictor of the response to ICIs. The purpose of this review is to explore more deeply the physio-pathological role of the complement in the development of RCC and its possible future use in clinical practice as a prognostic and predictive factor.