[Factors related to nutritional status in geriatric patients receiving institutional and home care]. / Factores asociados al estado nutricional de pacientes geriátricos institucionalizados y atendidos en su domicilio.

INTRODUCTION: Malnourishment in the geriatric population is a common and serious situation that is often undiagnosed. This study aimed to compare nutritional status, measured by the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), in the geriatric population institutionalized in residential centres and those included in the In-Home Assistance Program (IHAP) overseen by two urban-rural primary care teams, as well as to identify the factors related to the risk of malnourishment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional estimation study of the prevalence of malnourishment or risk of malnourishment according to different explanatory variables by means of a logistics model. A total of 102 institutionalized patients and 170 patients included in the IHAP aged more than 65 years old were analyzed. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between institutionalized patients and those included in the IHAP by age, sex or pharmaceutical consumption, but differences were found in typology and the Barthel test. Chronic disease predominated in patients assisted at home (62.4%) and dementia in those who were institutionalized (39.2%). According to the MNA, malnourishment or risk of malnourishment was found in 67.6% of patients in the IHAP and in 93.1% of institutionalized patients. When adjustments were made for age and typology, correct nutritional status was 4.35 times more frequent in IHAP patients than in institutionalized patients. CONCLUSIONS: The profile of patients at greater risk of compromised nutritional status or with established malnourishment includes those that are institutionalized, older than 74 years and/or with dementia. These patients should receive corrective or preventative measures for malnourishment.

[Integral health provision by two Catalonian health providing entities (Spain)]. / Integración Asistencial de Dos Organizaciones en Cataluña, España.

OBJECTIVE: Health policies aimed at promoting collaboration amongst providers have led to different initiatives, amongst them integrated healthcare delivery systems (IDS); these have been analysed mainly in the USA but hardly so in Colombia or Spain . This article thus analyses the experience of two IDS in Catalonia for identifying elements for improvement. METHODS: This was a case-study carried out via individual semi-structured interviews and analysing documents. Two IDS were selected; a sample of documents and reports providing information on analysis variables were selected for each case. Content was analysed via mixed categories and segmentation by cases and topics. RESULTS: Both IDS are health-care providing organisations presenting backward vertical integration, having total internal service production and virtual integration of ownership. BSA is funded by providing services whilst SSIBE relies on shareholding via capitation pilot test. Both have closely coordinated multiple managing bodies and have defined overall strategies orientated towards coordination and efficiency; they differ regarding implementation time. BSA has a divisional structure and SSIBE a functional one, organised by transversal areas. Clinical coordination is based on standardising processes and abilities, having few mechanisms for mutual adaptation and disparity in the number of instruments implemented. CONCLUSIONS: Both organisations presented enabling and hindering factors for clinical coordination which would need changes in internal and external components in order to improve overall efficiency and health care continuity.

Factors associated to experienced continuity of care between primary and outpatient secondary care in the Catalan public healthcare system.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze patient's reported elements of relational, informational and managerial (dis)continuity between primary and outpatient secondary care and to identify associated factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study by means of a survey of a random sample of 1500 patients attended in primary and secondary care for the same condition. The study settings consisted of three health areas of the Catalan health system. Data were collected in 2010 using the CCAENA questionnaire, which identifies patients' experiences of continuity of care. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were carried out. RESULTS: Elements of continuity of care were experienced by most patients. However, elements of discontinuity were also identified: 20% and 15% were seen by more than one primary or secondary care physician, respectively. Their secondary care physician or both professionals were identified as responsible for their care by 40% and 45% of users, respectively. Approximately 20% reported a lack of information transfer. Finally, 72% of secondary care consultations were due to primary care referral, whilst only 36% reported a referral back to primary care. Associated factors were healthcare setting, age, sex, perceived health status and disease duration. CONCLUSION: Users generally reported continuity of care, although elements of discontinuity were also identified, which can be partially explained by the healthcare setting and some individual factors. Elements of discontinuity should be addressed to better adapt care to patients' needs.

Factors associated to experienced continuity of care between primary and outpatient secondary care in the Catalan public healthcare system

Objective: To analyze patient's reported elements of relational, informational and managerial (dis)continuity between primary and outpatient secondary care and to identify associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study by means of a survey of a random sample of 1500 patients attended in primary and secondary care for the same condition. The study settings consisted of three health areas of the Catalan health system. Data were collected in 2010 using the CCAENA© questionnaire, which identifies patients' experiences of continuity of care. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression models were carried out. Results: Elements of continuity of care were experienced by most patients. However, elements of discontinuity were also identified: 20% and 15% were seen by more than one primary or secondary care physician, respectively. Their secondary care physician or both professionals were identified as responsible for their care by 40% and 45% of users, respectively. Approximately 20% reported a lack of information transfer. Finally, 72% of secondary care consultations were due to primary care referral, whilst only 36% reported a referral back to primary care. Associated factors were healthcare setting, age, sex, perceived health status and disease duration. Conclusion: Users generally reported continuity of care, although elements of discontinuity were also identified, which can be partially explained by the healthcare setting and some individual factors. Elements of discontinuity should be addressed to better adapt care to patients' needs (AU)

Objetivos: Analizar los elementos de (dis)continuidad de relación, información y gestión, entre atención primaria y secundaria ambulatoria, reportada por los pacientes e identificar los factores asociados. Métodos: Estudio transversal, mediante encuesta a usuarios de los servicios de salud atendidos en atención primaria y secundaria por un mismo motivo. Se realizó en tres áreas del sistema de salud de Cataluña. Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de 1500 pacientes. Los datos fueron recogidos en 2010 aplicando el cuestionario CCAENA©, que mide la experiencia y la percepción de la continuidad asistencial. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y modelos de regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: Los usuarios percibieron mayoritariamente elementos de continuidad asistencial. Sin embargo, también identificaron elementos de discontinuidad: un 20% y un 15%, respectivamente, fueron atendidos por más de un médico de atención primaria o secundaria. Un 40% identificó como responsable de su atención al médico de atención secundaria y un 45% a ambos profesionales. Aproximadamente el 20% percibió una falta de transferencia de información. Finalmente, el 72% de las consultas a médicos de atención secundaria fue por derivación de atención primaria, y sólo el 36% señaló una contraderivación a la atención primaria. Los factores asociados fueron el área de salud, las características sociodemográficas, el estado de salud percibida y la duración de la enfermedad. Conclusión: Los usuarios perciben una continuidad asistencial, aunque identifican elementos de discontinuidad, explicados parcialmente por el área de salud y por algunos factores individuales. Su abordaje contribuiría a adecuar la atención a las necesidades de los pacientes (AU)

Integración asistencial de dos organizaciones en Cataluña, España / Integral health provision by two Catalonian health providing entities ( Spain )

Objetivo: El objetivo es analizar la experiencia de dos redes integradas de servicios de salud (RISS ) en Cataluña para identificar elementos de mejora. Métodos: Estudio de casos, mediante análisis de documentos y entrevistas individuales semi-estructuradas. Se seleccionaron dos casos -RISS- y para cada caso, documentos e informantes que proporcionaran información sobre las dimensiones de análisis. Se realizó análisis de contenido con generación mixta de categorías y segmentación por casos y temas. Trabajo de campo en 2004. Resultados: Ambas son organizaciones sanitarias integradas verticalmente hacia atrás, con producción interna total de servicios e integración virtual en la propiedad. Mientras la financiación de BSA es por línea de servicio, SSIBE participa en la prueba piloto de financiación capitativa. Ambas disponen de un gobierno múltiple estrechamente coordinado y han definido estrategias globales orientadas a la coordinación y la eficiencia, con diferencias en cuanto a tiempo de desarrollo. Mientras BSA poseía una estructura divisional, la de SSIBE es funcional por ámbitos transversales. La coordinación asistencial se basa en la normalización de procesos y de habilidades, con escasos mecanismos de adaptación mutua y disparidad en el número de instrumentos implementados. Conclusiones: Ambas organizaciones presentan elementos favorables y desfavorables a la coordinación asistencial, que requerirían cambios en los ámbitos interno y externo, que conduzcan hacia la eficiencia y la continuidad asistencial.

Objective: Health policies aimed at promoting collaboration amongst providers have led to different initiatives, amongst them integrated healthcare delivery systems (IDS); these have been analysed mainly in the USA but hardly so in Colombia or Spain . This article thus analyses the experience of two IDS in Catalonia for identifying elements for improvement. Methods: This was a case-study carried out via individual semi-structured interviews and analysing documents. Two IDS were selected; a sample of documents and reports providing information on analysis variables were selected for each case. Content was analysed via mixed categories and segmentation by cases and topics. Results: Both IDS are health-care providing organisations presenting backward vertical integration, having total internal service production and virtual integration of ownership. BSA is funded by providing services whilst SSIBE relies on shareholding via capitation pilot test. Both have closely coordinated multiple managing bodies and have defined overall strategies orientated towards coordination and efficiency; they differ regarding implementation time. BSA has a divisional structure and SSIBE a functional one, organised by transversal areas. Clinical coordination is based on standardising processes and abilities, having few mechanisms for mutual adaptation and disparity in the number of instruments implemented. Conclusions: Both organisations presented enabling and hindering factors for clinical coordination which would need changes in internal and external components in order to improve overall efficiency and health care continuity.

Factores asociados al estado nutricional de pacientes geriátricos institucionalizados y atendidos en su domicilio / Factors related to nutritional status in geriatric patients receiving institutional and home care

Introducciónla malnutrición en la población geriátrica es una situación común, grave y frecuentemente no diagnosticada. Este trabajo pretende comparar el estado nutricional, medido según la prueba Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), de la población geriátrica institucionalizada en centros residenciales y la incluida en el Programa de Atención Domiciliaria (PATDOM) de dos equipos de atención primaria (EAP) urbanorrurales, así como identificar los factores relacionados con el riesgo de malnutrición.Material y métodosestudio transversal de estimación de la prevalencia de malnutrición o riesgo según diferentes variables explicativas mediante un modelo logístico, analizando 102 pacientes institucionalizados y 170 incluidos en el PATDOM, mayores de 65 años.Resultadosno se encuentran diferencias significativas entre pacientes institucionalizados e incluidos en el PATDOM respecto a edad, sexo y consumo de fármacos, pero sí respecto a la tipología y la prueba de Barthel. La patología crónica predomina en el paciente atendido en el domicilio (62,4%) y la demencia en el institucionalizado (39,2%). El 67,6% de los pacientes en PATDOM y el 93,1% de los pacientes institucionalizados presentan malnutrición o riesgo según MNA. Ajustando por edad y tipología, los pacientes en PATDOM están bien nutridos en una proporción 4,35 veces superior a los institucionalizados.Conclusionesel perfil de los pacientes con mayor riesgo de afectación del estado nutricional, o ya con malnutrición instaurada, y a los que debería prestarse medidas correctoras o preventivas de malnutrición, son los institucionalizados, mayores de 74 años y con demencia (AU)

IntroductionMalnourishment in the geriatric population is a common and serious situation that is often undiagnosed. This study aimed to compare nutritional status, measured by the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), in the geriatric population institutionalized in residential centres and those included in the In-Home Assistance Program (IHAP) overseen by two urban-rural primary care teams, as well as to identify the factors related to the risk of malnourishment.Material and methodsWe performed a cross-sectional estimation study of the prevalence of malnourishment or risk of malnourishment according to different explanatory variables by means of a logistics model. A total of 102 institutionalized patients and 170 patients included in the IHAP aged more than 65 years old were analyzed.ResultsNo significant differences were found between institutionalized patients and those included in the IHAP by age, sex or pharmaceutical consumption, but differences were found in typology and the Barthel test. Chronic disease predominated in patients assisted at home (62.4%) and dementia in those who were institutionalized (39.2%). According to the MNA, malnourishment or risk of malnourishment was found in 67.6% of patients in the IHAP and in 93.1% of institutionalized patients. When adjustments were made for age and typology, correct nutritional status was 4.35 times more frequent in IHAP patients than in institutionalized patients.ConclusionsThe profile of patients at greater risk of compromised nutritional status or with established malnourishment includes those that are institutionalized, older than 74 years and/or with dementia. These patients should receive corrective or preventative measures for malnourishment (AU)