PHARMACOKINETICS AND EFFICACY OF A SINGLE TOPICAL DOSE OF EPRINOMECTIN IN GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA SPP.).

Growing resistance to current antiparasitic medications, both in livestock and in zoological species under human care, makes it imperative to evaluate available drugs on the market, such as eprinomectin. In this prospective study, five males and one female of reticulated (Giraffa reticulata; n = 2), Masai (Giraffa tippelskirchii; n = 1), Nubian (Giraffa camelopardalis; n = 2), and hybrid subspecies (n = 1) of giraffe, received 1.5 mg/kg eprinomectin topically along the dorsum. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, concentrations of eprinomectin in plasma samples collected at 0, 4, 24, and 48 h, and 7, 14, 21, and 28 d were evaluated following drug administration. Complete blood cell counts and biochemistry panels were performed before (n = 6) and after (n = 3) eprinomectin administration. Samples for modified double centrifugal fecal flotation (n = 6) were evaluated prior to eprinomectin administration to evaluate for endoparasites and were repeated after the study (n = 5). Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was applied to the data. The observed maximum plasma concentration was 11.45 ng/ml and the time of observed maximum concentration was 2.67 d. The mean terminal half-life was 5.16 d. No adverse effects were observed related to eprinomectin administration and no blood work changes were observed. Parasite loads decreased (n = 3) or did not change (n = 2) after eprinomectin administration. The mean peak plasma concentration of eprinomectin in giraffe was similar to that achieved in cattle, despite using three times the dose.

A longitudinal study on the impact of Internet gaming disorder on self-perceived health, academic performance, and social life of first-year college students.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is associated with health, social, and academic problems but whether these are consequences of the disorder rather than precursors or correlates is unclear. We aimed to evaluate whether IGD in the 1st year of university predicts health, academic and social problems 1 year later, controlling for baseline health, academic and social problems, demographics, and mental health symptoms. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 1741 university students completed both a baseline online survey in their 1st year and a follow-up survey 1 year later. Log-binomial models examined the strength of prospective associations between baseline predictor variables (IGD, baseline health, academic and social problems, sex, age, and mental health symptoms) and occurrence of health, academic and social problems at follow-up. RESULTS: When extensively adjusted by the corresponding outcome at baseline, any mental disorder symptoms, sex, and age, baseline IGD was associated only with severe school impairment and poor social life (risk ratio [RR] = 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-2.75, p = .011; RR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.07-1.38, p = .002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: University authorities and counselors should consider that incoming 1st-year students that meet criteria for IGD are likely to have increased academic and social impairments during their 1st year for which they may want to intervene. This study adds to the existing literature by longitudinally examining a greater array of negative outcomes of IGD than previously documented.

One-year incidence, predictors, and accuracy of prediction of suicidal thoughts and behaviors from the first to second year of university.

BACKGROUND: Research is scarce on the prospective predictors of first onset suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) and the accuracy of these predictors in university students, particularly in low-and-middle income countries. Therefore, we assessed the 1-year incidence of STB among first-year students, a broad range of prospective predictors of STB incidence, and evaluated the prediction accuracy of a baseline multivariate risk prediction model to identify students at highest risk for STB onset over the subsequent 12 months. METHODS: Students (n = 3238) from 13 universities in Mexico completed an online survey developed for the World Mental Health International College Student Surveys in their first year and again 12 months after. We ran generalized linear models and receiver operator curves. RESULTS: The 1-year incidence of suicidal ideation, plan and attempt was 8.53%, 3.75%, and 1.16%, respectively. Predictors in final models were female sex (ideation only), minority sexual orientation (ideation only), depression, eating disorders, ADHD (ideation and plan), ongoing arguments or breakup with a romantic partner (ideation only), emotional abuse (ideation only), parental death (ideation, plan), not Catholic/Christian (ideation, plan), not having someone to rely on, psychotic experiences (plan only), and insufficient sleep (attempt only). Prediction accuracy for ideation, plan and attempt was area under the curve = 0.76, 0.81 and 0.78, respectively. Targeting the top 10% of students at highest risk could reduce STB in the subsequent year up to 36%. CONCLUSIONS: By assessing these risk/protective factors in incoming students we identified students at greatest risk for developing STB to whom suicide prevention strategies could be targeted.

(Internet) Gaming Disorder in DSM-5 and ICD-11: A Case of the Glass Half Empty or Half Full: (Internet) Le trouble du jeu dans le DSM-5 et la CIM-11: Un cas de verre à moitié vide et à moitié plein.

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) included in 2013 Internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a condition for further study, and in 2018, the World Health Organization included gaming disorder (GD) as a mental disorder in the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11). We aim to compare disorders of gaming in both diagnostic systems using a sample of young adults in Mexico. METHODS: Self-administered survey to estimate the prevalence of DSM-5 IGD and ICD-11 GD in 5 Mexican universities; 7,022 first-year students who participated in the University Project for Healthy Students, part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health International College Student Initiative. Cross-tabulation, logistic regression, and item response theory were used to inform on 12- month prevalence of DSM-5 IGD and ICD-11 GD, without and with impairment. RESULTS: The 12-month prevalence of DSM-5 IGD was 5.2% (95% CI, 4.7 to 5.8), almost twice as high as the prevalence using the ICD-11 GD criteria (2.7%; 95% CI, 2.4 to 3.1), and while adding an impairment requirement diminishes both estimates, prevalence remains larger in DSM-5. We found that DSM-5 cases detected and undetected by ICD-11 criteria were similar in demographics, comorbid mental disorders, service use, and impairment variables with the exception that cases detected by ICD-11 had a larger number of symptoms and were more likely to have probable drug dependence than undetected DSM-5 cases. CONCLUSION: DSM-5 cases detected by ICD-11 are mostly similar to cases undetected by ICD-11. By using ICD-11 instead of DSM-5, we may be leaving (similarly) affected people underserved. It is unlikely that purely epidemiological studies can solve this discrepancy and clinical validity studies maybe needed.

Internet Gaming Disorder Does Not Predict Mood, Anxiety or Substance Use Disorders in University Students: A One-Year Follow-Up Study.

We seek to evaluate whether Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) among university students in Mexico during their first year at university predicts a long list of mental disorders a year later, controlling for baseline mental health disorders as well as demographics. This is a prospective cohort study with a one-year follow-up period conducted during the 2018-2019 academic year and followed up during the 2019-2020 academic year at six Mexican universities. Participants were first-year university students (n = 1741) who reported symptoms compatible with an IGD diagnosis at entry (baseline). Outcomes are seven mental disorders (mania, hypomania, and major depressive episodes; generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder; alcohol use disorder and drug use disorder), and three groups of mental disorders (mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders) at the end of the one-year follow-up. Fully adjusted models, that included baseline controls for groups of mental disorders, rendered all associations null. The association between baseline IGD and all disorders and groups of disorders at follow-up was close to one, suggesting a lack of longitudinal impact of IGD on mental disorders. Conflicting results from available longitudinal studies on the role of IGD in the development of mental disorders warrant further research.

Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy versus treatment as usual for anxiety and depression among Latin American university students: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Untreated mental disorders are important among low- and middle-income country (LMIC) university students in Latin America, where barriers to treatment are high. Scalable interventions are needed. This study compared transdiagnostic self-guided and guided internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (i-CBT) with treatment as usual (TAU) for clinically significant anxiety and depression among undergraduates in Colombia and Mexico. METHOD: 1,319 anxious, as determined by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) = 10+ and/or depressed, as determined by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) = 10+, undergraduates (mean [SD] age = 21.4 [3.2]); 78.7% female; 55.9% first-generation university student) from seven universities in Colombia and Mexico were randomized to culturally adapted versions of self-guided i-CBT (n = 439), guided i-CBT (n = 445), or treatment as usual (TAU; n = 435). All randomized participants were reassessed 3 months after randomization. The primary outcome was remission of both anxiety (GAD-7 = 0-4) and depression (PHQ-9 = 0-4). We hypothesized that remission would be higher with guided i-CBT than with the other interventions. RESULTS: Intent-to-treat analysis found significantly higher adjusted (for university and loss to follow-up) remission rates (ARD) among participants randomized to guided i-CBT than either self-guided i-CBT (ARD = 13.1%, χ12 = 10.4, p = .001) or TAU (ARD = 11.2%, χ12 = 8.4, p = .004), but no significant difference between self-guided i-CBT and TAU (ARD = -1.9%, χ12 = 0.2, p = .63). Per-protocol sensitivity analyses and analyses of dimensional outcomes yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Significant reductions in anxiety and depression among LMIC university students could be achieved with guided i-CBT, although further research is needed to determine which students would most likely benefit from this intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Treatment Delivery Preferences Associated With Type of Mental Disorder and Perceived Treatment Barriers Among Mexican University Students.

PURPOSE: Although Internet-based electronic health (eHealth) interventions could potentially reduce mental health disparities, especially in college students in under-resourced countries, little is known about the relative acceptability of eHealth versus in-person treatment modalities and the treatment barriers associated with a preference for one type over the other. METHODS: Participants were from the 2018-2019 cohort of the University Project for Healthy Students (PUERTAS), a Web-based survey of incoming first-year students in Mexico and part of the World Mental Health International College Student Survey initiative. A total of 7,849 first-year students, 54.73% female, from five Mexican universities participated. We estimated correlates of preference for eHealth delivery over in-person modalities with a multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent of students prefer in-person services, 36% showed no preference for in-person over eHealth, 19% prefer not to use services of any kind, and 7% preferred eHealth over in-person treatment delivery. Being embarrassed, worried about harm to one's academic career, wanting to handle problems on one's own, beliefs about treatment efficacy, having depression, and having attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder were associated with a clear preference for eHealth delivery methods with odds ratios ranging from 1.47 to 2.59. CONCLUSIONS: Although more students preferred in-person services over eHealth, those reporting attitudinal barriers (i.e., embarrassment, stigma, wanting to handle problems on one's own, and beliefs about treatment efficacy) and with depression or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder had a greater preference for eHealth interventions suggesting these are students to whom eHealth interventions could be targeted to alleviate symptoms and/or as a bridge to future in-person treatment.

DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder among a sample of Mexican first-year college students.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: DSM-5 includes Internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a condition for further study. While online and offline gaming may produce undesired negative effects on players, we know little about the nosology of IGD and its prevalence, especially in countries with emerging economies. METHODS: A self-administered survey has been employed to estimate prevalence of DSM-5 IGD and study the structure and performance of an instrument in Spanish to measure DSM-5 IGD among 7,022 first-year students in 5 Mexican universities that participated in the University Project for Healthy Students (PUERTAS), part of the World Health Organization's World Mental Health International College Student Initiative. RESULTS: The scale for IGD showed unidimensionality with factor loadings between 0.694 and 0.838 and a Cronbach's α = .816. Items derived from gaming and from substance disorders symptoms mixed together. We found a 12-month prevalence of IGD of 5.2% in the total sample; prevalence was different for males (10.2%) and females (1.2%), but similar for ages 18-19 years (5.0%) and age 20+ (5.8%) years. Among gamers, the prevalence was 8.6%. Students with IGD were more likely to report lifetime psychological or medical treatment [OR = 1.8 (1.4-2.4)] and any severe role impairment [OR = 2.4 (1.7-3.3)]. Adding any severe role impairment to the diagnostic criteria decreased the 12-month prevalence of IGD to 0.7%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of DSM-5 IGD and the performance of diagnostic criteria in this Mexican sample were within the bounds of what is reported elsewhere. Importantly, about one in every seven students with IGD showed levels of impairment that would qualify them for treatment under DSM-5.

La gestión del conocimiento en instituciones de atención primaria de salud en el noroeste de México

Introducción: La búsqueda de la eficiencia en la atención a la salud de la población representa una prioridad para cada uno de los niveles de atención, por lo que es vital identificar los elementos que permitan una mejora continua en las instituciones. La gestión del conocimiento es utilizada para tal fin y se ha estudiado a la par de otras variables como: la cultura organizacional, el liderazgo y la disponibilidad y el uso de tecnologías de la información y comunicación. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación de la gestión del conocimiento con estas variables en centros de atención primaria a las adicciones del noroeste de México. Métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario (α = .977) a 80 profesionales de la salud que laboraban en esas instituciones. Se encontraron relaciones positivas, grandes y significativas entre la gestión del conocimiento y el liderazgo (r = .816, p <. 001) y entre la gestión del conocimiento y la cultura organizacional (r =. 802, p <. 001). Sin embargo, se encontró una correlación positiva y moderada con la variable tecnologías de la información y comunicación. Conclusiones: Se concluye que en los centros de atención primaria a las adicciones del noroeste de México la cultura organizacional y el liderazgo se consideran los factores más importantes para contribuir al éxito de la gestión del conocimiento, principalmente en la adquisición y la transferencia del conocimiento. Es importante considerar en estudios futuros los beneficios sociales y económicos de emplear la gestión del conocimiento en la toma de decisiones organizacionales.

Introduction: The search for efficiency in health care for the population signifies a priority for each level of care, so it is vital to identify the elements allowing continuous improvement in institutions. Knowledge management is used for this purpose and it has been studied along with other variables such as organizational culture, leadership and the availability and use of information and communication technologies. Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship of knowledge management with these variables in primary addiction care centers in Northwest Mexico. Methods: A questionnaire (α = .977) was applied to 80 health professionals who worked in these institutions. Positive, large and significant relationships were found among knowledge management and leadership (r = .816, p < .001) and among knowledge management and organizational culture (r = .802, p < .001). However, positive and moderate correlation was found with the information and communication technologies variable. Conclusions: It is concluded that in primary addiction care centers in Northwest Mexico, organizational culture and leadership are considered the most important factors to contribute to the success of knowledge management, mainly in the acquisition and transfer of knowledge. It is important to consider in future studies the social and economic benefits of using knowledge management in organizational decision making.

Práctica Basada en Evidencia en Adicciones: Conocimientos y Habilidades de Psicoterapeutas del Noroeste de México / Evidence-Based Practice in Addictions Area: Knowledge and Skills of Therapists from Northwestern Mexico

Resumen La Práctica Basada en Evidencia (PBE) es un proceso que inicia con el conocimiento de las evidencias disponibles y concluye con la selección de la mejor intervención para su implementación en escenarios clínicos lo cual impacta la efectividad de las intervenciones. Objetivo. Caracterizar el perfil de los terapeutas que laboran en 17 centros de tratamiento ambulatorio en adicciones del noroeste de México, además de sus conocimientos y habilidades en el uso de la PBE (fuentes de consulta, uso de manuales) y percepción de su autoeficacia. Método. Participaron 102 terapeutas, se contemplaron dos etapas: cuantitativa basada en la aplicación del CUTEA y cualitativa con aplicación de entrevista semi-estructurada, buscando contrastar las respuestas. Resultados. La mayoría de los participantes tuvo dificultad para describir el concepto de PBE, solo el 37.25% logró una adecuada definición sin embargo, reportaron altos niveles (95.91%) de autoeficacia para implementarla. En relación a las fuentes de consulta el 50% reportó utilizar cualquier buscador comercial en internet, mientras que el 46.08% referían usar los manuales de la institución. Al ingreso a su trabajo, no contaban con capacitación en adicciones ni en el área clínica. Discusión. Se aborda la necesidad del entrenamiento en la PBE y no solo en la implementación de tratamientos específicos.

Abstract Introduction. Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is a process which starts with the knowledge of available evidence and concludes with the evaluation and selection of the best intervention for the implementation in clinical settings, this process impact the efficacy of the interventions. The variables which can impact on the EBP could be: personal and institutional variables and therapist skills and variables of the interventions. However, to make decisions in the clinical context, it has prevailed a position based on the risks and needs of the clients, which would justify using any treatment, regardless of its effectiveness, which makes the professional psychologist a passive subject who is dedicated only to implementing interventions that institutions request. Therefore, EBP demands that the psychologist be critical of the research and this allows the identification of the best evidence available and also must have the skills to adapt that evidence to their particular context. The objective is to characterize the profile of therapists working in 17 outpatient treatment centers in Mexico, as well as the skills related to the use of EBP (sources of consultation and use of manuals, transfer of knowledge to the population and other therapists) and perception of their self-efficacy. Method. This is a cross-sectional research in which 102 therapists participated. Two stages were considered: quantitative, based on the application of a questionnaire, and the second was qualitative, seeking to contrast the responses. Results. Most of the participants had difficulties in explaining EBP, but reported high levels of self-efficacy to implement it. At the beginning of their work, they had no training in addictions or in the clinical area. Discussion. The need for training in EBP from undergraduate studies is addressed so that future therapists will find it more natural to implement it in clinical settings, through the analysis of scientific articles and, if possible, its application.