RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between serum antioxidant levels and mortality (all-cause, cancer and CVD) among US adults. DESIGN: We examined the risk of death from all-cause and cause-specific mortality associated with serum antioxidant (vitamin E and carotenoids) and vitamin A levels using Cox regression models to estimate hazards ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. SETTING: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002 was followed up through 31 December 2015. PARTICIPANTS: The NHANES 1999-2002 cohort included 8758 participants aged ≥ 20 years. Serum carotenoid levels were only assessed for the 1999-2000 cycle. Therefore, sample size for each assessed antioxidant ranged from 4633 to 8758. RESULTS: Serum vitamin E level was positively associated with all-cause mortality (HR = 1·22, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·43, highest v. lowest quartile). No other antioxidants were associated with mortality in overall analysis. In race/ethnicity-specific analyses, high vitamin E and α-tocopherol levels were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality among non-Hispanic Whites. Among non-Hispanic Blacks, serum α-tocopherol level was associated with decreased risk of cancer mortality (HR = 0·30, 95 % CI 0·12, 0·75, third v. first quartile) and total carotenoid levels with reduced risk of CVD mortality (HR = 0·26; 95 % CI 0·07, 0·97, second v. lowest quartile). Hispanics with high ß-carotene levels had reduced risk of CVD mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Serum antioxidant levels may be related to mortality; these associations may differ by race/ethnicity and appeared to be non-linear for all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Adulto , Carotenoides , Humanos , Micronutrientes , Encuestas Nutricionales , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Chronic aging-related diseases result in the greatest burden to the health care system, yet there is little agreement on optimal levels of vitamins or the functional significance of many other dietary molecules in disease prevention. This review presents accumulated information regarding the role of γ-tocopherol in the prevention of nitrogen oxide-mediated damage and its impact on aging-related diseases. γ-Tocopherol is ubiquitous in the diet and levels appear to be physiologically regulated such that levels rise in response to inflammation and deficiencies in certain key vitamins. The unique antioxidant properties of γ-tocopherol, whereby DNA-damaging nitrogen dioxide is rapidly converted to nitric oxide, suggest a mechanistic justification for a functional role in the prevention of DNA damage over time. Data from cell, animal, and human studies indicate that γ-tocopherol appears to have significant beneficial effects, protecting cells from inflammatory damage; however, interpretation of epidemiologic studies is complex due to the paradoxical rise in levels of γ-tocopherol in response to known etiologic risk factors. Current knowledge of its antioxidant mechanism of action, apparent physiological regulation, and impact on various enzymatic pathways suggests γ-tocopherol may have a functional role in maintaining human health. Its utility as a biomarker and the consequences of its deficiency deserve further study.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Dieta , Cardiopatías/prevención & control , Neoplasias/prevención & control , gamma-Tocoferol/administración & dosificación , Animales , Cardiopatías/dietoterapia , Cardiopatías/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias/dietoterapia , Neoplasias/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The potential influence of dietary factors on inflammation is important for cancer prevention. Utilizing data from control participants (312 men, 911 women) in 2 nested case-control studies of cancer within the Multiethnic Cohort, we examined the associations of red and processed meat intake with serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 and the mediator effect of body mass index (BMI) on the above associations (if present). METHODS: Multivariable linear models were applied to assess the association between red and processed meat intake at cohort entry and serum biomarker levels measured 9.1 years later after adjusting for covariates and to determine the mediator effect of BMI. RESULTS: Overall red and processed meat intake was positively associated with serum leptin levels in men (ß = 0.180, p = 0.0004) and women (ß = 0.167, p < 0.0001). In women, higher red and processed meat consumption was significantly associated with higher CRP (ß = 0.069, p = 0.03) and lower adiponectin levels (ß = -0.082, p = 0.005). In mediation analyses with red and processed meat intake and BMI as predictors, the associations of red and processed meat with biomarkers decreased substantially (as indicated by percentage change in effect: leptin in men, 13.4%; leptin in women, 13.7%; adiponectin in women, -4.7%; CRP in women, 7.4%) and were no longer significant (p > 0.05), whereas BMI remained significantly associated with serum leptin (men: ß = 3.209, p < 0.0001; women: ß = 2.891, p < 0.0001), adiponectin (women: ß = -1.085, p < 0.0001), and CRP (women: ß = 1.581, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The current data suggest that the amount of excess body weight or the degree of adiposity may mediate the relations between dietary red and processed meat intake and serum biomarkers associated with obesity and inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Adiposidad , Inflamación , Productos de la Carne/efectos adversos , Carne Roja/efectos adversos , Adiposidad/etnología , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Cohortes , Dieta , Etnicidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are common conditions among pregnant and postpartum women, but population-based information is lacking on treatments and help-seeking behaviors. PURPOSE: This study described the prevalence of depression, anxiety, pharmaceutical treatment, and help-seeking behaviors among a multiethnic population of women with recent live births in Hawaii. METHOD: Hawaii Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data from 4735 respondents were weighted to be representative of all pregnancies resulting in live births in Hawaii in 2009-2011 and were used to estimate the prevalence of several indicators related to anxiety and depression before, during, and after pregnancy among women with recent live births. RESULTS: Of Hawaii women with live births in 2009-2011, 7.3 % reported visiting a healthcare worker to be checked or treated for depression or anxiety in the year before their most recent pregnancy, 4.9 % reported having depression in the 3 months before pregnancy, 5.9 % reported having anxiety in the same period, 9.1 % screened positive for postpartum depression, and 6.9 % reported asking a doctor, nurse, or other healthcare worker for help for anxiety postpartum. The prevalence of antianxiety and antidepressant prescription drug use was 2.3 % in the month before pregnancy and 1.4 % during pregnancy. Hawaii had lower prevalence of pre-pregnancy depression, anxiety, and depression/anxiety health visits than other US states. Pre-pregnancy depression and anxiety and postpartum anxiety help-seeking behaviors differed significantly by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION: Depression and anxiety are common among pregnant and postpartum women in Hawaii. More research could better inform heath care professionals and patients of the treatment options available and their potential risks and benefits.
Asunto(s)
Ansiedad/epidemiología , Depresión Posparto/epidemiología , Depresión/epidemiología , Adulto , Femenino , Hawaii , Humanos , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Medición de Riesgo , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
For cancer prevention, the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) emphasise recommendations to improve individual behaviour, including avoidance of tobacco products, maintaining a lean body mass, participating in physical activity, consuming a plant-based diet, and minimising the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as sodas, red and processed meats and alcohol. In the present study of 275 healthy premenopausal women, we explored the association of adherence scores with levels of three biomarkers of antioxidant and inflammation status: serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum γ-tocopherol and urinary F2-isoprostane. The statistical analysis applied linear regression across categories of adherence to WCRF/AICR recommendations. Overall, seventy-two women were classified as low ( ≤ 4), 150 as moderate (5-6), and fifty-three as high adherers ( ≥ 7). The unadjusted means for CRP were 2.7, 2.0 and 1.7 mg/l for low, moderate and high adherers (P trend= 0.03); this association was strengthened after adjustment for confounders (P trend= 0.006). The respective values for serum γ-tocopherol were 1.97, 1.63 and 1.45 µg/ml (P trend= 0.02 before and P trend= 0.03 after adjustment). Only for urinary F2-isoprostane, the lower values in high adherers (16.0, 14.5, and 13.3 ng/ml) did not reach statistical significance (P trend= 0.18). In an analysis by BMI, overweight and obese women had higher biomarker levels than normal weight women; the trend was significant for CRP (P trend< 0.001) and γ-tocopherol (P trend= 0.003) but not for F2-isoprostane (P trend= 0.14). These findings suggest that both adherence to the WCRF/AICR guidelines and normal BMI status are associated with lower levels of biomarkers that indicate oxidative stress and inflammation.
Asunto(s)
Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/orina , Neoplasias/prevención & control , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Premenopausia/fisiología , Adulto , Antioxidantes/análisis , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Índice de Masa Corporal , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Dieta , Ingestión de Energía , F2-Isoprostanos/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/orina , Sobrepeso/sangre , Sobrepeso/orina , gamma-Tocoferol/sangreRESUMEN
This analysis examined the association of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with prediagnostic carotenoid levels, a marker for a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. We conducted a nested case-control study within the Multiethnic Cohort with 271 NHL cases and 538 controls matched on sex, ethnicity, location (Hawaii or Los Angeles), birth year, date and time of blood draw, and hours fasting before blood draw. Serum carotenoid levels were obtained by high-pressure liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) according to tertiles of serum carotenoids and trend tests using continuous variables. Higher total serum carotenoids (OR(T3 vs T1) = 0.66 [0.46-0.96]; P(trend) = .02), lycopene (OR = 0.54 [0.38-0.78]; P(trend) = .003), and α-cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.53 [0.36-0.78]; P(trend) = .003) were associated with a lower risk of NHL. For retinol (OR = 0.90 [0.61-1.33]; P(trend) = .04), a statistically significant inverse linear trend was detected. Risk estimates remained unchanged with adjustment for NHL risk factors and were similar in analyses stratified by sex and ethnicity; heterogeneity with NHL subtype was detected only for ß-carotene. Other carotenoids, including α-carotene, ß-carotene, lutein, ß-cryptoxanthin, and zeaxanthin, showed no association with risk. These data provide support for a protective role of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables in the etiology of NHL.
Asunto(s)
Carotenoides/sangre , Etnicidad , Linfoma no Hodgkin/sangre , Linfoma no Hodgkin/etnología , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Linfoma no Hodgkin/clasificación , Linfoma no Hodgkin/diagnóstico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Low dose X-irradiation (IR) from computer tomography (CT) can generate free radicals, which can damage biologically relevant molecules and ultimately lead to cancer. These effects are especially concerning for children owing to their higher radiosensitivity and longer life expectancy than adults. The lipid phase micronutrients (LPM) coenzyme Q10, carotenoids, E vitamers, and vitamin A are potent radical scavengers that can act as intracellular antioxidants. METHODS: We investigated changes in circulating levels of these LPM in 17 children (0.25-6 y) undergoing medically indicated CT scans involving relatively low IR doses. Blood was drawn before and 1h after CT scans and analyzed using HPLC with electrochemical and UV/VIS detection. RESULTS: We found significant decreases (p<0.05) in post-CT plasma levels in several LPM which suggests that these LPM can serve as biodosimeters and may protect against damage from IR during clinical procedures such as CT. The strongest predictors for pre- to post-CT changes for many LPM were their baseline levels. CONCLUSION: Future larger studies are warranted to confirm our findings and to test whether high circulating antioxidant levels protect against IR damage in vivo with an ultimate goal of establishing prophylactic modalities for CT-induced IR damage.
Asunto(s)
Carotenoides/sangre , Tocoferoles/sangre , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/efectos adversos , Ubiquinona/análogos & derivados , Vitamina A/sangre , Vitaminas/sangre , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Ubiquinona/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Higher sunlight exposure is correlated with lower incidence of breast cancer in ecological studies, but findings from prospective studies regarding the association of circulating levels of vitamin D with the risk of breast cancer have been null. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between plasma levels of vitamin D and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study within the Multiethnic Cohort Study of five race/ethnic groups (white, African-American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese, and Latino) from Hawaii and Los Angeles between 2001 and 2006. Pre-diagnostic plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2], 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and 25(OH)D (sum of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) were examined among 707 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and matched controls. RESULTS: Using conditional logistic regression models, 20 ng/mL increases of plasma 25(OH)D3 (odds ratio (OR) 0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.56) and 25(OH)D (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.23-0.80) were inversely associated with breast cancer risk among white women, but not among women in other race/ethnic groups. Using two-segmented, piecewise-linear logistic regression models, the change-points of the ORs, either for 25(OH)D3 or for 25(OH)D, were detected as 20 ng/mL among whites. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating 25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D were associated with a reduced risk of postmenopausal breast cancer among whites, but not in other ethnic groups, who reside in low latitude regions.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/sangre , Neoplasias de la Mama/etnología , Calcifediol/sangre , Posmenopausia/sangre , Posmenopausia/etnología , Población Blanca , 25-Hidroxivitamina D 2/sangre , Negro o Afroamericano , Anciano , Asiático , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Hawaii/epidemiología , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Japón/etnología , Modelos Logísticos , Los Angeles/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico , Oportunidad Relativa , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Luz SolarRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Lipid-soluble antioxidants are associated with a lower incidence for many chronic diseases of aging, possibly by preventing damage from chronic inflammation. In the current study, we compared serum levels of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and C-reactive protein (CRP) between adolescent girls and premenopausal women to assess changes from childhood to midlife. METHODS: Baseline serum CoQ10, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and CRP levels were measured in 207 girls (13-19 years) and 183 premenopausal women (34-47 years) using standard methods and the 2 age groups were compared by t test. The influence of age, body mass index (BMI), and race/ethnicity and interaction effects on serum values were assessed using analysis of covariance. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess associations between pairs of lipid micronutrients. RESULTS: Overall, adolescent girls had significantly lower mean serum CoQ10, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and CRP levels relative to premenopausal women (CoQ10: 376 vs 544 ng/mL, p < 0.0001; α-tocopherol: 6.9 vs 13.5 µg/mL, p < 0.0001; γ-tocopherol: 1.3 vs 1.7 µg/mL, p < 0.0001; CRP: 1.29 vs 2.13 mg/L, p < 0.0001). The differences in CoQ10 and tocopherols remained significant after adjustment for BMI and race/ethnicity. CoQ10 was significantly and positively correlated to α- and γ-tocopherol, and BMI was positively associated with CRP and γ-tocopherol in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Lower serum CoQ10, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and CRP levels in adolescent girls compared to women suggests that adolescents may have a reduced need for antioxidants possibly due to their lower BMI and inflammatory status as indicated by CRP.
Asunto(s)
Índice de Masa Corporal , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Ubiquinona/análogos & derivados , alfa-Tocoferol/sangre , gamma-Tocoferol/sangre , Adolescente , Adulto , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Premenopausia , Ubiquinona/sangre , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
γ-Tocopherol (γT) protects against DNA-damaging effects of nitrogen oxides, yet its physiologic regulation in vivo is unknown. Observational studies indicate inverse associations of 25[OH]-vitamin D with γT and leptin. To determine whether vitamin D(3) supplementation alters levels of lipid-soluble micronutrients, serum samples (N = 85 subjects) from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of vitamin D(3) (800 IU) and calcium (2 g), alone and in combination, were analyzed for lipid micronutrients and specific vitamin D metabolites at baseline and after 6 mo of supplementation. Serum 25[OH]-vitamin D(3) levels increased 55% (P < 0.0001) and 48% (P = 0.0005), whereas 25[OH]-vitamin D(2) levels were lower by 48% (P = 0.26) and 21% (P = 0.36) in the vitamin D(3) and vitamin D(3) plus calcium groups, respectively. At baseline, γT levels were inversely associated with 25[OH]D (r = -0.31, P = 0.004). With vitamin D(3) plus calcium treatment, serum α-tocopherol decreased 14% (P = 0.04), whereas similar changes in γT (19% lower, P = 0.14) were observed. No significant effects were observed for D(3) supplementation on leptin or retinol levels. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) ± calcium affects serum tocopherol and 25[OH]D(2) levels; however, studies using larger, more homogeneous populations are warranted.
Asunto(s)
Calcio de la Dieta/farmacología , Colecalciferol/farmacología , Tocoferoles/sangre , Vitamina A/sangre , 25-Hidroxivitamina D 2/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Calcifediol/sangre , Calcio/sangre , Suplementos Dietéticos , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Leptina/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , gamma-Tocoferol/sangreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Gout disproportionately affects older Pacific Islander and Black populations relative to White populations. However, the ethnic-specific determinants remain understudied within these groups, as well as within other ethnicities. We examined gout incidence and associations with behavioral factors, including diet, alcohol, and smoking, within a large multiethnic population of older adults from the Multiethnic Cohort Study, which linked prospective cohort data to Medicare gout claims between 1999-2016. METHODS: Using samples of Black (n = 12,370), Native Hawaiian (n = 6459), Japanese (n = 29,830), Latino (n = 17,538), and White (n = 26,067) participants, we conducted multiple Cox regressions, producing hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Relative to White individuals, Native Hawaiians had the highest risk of gout (HR 2.21, 95% CI 2.06-2.38), followed successively by Black and Japanese participants, whereas Latino individuals had a lower risk of gout (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.73-0.83). Alcohol use was associated with an increased risk, with significantly greater effects observed among Japanese participants drinking ≥ 3 drinks per day (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.27-1.66), or > 5 beers per week (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17-1.43), compared to White individuals (Pinteraction < 0.001). Former smokers with ≥ 20 pack-years had an increased risk (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06-1.22). Higher dietary quality was associated with a decreased gout risk, with the largest effect observed among White participants (HRQ5vsQ1 0.84, 95% CI 0.79-0.90), whereas vitamin C was weakly associated with a decreased risk of gout only among Japanese individuals (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85-0.98). CONCLUSION: Overall, notable ethnic differences were observed in both gout risk and associations with modifiable behavioral factors. Our findings offer crucial insights that may improve precision in preventing and managing gout.
Asunto(s)
Etnicidad , Gota , Anciano , Estudios de Cohortes , Gota/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Medicare , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Ethnic differences in adipose tissue distribution may contribute to different chronic disease risks across ethnic groups, and adipokines may mediate the risk. In a cross-sectional study, we examined ethnic differences in adipokines and inflammatory markers as related to body mass index (BMI) among 183 premenopausal women with Caucasian and Asian ancestry. General linear models were used to estimate adjusted mean levels of leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Asian women had significantly lower serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, and CRP than Caucasian participants (P≤.01) across all levels of BMI. Among overweight and obese women, Asians showed a stronger association of CRP with leptin (ß=1.34 versus ß=0.64) and with adiponectin (ß=-0.95 versus ß=-0.75) than Caucasians. Compared to Caucasians of similar BMI, Asians may experience a higher chronic disease risk due to lower levels of adiponectin despite their lower levels of leptin.
Asunto(s)
Adiponectina/sangre , Leptina/sangre , Obesidad/sangre , Adulto , Pueblo Asiatico , Índice de Masa Corporal , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Estudios Transversales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Interleucina-6/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/etnología , Población BlancaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: γ-Tocopherol has unique properties that protect against nitrogen oxide-mediated cellular damage. To elucidate the potential role of γ-tocopherol in the aging process, we examined the associations of serum γ-tocopherol levels with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Among participants in the biorepository subcohort of the Multiethnic Cohort Study, pre-cancer diagnostic serum γ-tocopherol levels were measured in a subset of 3904 men and 4461 women. Of these, 22.7% of men and 13.5% of women died during a mean follow-up time of 9.6 ± 2.6 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for mortality associated with γ-tocopherol were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Positive associations of serum γ-tocopherol with all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality (CVD) (Ptrend < 0.05) were detected after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and serum cholesterol levels. The respective HRs (95% CIs) for the highest versus the lowest sex-specific γ-tocopherol quartile were 1.43 (1.17-1.74), 1.79 (1.22-2.64), and 1.52 (1.10-2.11) for men and 1.58 (1.25-2.00), 1.59 (1.05-2.41), and 1.59 (1.07-2.37) for women. Associations remained significant for all-cause mortality among women after further adjusting for smoking variables and history of cancer, CVD, diabetes, and hypertension at cohort entry (highest vs. lowest γ-tocopherol quartile: HR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.08-1.75; Ptrend = 0.005). Overall, associations with all-cause mortality were consistent across race/ethnicity and were significant in three of ten sex-specific racial/ethnic groups in the fully adjusted models, with no interactions between ethnicity and γ-tocopherol. CONCLUSIONS: The positive association between γ-tocopherol and mortality suggests a potential physiological role for γ-tocopherol in response to pathological conditions.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , gamma-Tocoferol , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Assessments by the handful of prospective studies of the association of serum antioxidants and breast cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results. This multiethnic nested case-control study sought to examine the association of plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols with postmenopausal breast cancer risk. METHODS: From the biospecimen subcohort of the Multiethnic Cohort Study, 286 incident postmenopausal breast cancer cases were matched to 535 controls on age, sex, ethnicity, study location (Hawaii or California), smoking status, date/time of collection and hours of fasting. We measured prediagnostic circulating levels of individual carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols. Conditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Women with breast cancer tended to have lower levels of plasma carotenoids and tocopherols than matched controls, but the differences were not large or statistically significant and the trends were not monotonic. No association was seen with retinol. A sensitivity analysis excluding cases diagnosed within 1 year after blood draw did not alter the findings. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of significant associations in this multiethnic population is consistent with previously observed results from less racially-diverse cohorts and serves as further evidence against a causal link between plasma micronutrient concentrations and postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/sangre , Carotenoides/sangre , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Posmenopausia/sangre , Tocoferoles/sangre , Vitamina A/sangre , Anciano , Neoplasias de la Mama/epidemiología , Neoplasias de la Mama/etnología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Riesgo , Fumar/sangre , Fumar/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We examine the association of antioxidants and 15-isoprostane F(2t) with risk of prostate cancer. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study of serum antioxidant biomarkers (selenium, tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinol) and a urinary oxidation biomarker (15-isoprostane F(2t)) with risk of prostate cancer within the Multiethnic Cohort. Demographic, dietary, and other exposure information was collected by self-administered questionnaire in 1993-1996. We compared prediagnostic biomarker levels from 467 prostate cancer cases and 936 cancer free controls that were matched on several variables. Multivariate conditional logistic regression models were used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We observed that there was no overall association of serum concentrations of antioxidants and urinary concentrations of 15-isoprostane F(2t) with risk of prostate cancer or risk of advanced prostate cancer. However, we did observe an inverse association for serum selenium only among African-American men (p trend = 0.02); men in the third tertile of selenium concentrations had a 41% lower risk (95% CI: 0.38-0.93) of prostate cancer when compared to men in the first tertile. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our study found no association of serum antioxidants or 15-isoprostane F(2t) with the risk of prostate cancer. The observed inverse association of selenium with prostate cancer in African-Americans needs to be validated in other studies.
Asunto(s)
Carotenoides/sangre , F2-Isoprostanos/orina , Neoplasias de la Próstata/epidemiología , Selenio/sangre , Tocoferoles/sangre , Vitamina A/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Estudios de Cohortes , Demografía , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de la Próstata/etnología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismoRESUMEN
Vitamin D deficiency and adipocytokines have been implicated in the etiology of aging-related diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, and diseases of the cardiovascular system. The association between elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) and low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-VitD) in plasma is used to define vitamin D deficiency, yet their associated mechanistic pathways are unclear. Utilizing plasma samples from women in a previous intervention study, we measured plasma 25-OH-VitD, leptin, adiponectin, PTH, and lipid levels. We observed strong positive associations for leptin with PTH, gamma -tocopherol, and body mass index (BMI) and inverse associations with 25-OH-VitD and adiponectin. Although commonly accepted that vitamin D deficiency causes hyperparathyroidism, we observed this association primarily in individuals with elevated leptin levels, suggesting that leptin may be an important modifier of this effect consistent with 25-OH-VitD-mediated inhibition of leptin. Leptin was highly correlated with the BMI/25-OH-VitD ratio (r = 0.80; P < 0.0001), consistent with a model in which BMI (adiposity) and 25-OH-VitD are the primary determinants of circulating leptin and PTH levels. This model may explain the failure of some studies to observe elevated PTH in vitamin D deficient adolescents and provides important insight into epidemiological studies exploring the associations of these individual biomarkers with chronic disease risk and mortality.
Asunto(s)
Dieta , Leptina/sangre , Hormona Paratiroidea/sangre , Vitamina D/análogos & derivados , Adiponectina/sangre , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Carotenoides , Femenino , Frutas , Humanos , Hiperparatiroidismo/sangre , Lípidos/sangre , Análisis de Regresión , Factores de Riesgo , Verduras , Vitamina D/sangre , Deficiencia de Vitamina D/sangreRESUMEN
Background Previously, Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program researchers reported that occupational exposure to pesticides was significantly associated with total mortality. The current study examines occupational exposure to pesticides in relation to incident cardiovascular disease, defined as coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular accident. Methods and Results With the Occupational Safety Health Administration exposure scale used as an estimate of exposure, statistical analyses were performed on a cohort of 7557 Japanese-American men from the Kuakini Honolulu Heart Program. Hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease incidence were calculated for various levels of pesticide exposure using Cox proportional hazards models. In the first 10 years of follow-up, a positive association was observed between age-adjusted cardiovascular disease incidence and high levels of pesticide exposure (hazard ratio=1.46, 95% CI=1.10-1.95, P=0.009). This relationship remained significant after adjustment for other cardiovascular disease risk factors (hazard ratio=1.42, 95% CI=1.05-1.92, P=0.021). No significant association for coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular accident incidence with pesticide exposure was observed when examined separately, possibly due to a smaller number of events. Conclusions These findings suggest that occupational exposure to pesticides may play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The results are novel, as the association between occupational exposure to pesticides and cardiovascular disease incidence has not been examined previously in this unique cohort.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/epidemiología , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Salud Laboral , Plaguicidas/efectos adversos , Anciano , Enfermedades de los Trabajadores Agrícolas/diagnóstico , Hawaii/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Recent findings outline negative effects of brain insulin signaling on memory due to hyperinsulinemia. We investigated the association between insulin resistance (IR) with AD and dementia. METHODS: Later life Japanese men (Nâ¯=â¯1544, mean ageâ¯=â¯79.9â¯years) with normal cognitive function were followed from exam 4 to 5 of the Kuakini Honolulu Asia Aging Study. Subjects underwent physical exams, blood draws, and neuropsychological testing. IR status was determined at exam 4 using the McAuley and HOMA indices. Subjects with prevalent diabetes and dementia were excluded. Incident dementia and AD cases were determined at exam 5. RESULTS: IR was associated with decreased odds of AD and dementia using both IR indices. Carriers of the APOE ε4 allele had 15% increased odds of AD and dementia. DISCUSSION: Our findings provide insight regarding possible inverse relationship between IR and AD in elderly Japanese men, and support biologic studies showing short term hyperinsulinemia improves memory and cognitive function.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/sangre , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/sangre , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/epidemiología , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Envejecimiento/patología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hawaii/epidemiología , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study examined the long-term relation of lipid-soluble micronutrients with diet quality as assessed by four a priori-defined dietary patterns. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a prospective design, nutritional biomarkers (carotenoids, tocopherols, retinol, and coenzyme Q10) were measured using a validated HPLC-based assay. General linear models were applied to obtain covariate-adjusted means of biomarkers for tertiles of four a priori diet quality indices: Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010, Alternative HEI (AHEI) 2010, Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH). For a subcohort of 8367 participants within the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC), diet was assessed by a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1993-96 and serum was collected in 2001-06. RESULTS: Participants with the highest diet-quality scores had significantly higher serum concentrations of all carotenoids, total tocopherols, and α-tocopherol, whereas γ-tocopherol was inversely associated with diet quality. Adjusted means for the lowest vs. highest tertile of HEI 2010 were 1.2 vs. 1.5 mg/L for total carotenoids, 11.4 vs. 12.3 mg/L for total tocopherols, and 1.9 vs. 1.6 mg/L for γ-tocopherol (ptrend < 0.0001). The associations for the other dietary indices were similar; no indication for sex and ethnic differences was detected. Vegetable and fruit components were major predictors of most circulating micronutrients, but most other components were also associated. CONCLUSIONS: Higher diet-quality scores measured by four a priori diet quality indices were significantly associated higher serum concentrations of carotenoids and α-tocopherol, whereas γ-tocopherol was inversely associated with diet quality.
Asunto(s)
Lípidos , Micronutrientes/sangre , Evaluación Nutricional , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , California , Estudios de Cohortes , Etnicidad , Femenino , Hawaii , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Prospectivos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for many diseases of aging. Endogenous oxidants are thought to mediate the effects of inflammation and gamma-Tocopherol (gamma-Toc) may mitigate damage from nitrogen-based oxidants; however, no physiological requirement for gamma-Toc has been established. Regulation of tocopherols and their functional significance are poorly defined, thereby limiting their application in prevention. Using stored plasma samples from 657 male control subjects in a previous study of prostate cancer, we have analyzed associations of the tocopherols, inflammation markers, and 25-hydroxy (OH) vitamin D. Plasma alpha-Toc and gamma-Toc were inversely correlated, whereas delta-Toc and alpha-Toc levels were positively correlated, suggesting a unique regulatory mechanism. gamma-Toc levels were positively and alpha-Toc negatively associated with plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and urinary isoprostane F(2t), which are markers of inflammation and oxidation. Ethnic variability in tocopherols was observed; however, this may be explained by differences in plasma 25-OH vitamin D, as gamma-Toc levels varied inversely and alpha-Toc positively with 25-OH vitamin D. In these data, all-cause mortality appeared to be positively associated with CRP and inversely with 25-OH vitamin D. We hypothesize that plasma levels of tocopherols may serve as markers of systemic inflammation, complicating epidemiologic assessment of their role in cancer etiology.