Global cities, hypermobility, and Covid-19.

The relationship between cities, globalization and mobility has produced recurring urban challenges over time. This article examines how mobility networks can turn global cities into Pandemic Gateways. Our hypothesis is that global cities became the gateway by which COVID-19 was introduced to many countries through the hypermobility of infected international travelers. To assess this transmission mechanism, we assembled data about the population and COVID-19 cases in global cities and their associated countries, comparing their infection rates on a fixed date. We demonstrate that most global cities followed a common pattern in the pace and intensity of COVID-19's spread during the first wave of the pandemic. Among our global cities sample, 75% served as the gateway through which COVID-19 was diffused within their respective countries. This trend reached 90% in a subset based upon the urban hierarchy among global cities. Hypermobility, which we demonstrate contributed to the mechanism by which global cities diffused COVID-19 initially, is also correlated with the global cities hierarchy, as supported by air travel data. Our findings suggest the need to appreciate why global cities can serve as gateways of pandemic diffusion, while also seeking to understand why some did not function in this way.

Phospholipidomic Studies in Human Cornea From Climatic Droplet Keratopathy.

Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK) is an acquired degenerative disease predominantly affecting males over 40 years old. It results in progressive corneal opacities usually affecting both eyes. CDK is multifactorial and its etiology remains unknown. Our recent findings are consistent with CDK pathology being driven by environmental factors with oxidative stress playing an important role (e.g.,, contributing to lipid peroxidation) rather than climate factors. The changes in corneal lipid composition affected by environmental factors remain understudied. The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate phospholipids profile (phosphatidylcholine [PC] and phosphatidylserine [PS]) in corneas from CDK patients using tandem mass spectrometry. Samples from CDK areas and from non-affected areas were obtained from patients diagnosed with CDK who underwent cataract surgery, were subjected to lipid extraction using a modified Bligh and Dyer method; protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford's method. Lipids were identified and subjected to ratiometric quantification using TSQ Quantum Access Max triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, using appropriate class specific lipid standards. All phospholipid classes showed lower total amounts in affected areas compared to control areas from CDK's corneas. Comparative profiles of two phospholipid classes (PC, PS) between CDK areas and control areas showed several common species between them. We also found a few unique lipids that were absent in CDK areas compared to controls and vice versa. Lower amount of phospholipids in CDK areas compared to control areas could be attributed to the lipid peroxidation in the affected corneal regions as a consequence of increased oxidative stress. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3920-3931, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Myopia as a risk factor for subsequent retinal tears in the course of a symptomatic posterior vitreous detachment.

BACKGROUND: Retinal tears complicating the course of a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) may be unique or multiple, and when multiple they may occur simultaneously or subsequently at different moments in the evolution of a PVD. The purpose of our study was to analyze the prevalence of subsequent retinal tears (SRT) in patients with a PVD, and to identify possible risk factors for SRT. METHODS: One hundred and seventy six eyes in 165 consecutive patients that presented one or more retinal tears in the evolution of a symptomatic PVD, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months, were retrospectively evaluated. The primary outcome measure was to characterize the clinical features associated with SRT formation against those eyes with non-subsequent retinal tear (NSRT-retinal tear/s diagnosed at initial examination) formation. For that purpose, this cohort of patients was divided into two different groups: group 1 included eyes presenting one or multiple retinal tears only at initial examination (NSRT), and group 2 eyes that progressed to a further retinal tear/s (SRT) during follow-up. RESULTS: Group 1 comprised 154 eyes from 145 patients, 48.7% males and 51.3% females with a mean age of 56.9 ± 14.0 years (range = 15-89); 17.2% of patients had a previous retinal tear or retinal detachment in the fellow eye; mean number of retinal tears per eye 1.42 ± 0.8 (range = 1-5); 20.8% presented bilateral retinal tears; 59.1% were myopic eyes (p < 0.05). Group 2 comprised 22 eyes from 20 patients; mean age was 53.3 ± 13.6 years (range = 30-69); 63.6% were male (p = 0.13), and 7 patients (31.8%) had a history of SRT or retinal detachment in the fellow eye (p = 0.13). The mean number of retinal tears per eye was 1.36 ± 0.5 (range = 1-2); bilateral retinal tears were noted in 18.2% of eyes; 86.4% were myopic eyes (p = 0.01); 81.8% occurred within a 120 days-period following diagnosis of the first retinal tear. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple retinal tears may be diagnosed in the evolution of a PVD. SRT are most frequently observed in myopic patients, and are usually symptomatic. Follow-up must extend for at least 4 months after the initial symptoms.

Systemic amyloidosis with bilateral conjunctival involvement: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Conjunctival amyloidosis is a very rare condition, generally unilateral, and presents mostly as an isolated condition without systemic compromise. Our purpose is to present a new case of systemic amyloidosis with a bilateral conjunctival involvement. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-years-old caucasian female complaining of conjunctival hemorrhage and chemosis in both eyes for the last five years had been discontinuously treated with topical antibiotics and corticosteroids without any evident improvement. She presented with a pink-yellow infiltration in the inferior conjunctiva of both eyes. Conjunctival biopsy under optical microscopy revealed amyloid deposit, confirmed by Congo red staining. Mucosal biopsy from esophagus and rectus confirmed amyloidosis by Congo red stain. Immunohistochemistry of bone marrow biopsy showed an increased number of plasma cells and an over-expression of light chain kappa subunit. She was treated with corticosteroids and lubrication with an improvement of symptoms. Ocular lesions remained stable after a follow-up of 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival amyloidosis is a rare entity that may be overlooked, and should be differentiated from chronic conjunctivitis and conjunctival malignancies. Although it presents most frequently as a local process, a systemic involvement should always be ruled out.

Finding sessile serrated adenomas: is it possible to identify them during conventional colonoscopy?

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Proximal colorectal cancer may arise from sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs). Recognition of these lesions during colonoscopy can optimize the endoscopic approach. We aimed to identify specific endoscopic features of SSA with conventional colonoscopy. METHODS: Patients undergoing screening colonoscopies from January 2011 to September 2012, in whom colonic polyps were found, were prospectively included in our study. Polyp morphology, location, polyp pit pattern (Kudo classification), and other previously reported features of SSA were evaluated. Histological examination was conducted independently by two pathologists. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of SSA. RESULTS: A total of 272 patients were included, and 440 polyps were evaluated (1.6 polyps per patient). Thirty-four polyps (8%) were SSA, 135 (31%) hyperplastic, and 249 (56%) adenomas. The most prevalent endoscopic features of SSA were right-side location (94%), type II Kudo pit pattern (91%), mucus cap (41%), flat morphology (29%) and red-colored surface (26%). Multivariate analysis revealed that flat morphology (p = 0.002, OR = 3.81 CI 1.53-9.09), red-colored surface (p < 0.001, OR = 12.97 CI 4.43-37.69), right-side location (p < 0.001, OR = 22.21 CI 5.09-135.94) and mucus cap (p < 0.001, OR 8.77 CI 3.76-20.44) were independent predictors of SSA. CONCLUSION: We were able to identify specific features of SSA during conventional colonoscopy, which may help to identify, and therefore to optimize the endoscopic approach of these lesions.

Effect of Combined Physical Exercise Training in Reducing Cardiovascular Risk Among Adults with Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

It is necessary to understand the relationship between different models of exercise periodization and the reduction of cardiovascular risk in adults with obesity. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of two periodization models of combined training on the cardiovascular risk of adults with obesity of both sexes. A randomized clinical trial was conducted with adults of both sexes with obesity. They were divided into three groups: control group (CG), non-periodized combined training group (NG), and combined training group with linear periodization (PG). The NG and PG groups underwent physical exercise training regimen for 16 weeks, in three weekly sessions of 60 min each, with the volume and intensity equalized. Cardiovascular risk was measured by the overall Framingham risk score (FRS). Generalized estimation equations and individual responsiveness analyses were used, stratified by sex. A statistically significant reduction in FRS was observed only in men of the NG (pre: 2.50 ± 0.56; post: 0.50 ± 1.02; p-value = 0.001). There was no statistically significant intervention effect on the women's cardiovascular risk. It was found that, regardless of sex, subjects in the control group mostly presented results of increased cardiovascular risk. In contrast, those belonging to the exercise groups, if not reduced, at least stabilized the chances of suffering a cardiovascular event in the next ten years after 16 weeks of combined training. Sixteen weeks of non-periodized combined training were sufficient to reduce cardiovascular risk in men with obesity. Both periodization models were important to stabilize the risk of developing a cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years.

Is Binge Drinking Associated With Specific Types of Exercise and Free Time Sports? A Pooled Analysis With 718,147 Adults.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between exercise and free time sport types and binge drinking in a large sample of adults. METHODS: Data of 718,147 adults from the "Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey" were used. We described the demographic and behavioral variables, and negative binomial regression analyzed the association between exercise and free time sport types and binge drinking adjusted by demographics variables, body mass index status, and television time. RESULTS: Outdoor walking/running was the most common exercise reported (20.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 19.8%-20.2%), followed by team sports (8.1%; 95% CI, 8.0%-8.2%) and strengthening (8.0%; 95% CI, 7.9%-8.1%). The prevalence of binge drinking for each exercise and free time sport type ranged from 6.9% (water aerobics) to 31.9% (team sports). Participants engaging in strengthening (prevalence ratio = 1.12; 95% CI, 1.04-1.21, P = .002) and team sports (prevalence ratio = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.17, P < .001) were more likely to binge drink more frequently in the past 30 days than inactive participants. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the participants' profile plays an important role in the underlying social context of this association. Participants with more frequent strengthening and less frequent team sports practice, who were primarily younger and single, were more likely to binge drink frequently.

A review of the diagnosis and geographical distribution of the recently described flea toad Brachycephalus sulfuratus in relation to B. hermogenesi (Anura: Brachycephalidae).

BACKGROUND: The flea toad Brachycephalus sulfuratus was recently described from southeastern and southern Brazil. In its description, the authors overlooked previous records of flea toads that had been identified as "Brachycephalus sp. nov." and B. hermogenesi occurring in the same regions, which could suggest the possibility of up to three flea toads coexisting in southern Brazil. In addition, B. sulfuratus is characterized by substantial phenotypic variability, to an extent that compromises its current diagnosis with respect to its congener B. hermogenesi. Therefore, the current state-of-affairs regarding the geographical distribution of these two species and the identification of previously known populations is hitherto uncertain. Our goals are to reassess previous records of flea toads attributable to B. hermogenesi, B. sulfuratus and "Brachycephalus sp. nov.", considering the description of B. sulfuratus, and to review the diagnosis of B. sulfuratus. METHODS: A critical analysis of the species identity of flea toad specimens attributable to B. hermogenesi, B. sulfuratus, or to a potentially undescribed species from southeastern and southern Brazil was based either on the analysis of morphology or on their advertisement calls. These analyses include our independent examinations of specimens and, when not possible, examinations of published descriptions. To allow for a consistent comparison of advertisement calls between B. hermogenesi and B. sulfuratus, we made recordings of both species, including in the type locality of the former. RESULTS: We found that morphological and call characters originally proposed as diagnostic for B. sulfuratus in relation to B. hermogenesi vary intraspecifically. Live individuals with ventral yellow spots correspond to B. sulfuratus; individuals without yellow spots can be either B. sulfuratus or B. hermogenesi. In preservative, they are indistinguishable. Previous records of Brachycephalus sp. nov. correspond to B. sulfuratus. We propose that the reduced number of notes per call and the presence of only isolated notes in the call of B. sulfuratus, as opposed to a high number of notes per call with isolated notes and note groups in the call of B. hermogenesi, as the only diagnostic characters between them. Regarding their distributions and based in our assessment, only B. sulfuratus occurs in southern Brazil, without any overlap with B. hermogenesi. There is a narrow gap between the distributions of these species around the southeast of the city of São Paulo. Our revision also revealed that some records previously attributed to B. hermogenesi in Rio de Janeiro and north São Paulo represent a distinct, unidentified flea toad that is not B. sulfuratus. Both species occur side by side in Corcovado, São Paulo, a locality from where five paratypes of B. hermogenesi were obtained. Biogeographic events that might have led to vicariance between B. hermogenesi and B. sulfuratus are discussed.

Aging male's symptoms in a Southern Brazil population: lifestyle effects after the age of 40.

BACKGROUND: The interest of epidemiological research about male's aging increased in recent years along with the need to evaluate health-related quality of life. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study to identify the prevalence of aging male's symptoms (AMS) and factors associated to this condition. METHODS: The study included 421 men aged 40 years or older, living in the urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. The questionnaire covered sociodemographic, behavioral, and health variables, and to verify the aging male's symptoms, the AMS Scale was used. RESULTS: Moderate/severe male's symptoms was considered positive (AMS scores equal or above 37 points) in 20% of men (95% CI 16.1; 24.3). After controlling for confounders, the AMS was significantly associated with aging, self-perceived health status and smoking. The symptoms were more severe among physically inactive men. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the necessity to maintain healthy behaviors like not smoking and regular physical activity since such changeable behaviors could reduce the AMS acceleration and increase life quality and expectancy.

Prática de atividade física e desigualdades em idosos antes e após a COVID-19 / Physical activity and inequalities in older adults before and after COVID-19

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar modificações na prevalência de atividade física (AF) e desigual-dades em idosos acompanhados antes e após o período de distanciamento social causado pela CO-VID-19. Trata-se de estudo prospectivo conduzido na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas-Rio Grande do Sul, onde idosos foram acompanhados no ano de 2019/20 e 2021/22. A prevalência de AF foi avaliada através do IPAQ nos domínios do lazer e deslocamento avaliados de forma conjunta. Foram classificados como ativos fisicamente aqueles que realizavam ≥ 150 min/sem. As covariáveis/estra-tificadores avaliadas foram sexo, idade, cor da pele, classe econômica, escolaridade e morbidades. As desigualdades simples foram avaliadas através das diferenças e das razões da prevalência de AF e as desigualdades complexas através do índice de desigualdade (SII) e o índice de concentração (CIX). Os resultados indicaram que houve redução da prevalência de AF de 2019/20 para 2021/22 e que essas modificações ocorreram em todos os grupos populacionais, variando em termos de magnitude de declínio. O SII mostrou aumento da desigualdade entre os mais pobres em comparação aos mais ricos e redução da desigualdade em relação à idade, escolaridade e morbidades. Concluiu-se que a redução da AF ocorreu em todos os grupos populacionais. Em termos de desigualdades, houve aumento em termos de classe econômica e, nos casos de redução da desigualdade, tal mudança foi em virtude da diminuição de AF entre as categorias que eram mais ativas, sendo necessário políticas de saúde para resgatar níveis adequados de AF na população estudada

This study aimed to verify the modification in the physical activity prevalence (PA) and possible inequalities in older individuals monitored before and after social distancing due to COVID-19. This is a prospective study conducted in the urban area of Pelotas-Rio Grande do Sul, where the elderly was followed up in 2019/20 and 2021/22. The prevalence of PA was assessed using the IPAQ in the domain of leisure time and commuting evaluated together. Older people who performed ≥150 min/week were classified as physically active. The covariates/stratifiers assessed were sex, age, skin color, economic class, schooling, and morbidity. Simple inequalities were assessed through differences and ratios for the prevalence of PA and complex ine-qualities through the inequality index (SII) and the concentration index (CIX). The results indicated that there was a reduction in the prevalence of PA among the participants from 2019/20 to 2021/22 and that these changes occurred regardless of population characteristics. The SII showed an increase in PA inequality among the poorest compared to the richest individuals and a reduction in inequalities about age, education, and morbidities. It is concluded that the reduction in PA occurred similarly regardless of the covariates/stratifiers evaluated, that there was an increase in inequality in PA among the less economically favored, and that the reduction in inequality occurred especially from the reduction in PA, requiring health policies to rescue adequate levels of PA in the studied population

Is physical activity associated with a higher degree of wisdom? Cross-sectional study with high school students / Atividade física está associada com maior grau de sabedoria? Estudo transversal com estudantes do ensino médio

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the association between the degree of wisdom and the level of leisure-time physical activity (PA) of students from a federal public school in southern Brazil. Observational cross-sectional study with 462 young people of both sexes between 15 and 18 years old. Data collection was performed using a self-administered questionnaire on the REDCap platform. The independent variable was the "level of leisure PA" (inactive, insufficiently active, and physically active) and the outcome was the "degree of wisdom" evaluated through a validated questionnaire (SD-WISE7). There was a linear trend towards an increase in the wisdom score according to the level of PA. This trend and significant association continued in the adjusted analysis, with active students averaging 1.84 points more in the wisdom score compared to inactive students. In conclusion, the wisest young people are also the most physically active young people. In view of the potential beneficial effects, current studies may consider wisdom as a possible mediator of PA with health outcomes.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre o grau de sabedoria e o nível de atividade física de lazer (AF) de alunos de uma escola pública federal do sul do Brasil. Estudo observacional de corte transversal com 462 jovens de ambos os sexos entre 15 e 18 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário autoaplicável na plataforma REDCap. A variável independente foi o "nível de AF de lazer" (inativo, insuficientemente ativo e ativo fisicamente) e o desfecho foi a "grau de sabedoria" avaliados por meio de questionários validados. Observou-se tendência linear de aumento do escore de sabedoria conforme o nível de AF. Essa tendência e associação significativa se manteve na análise ajustada, com os ativos tendo em média 1.84 pontos a mais no escore de sabedoria em comparação aos inativos. Em conclusão, os jovens mais sábios também são os jovens mais ativos fisicamente. Tendo em vista os potenciais efeitos benéficos, os estudos atuais podem considerar a sabedoria como um possível mediador da AF com desfechos em saúde.

The eye and the skin in endocrine metabolic diseases.

The eye and skin may offer critical clues to the diagnosis of a varied spectrum of metabolic diseases from endocrine origin and their different stages of severity, such as diabetes mellitus and Graves disease. On the other hand, such entities may compromise the eye and visual function severely, and awareness of these possible associations is an important step in their diagnosis and management. A large number of less common endocrine diseases may also have significant ocular/visual or skin involvement. Often the etiologic relationship between the endocrine metabolic disease and the ocular compromise is unknown, but diverse pathogenetic mechanisms may act through a common pathologic pathway producing ocular damage, as occur in diabetic retinopathy. This review emphasizes the ocular and skin manifestations of different metabolic diseases of endocrine origin.

The eye and the skin in nonendocrine metabolic disorders.

As metabolism is controlled by the input of genes and the environment, metabolic disorders result from some disturbance in the interaction between genes and environmental factors. Many metabolic disorders consist in congenital enzyme deficiencies, also known as "inborn errors of metabolism," that may be disabling or cause severe illness and death and are predominantly inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion. The deposit in cells and tissues of storage substances from errors in metabolic processes may produce a wide variety of disorders affecting different organs and functions, with different degrees of severity, and often present around the time of birth or early childhood. Distinctive ocular and skin manifestations accompany many metabolic diseases and may provide clues for their diagnosis and evolution.

Geographical and altitudinal distribution of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae) endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest.

Mountains of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest can act as islands of cold and wet climate, leading to the isolation and speciation of species with low dispersal capacity, such as the toadlet species of the genus Brachycephalus. This genus is composed primarily by diurnal species, with miniaturized body sizes (<2.5 cm), inhabiting microhabitats in the leaf litter of montane forests. Still, little is known about the geographical distribution, altitudinal range, and ecological limits of most Brachycephalus species. In this study, we review the available data on the geographical and altitudinal distribution of Brachycephalus based on occurrence records compiled from literature and museums, both for the genus as a whole and separately for the three recently proposed groups of species (ephippium, didactylus, and pernix). The final ensemble dataset comprised 333 records, 120 localities, 28 described species, and six undescribed ones. Species were recorded in six relief units, the richest of which being the Serra do Mar, with 30 species. When the Serra do Mar is subdivided into three subunits, Northern, Central and Southern Serra do Mar, the number of species increase from north to the south, with records of six, nine, and 16 species, respectively. We were able to estimate the extent of occurrence of nearly half of the described species, and the resulting estimates indicate that many of them show remarkably small ranges, some of which less than 50 ha. Brachycephalus species are present from sea level to roughly 1,900 m a.s.l., with the highest richness being found between 751 and 1,000 m a.s.l. (21 spp.). The species with the broadest altitudinal range were B. didactylus (1,075 m) and Brachycephalus sp. 1 (1,035 m), both in the didactylus group, and B. ephippium (1,050 m), of the ephippium group. The broadest altitudinal amplitude for species of the pernix group was recorded for B. brunneus (535 m). The lowest altitudinal records for the pernix group were at 845 m a.s.l. in the state of Paraná and at 455 m a.s.l. in the state of Santa Catarina. The altitudinal occurrence in the pernixspecies group seems to decrease southward. Syntopy between species is also reviewed.

Bevacizumab for the treatment of a complicated posterior melanocytoma.

PURPOSE: To present a case of a complicated posterior melanocytoma that was successfully treated with intravitreal bevacizumab. CASE REPORT: A 50-year-old Caucasian man was referred with sudden-onset metamorphopsia and decreased vision in his right eye over the course of the last 2 months. His best-corrected visual acuity was 20/80 and poorer than Jaeger 14 in the right eye, and 20/20 and Jaeger 1 in his left eye. In the right fundus, there was a melanocytic lesion occupying the inferotemporal quadrant of the optic disk, extending to the adjacent choroid inferiorly; optic nerve edema, superotemporal retinal vein dilatation, and subretinal fluid under the macula and nasal half of the posterior pole were observed, and a subretinal choroidal neovascularization complex was observed adjacent to the superotemporal margin of the optic disk, confirmed by fluorescein angiography, surrounded by a dense subretinal hemorrhage. Optical coherence tomography showed retinal edema and detachment of neurosensory retina. The patient was treated with three consecutive doses on a monthly basis of intravitreal 1.25 mg/0.05 mL bevacizumab. Visual acuity recovered rapidly, and at 4 months after treatment, it was 20/20 and Jaeger 1, with complete resolution of macular edema and subretinal fluid and hemorrhage. After 3 years of follow-up, best-corrected visual acuity remained stable, macular area was normal, and there was no evident optic nerve edema, retinal vein caliber and aspect were normal, and there was no significant change of the tumor. Fluorescein angiography only evidenced late staining of choroidal neovascularization scar, and optical coherence tomography showed a normal macular anatomy. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal bevacizumab was effective in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization, optic nerve edema, venous dilatation, and local capillary telangiectasia, complicating an optic disk melanocytoma.

Concordância na velocidade da marcha de mulheres diabéticas tipo 2 em diferentes testes de caminhada / Agreement in the gait speed of type 2 diabetic women from different walking tests

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a concordância na velocidade da marcha (VM) a partir dos testes de caminhada de seis minutos (6MWT) e de quatro metros (4MWT) em mulheres diabéticas tipo 2 (DM2). Os testes foram realizados antes e após intervenção de 12 semanas com exercícios físicos. O 4MWT foi realizado em espaço de quatro metros, sendo o resultado do teste medido como o tempo gasto (segundos) no percurso. O 6MWT foi realizado em modelo de ir e vir em uma distância de 15 metros e o resultado foi a distância total (metros) percorrida. Os resultados foram padronizados para velocidade de deslocamento (m/s). Para avaliar a concordância (6MWTpré x 4MWTpré) e (6MWTpósx 4MWTpós), utilizou-se o teste de Bland-Altman (B-A) e o coeficiente de concordância de correlação de Lin. O nível de significância aceito para o estudo foi α 5%. Foram medidas 39 mulheres, com idade média de 58,79 ± 10,03 anos e diagnóstico de DM2 a 8,64 ± 8,53 anos. Verificou-se, pelo teste de B-A, diferenças na VM dos testes de -0,001 ± 0,19 m/s (IC95%: -0,37 a 0,37 m/s) no início e 0,02 ± 0,21 m/s (IC95%: -0,39 a 0,42 m/s) ao final e concordância de 0,60 (IC95%: 0,41 a 0,79; p < 0,001) e 0,52 (IC95%: 0,31 a 0,73; p < 0,001) pré e pós, respectivamente, pelo coeficiente de concordância de correlação Lin. Através dos dados obtidos, sugere-se que os dois testes podem ser utilizados para avaliar a VM das mulheres DM2, porém o 6MWT apresentou maior reprodutibilidade para detectar mudanças na VM ao longo do tempo

This study aimed to test the agreement in the gait speed (GS) between the 6-minute walk test and the 4-me-ter gait speed (6MWT - 4MWT) in type 2 diabetic women (T2DM). The tests were performed before and after a 12-week physical exercise intervention. The 4MWT was performed in a space of four meters, with results based on the time spent (seconds) to complete a 4-meter distance. The 6MWT was carried out similar to a yo-yo test in 15 meters and the result was operationalized by the total distance (meters) covered. The results of the tests were standardized as speed (m/s). To evaluate agreements (6MWTbefore x 4MWTbefore) and (6MWTafter x 4MWTafter), Bland-Altman (B-A), and Lin's agreements were used. The level of significance was set at 5%. A total of 39 women were evaluated, mean age 58.79 ± 10.03 years, diagnosis of diabetes at 8.64 ± 8.53 years.The B-A test showed a mean difference in GS of -0.001 ± 0.19 m/s (95%CI: -0.37 to 0.37 m/s) before and 0.02 ± 0.21 m/s (95%CI: -0.39 to 0.42 m/s) after, and Lin's agreements of 0.60 (95%CI: 0.41 to 0.79; p < 0.001) and 0.52 (95%CI: 0.31 to 0.73; p < 0.001) before and after, respectively. Based on our data it is suggested that the two tests can be used to evaluate the GS of T2DM women, but the 6MWT was more reproductible to detect changes in GS over time

Three New Species of Phytotelm-Breeding Melanophryniscus from the Atlantic Rainforest of Southern Brazil (Anura: Bufonidae).

Three new species of Melanophryniscus are described from the Serra do Mar mountain range of the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. All species are found at intermediate to high altitudes and share phytotelm-breeding as their reproductive strategy. The new species are distinguished from other phytotelm-breeding Melanophryniscus based on different combinations of the following traits: snout-vent length, presence of white and/or yellow spots on forearms, mouth, belly and cloaca, pattern and arrangement of warts, and presence and number of corneous spines. The discovery of these species in a rather restricted geographical area suggests that the diversity of phytotelm-breeding species of Melanophryniscus might be severely underestimated. The conservation status of these species is of particular concern, given that one of them is at risk of extinction not only due to its restricted habitat, but also because of anthropogenic disturbances.

Climatic Droplet Keratopathy in Argentina: Involvement of Environmental Agents in Its Genesis Which Would Open the Prospect for New Therapeutic Interventions.

Climatic droplet keratopathy (CDK) is a degenerative corneal disease of unknown etiology. We described CDK for the first time in Latin America in the Argentinean Patagonia (El Cuy). A deeper knowledge of CDK pathogenic mechanisms will provide new therapeutic strategies. For that reason we investigated the prevalence of CDK in El Cuy and its existence in other 3 provinces with similar climate. Patients eyes were examined, habits throughout lives were inquired about, and serum ascorbate (sAA) was determined. All individuals work outdoors for most of the day. All regions had normal O3 levels. Individuals from regions 1, 2, and 3 had very low consumption of vegetables/fruits and low sAA levels. Conversely, region 4 individuals had balanced diet and higher sAA concentrations. CDK was only found in region 3 where individuals had partial deficiency of sAA and did not use eye protection. No CDK was found in regions 1 and 2 where individuals had similar work activities and dietary habits to those in region 3 but wear eye protection. No disease was found in region 4 where individuals work outdoors, have balanced diet, and use eye protection. To summarize, the CDK existence was related not only to climate but also to the dietary habits and lack of protection from sunlight.

A pós-graduação na educação física brasileira: condições e possibilidades das subáreas sociocultural e pedagógica

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo traçar um panorama da atual configuração da pós-graduação stricto sensu da educação física brasileira; analisar as condições e possibilidades de expansão das subáreas sociocultural e pedagógica; e analisar a configuração do Qualis Periódicos da área 21, referente ao quadriênio 2013-2016. O estudo teve um caráter exploratório e seguiu os princípios epistemológicos e metodológicos da pesquisa qualitativa, usou prioritariamente a análise documental. Concluiu-se que as lógicas epistemológicas e avaliativas que vigoraram na área 21 nas últimas avaliações, principalmente por referendar um Qualis Periódicos predominantemente biológico, têm obstruído as condições e possiblidades de expansão das subáreas sociocultural e pedagógica.

Abstract This research's goal is to paint a picture of the post graduation studies, stricto sensu, of brazilian physical education; analyzing conditions and possibilities of expansion of it's sociocultural and pedagogical subareas; analyzing "area 21" "Qualis Periodicos" condition, concerning the period between 2013-2016. This study has an exploratory approach and followed the methodological and epistemological method of qualitative research, using mainly documental data. Concludes, that the epistemological logic and the evaluations enforced in "area 21" during the periods evaluated, expecially those that enforced a biological predominant "Qualis Periódico" have been obstructing the conditions and possibilities of expansion of the sociocultural and pedagogical subareas.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo trazar un panorama de la actual configuración de los estudios de posgrado, stricto sensu, de la educación física brasileña; analizar condiciones y posibilidades de expansión de las subáreas sociocultural y pedagógica, y analizar la configuración del sistema Qualis Periódicos del área 21, en relación con el cuatrienio 2013-2016. Este estudio tiene carácter exploratorio, obedece principios epistemológicos y metodológicos de investigación cualitativa, y utiliza principalmente el análisis documental. Se concluye que las lógicas epistemológicas y de evaluación que se llevaron a cabo en el área 21 durante las últimas evaluaciones, especialmente aquellas que reforzaban un Qualis Periódico predominantemente biológico, obstruyeron las posibilidades de expansión de las subáreas sociocultural y pedagógica.

Análise de recalques em longo prazo no vazadouro de Marambaia, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro / Long-term settlement analysis of the dump site of Marambaia, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

RESUMO Este artigo versa sobre a análise da compressibilidade dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSUs) do antigo vazadouro da Marambaia, localizado no município de Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, que operou como um lixão durante o período de 1987 a 2003, quando foi encerrado e remediado. O estudo foi levado a cabo por meio de dados de monitoramento de recalque superficial, obtidos por meio de marcos superficiais de 2008 a 2015. As medidas de recalques foram analisadas à luz dos seguintes modelos de compressibilidade: Sowers, Meruelo, Ling et al. e Oweis. Os resultados do monitoramento apresentaram valores de recalques entre 79 e 204 mm, representando deformações na faixa de 0,16 a 0,41% em relação à altura inicial do maciço. Os modelos Sowers, Meruelo e Ling et al apresentaram valores de recalques relativamente próximos, evidenciando que, embora diferentes conceitualmente, podem ser usados para prever recalques em longo prazo com boa aproximação. O modelo de Oweis é o mais elaborado dos modelos analisados e o que apresentou valores mais elevados de recalques.

ABSTRACT This paper deals with the analysis of the compressibility of the old Marambaia dumping grounds' MSW, located at Nova Iguaçu City (Rio de Janeiro) that was used as a waste dump from 1987 until 2003, when it was closed and remediated. The study was carried out based on superficial settlement monitoring data of reference points between 2008 and 2015. These data were analyzed considering the following compressibility models: Sowers, Meruelo, Ling et al. and Oweis. The results of the monitoring showed settlement values between 79 and 204 mm representing deformations in the range of 0.16 to 0.41% with regards to the of the landfill's initial height. The models of Sowers, Merueloand Ling et al. render settlement values that are relatively close; revealing that, although being different in conception, both can be used to predict long-term settlements with a good approximation. The model of Oweis is the most elaborated of all models analyzed and predicted the greatest values for settlement.