Novel Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Co-Loaded with Mesalamine and Curcumin: Formulation, Optimization and In Vitro Evaluation.

PURPOSE: The aim of current study is to formulate, optimize and characterize the developed formulation of Mesalamine-Curcumin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (Mes-Cur NLCs). METHODS: It was formulated using high pressure homogenization followed by probe sonication and formulation variables were optimized using Central Composite Design. The particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE), drug release, cytotoxicity on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts cells and HaCaT keratinocytes cells and efficacy on RAW264.7 cells for optimized formulation was determined. RESULTS: The PS, ZP and EE were found to be 85.26 nm, -23.7 ± 7.45 mV, 99.2 ± 2.62 % (Mes) and 84 ± 1.51 % (Cur), respectively. The good correlation between predicted and obtained value indicated suitability and reproducibility of experimental design. NLCs showed spherical shape as confirmed by TEM. In vitro drug release profile of prepared formulation showed that Mes exhibited 100 % release at 48 h, whereas Cur exhibited 82.23 ± 2.97% release at 120 h. Both the drugs exhibited sustained release upon incorporation into the NLCs. The absence of any significant cell death during MTT assay performed on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts cells and HaCaT keratinocytes cells indicated that NLCs' were safe for use. Furthermore, significant reduction in nitric oxide level during anti-inflammatory evaluation of formulation on RAW264.7 cells showed excellent potential for the formulation to treat inflammation. The formulation was found stable as no significant difference between the PS, ZP and EE of the fresh and aged NLCs was observed. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of study deciphered successful formulation of Mes-Cur NLCs.

Delivery routes for faecal microbiota transplants: Available, anticipated and aspired.

Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) has seen a historic emergence in last decade with its sojourn recently entering into a chequered path, due to a few reports of infection and subsequent mortality. Though FMT has been extensively reported, there is no comprehensive report on the delivery routes available for this non-pharmacological treatment option. Safety, efficacy and cost of FMT not only depend on the quality of contents but also on the delivery route employed. A number of delivery routes are in use for conducting FMT, which include upper gastrointestinal routes (UGI) i.e. nasogastric/nasojejunal tube, endoscopy, oral capsules and lower gastrointestinal routes (LGI) like retention enema, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Capsules, both conventional as well as colon targeted have been the most commonly used formulations. Surprisingly, the success rates with conventional gastric delivery capsules and colon targeted capsules were found to be quite similar indicating the sufficiency of the inoculum size to withstand the microbial loss in the gastric milieu. Patient compliance, cost effectiveness, comfort of administration, level of invasiveness, patient's hospital admission, risk of aspiration and infections, multiplicity of administration required, recurrence rate are the main factors that seem to influence the choice for route of administration of physicians. The best route for FMT has not been established yet. Extensive studies are required to understand the interplay of route adopted, type of donor, physical nature of sample (fresh or frozen), patient compliance and cost effectiveness to design an approach for the risk free, convenient and cost-effective administration route for FMT.

Impact of solidification on micromeritic properties and dissolution rate of self-nanoemulsifying delivery system loaded with docosahexaenoic acid.

Development of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is reported with the aim to achieve enhanced dissolution rate. The optimized composition of liquid SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS) formulation was Labrafil M1944 CS, 47% v/v Tween 80, 27% v/v Transcutol P, and 0.1% v/v DHA. L-SNEDDS were solidified using Syloid XDP 3150 as solid porous carrier. The droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, percentage drug loading, and cloud point for L-SNEDDS were found to be 43.51 ± 1.36 nm, 0.186 ± 0.053, -19.20 ± 1.21 mV, 93.23 ± 1.71, and 88.60 ± 2.54 °C, respectively. Similarly, for solid SNEDDS (S-SNEDDS) the above parameters were found to be 57.32 ± 1.87 nm, 0.261 ± 0.043, -16.60 ± 2.18 mV, 91.23 ± 1.88, and 89.50 ± 1.18 °C, respectively. The formulations (L-SNEDDS, S-SNEDDS powder, and S-SNEDDS tablet) showed significant (p<.05) improvement in dissolution rate of drug in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) as compared to unprocessed DHA. In both the dissolution media, the dissolution rate was found more that 85% in 90 min. Absence of drug precipitation, phase separation, and turbidity during thermodynamic stability studies indicated that the developed SNEDDS were stable. Hence, it was concluded that SNEDDS have offered sufficient stability as well as dissolution rate of DHA.

Polysaccharide-fecal microbiota-based colon-targeted self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of curcumin for treating polycystic ovarian syndrome.

The gut microbiome is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Modulating the gut microbiome can lead to eubiosis and treatment of various metabolic conditions. However, there is no proper study assessing the delivery of microbial technology for the treatment of such conditions. The present study involves the development of guar gum-pectin-based solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing curcumin (CCM) and fecal microbiota extract (FME) for the treatment of PCOS. The optimized S-SNEDDS containing FME and CCM was prepared by dissolving CCM (25 mg) in an isotropic mixture consisting of Labrafil M 1944 CS, Transcutol P, and Tween-80 and solidified using lactose monohydrate, aerosil-200, guar gum, and pectin (colon-targeted CCM solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system [CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS]). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation was carried out on letrozole-induced female Wistar rats. The results of pharmacokinetic studies indicated about 13.11 and 23.48-fold increase in AUC of CCM-loaded colon-targeted S-SNEDDS without FME (CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS (WFME)) and CCM-loaded colon-targeted S-SNEDDS with FME [(CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS (FME)) as compared to unprocessed CCM. The pharmacodynamic study indicated excellent recovery/reversal in the rats treated with CCM-CT-S-SNEDDS low and high dose containing FME (group 13 and group 14) in a dose-dependent manner. The developed formulation showcasing its improved bioavailability, targeted action, and therapeutic activity in ameliorating PCOS can be utilized as an adjuvant therapy for developing a dosage form, scale-up, and technology transfer.

In Situ Photo Responsive Biodegradable Nanoparticle Forming Intrauterine Implant for Drug Delivery to Treat Ovarian Diseases: A Rationale-based Review.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian disease constitutes various types of endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), ovarian cancer, premature ovarian failure, ovarian endometriosis, and ovarian cysts. The prevalence of ovarian-related diseases is highly vulnerable in the world. The utility of various drug delivery systems for ovarian diseases has resulted in varied success. Moreover, most of them lead to severe adverse effects and are incapable of ameliorating the signs and symptoms of the condition. HYPOTHESIS: Intrauterine devices (IUDs) have positioned themselves as a mechanism to deliver the drug for various ovarian-related diseases. Thereby avoiding various stability-related issues arising due to various physiological barriers of the female reproductive tract. However, the use of intrauterine devices for drug delivery to the ovaries has not been fully explored. This is attributed to the fact that they cause cysts in the ovaries and skepticism among patients and physicians. Photo-sensitive devices are an appealing approach for managing disorders affecting the ovaries. Photo-sensitive in situ forming intrauterine implants (IUIs) have several advantages, including simplicity in application, reduced invasiveness, as well as improved site-specific drug release control. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) loaded with a drug may be a suitable choice to provide sustained release, alter the pharmacokinetics, and reduce the dose and dosing frequency. CONCLUSION: The current manuscript hypothesizes the utility of a PNP-loaded biodegradable photo-responsive intrauterine implantable device as an alternate novel strategy for ameliorating ovarian-related diseases.

HPMCAS-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions in Clinic: A Review on Manufacturing Techniques (Hot Melt Extrusion and Spray Drying), Marketed Products and Patents.

Today, therapeutic candidates with low solubility have become increasingly common in pharmaceutical research pipelines. Several techniques such as hot melt extrusion, spray drying, supercritical fluid technology, electrospinning, KinetiSol, etc., have been devised to improve either or both the solubility and dissolution to enhance the bioavailability of these active substances belonging to BCS Class II and IV. The principle involved in all these preparation techniques is similar, where the crystal lattice of the drug is disrupted by either the application of heat or dissolving it in a solvent and the movement of the fine drug particles is arrested with the help of a polymer by either cooling or drying to remove the solvent. The dispersed drug particles in the polymer matrix have higher entropy and enthalpy and, thereby, higher free energy in comparison to the crystalline drug. Povidone, polymethaacrylate derivatives, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate derivatives are commonly used as polymers in the preparation of ASDs. Specifically, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS)-based ASDs have become well established in commercially available products and are widely explored to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. This article provides an analysis of two widely used manufacturing techniques for HPMCAS ASDs, namely, hot melt extrusion and spray drying. Additionally, details of HPMCAS-based ASD marketed products and patents have been discussed to emphasize the commercial aspect.

Quality by Design-based RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Curcumin in Rat Plasma and Fecal Microbiota Extract-based Solid Self-nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System.

BACKGROUND: Curcumin (CRM) is known to possess various therapeutic properties, such as anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties, and is, therefore, considered to be an effective therapeutic. OBJECTIVE: A sensitive method for the estimation of CRM in plasma, as well as fecal matter-based solid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS), has been reported for the first time. METHODS: A bioanalytical method was optimized using Box-Behnken Design having 13 runs and 3 responses. The optimized method was developed using methanol and water (70:30 v/v) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Quercetin was used as an internal standard. A specificity test was also performed for the developed CRM solid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system. RESULTS: The retention time of CRM was found to be 14.18 minutes. The developed method was validated and found to be linear in the range of 50-250 ng/mL with an R2 of 0.999. Accuracy studies indicated that CRM had a percentage recovery of less than 105% and more than 95%, respectively. Precision studies were carried out for inter, intraday, and inter-analyst precision, and the %RSD was found to be less than 2%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 3.37 ng/mL and 10.23 ng/mL, respectively. Stability studies for shortterm, long term and freeze-thaw cycles showed a %RSD of less than 2%, indicating the stability of CRM in the plasma matrix. Moreover, the blank fecal microbiota extract slurry did not show any peak at the retention time of CRM in a CRM-loaded solid nanoemulsifying drug delivery system containing fecal microbiota extract indicating its specificity. CONCLUSION: Hence, the developed method can have clinical implications as it helps estimate CRM in blood samples and also provides a simple and sensitive method for the estimation of plant-based flavonoids along with fecal microbiota extract formulations.

Interplay of Gut Microbiota in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Role of Gut Microbiota, Mechanistic Pathways and Potential Treatment Strategies.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) comprises a set of symptoms that pose significant risk factors for various diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Effective and safe methods to treat all the pathological symptoms of PCOS are not available. The gut microbiota has been shown to play an essential role in PCOS incidence and progression. Many dietary plants, prebiotics, and probiotics have been reported to ameliorate PCOS. Gut microbiota shows its effects in PCOS via a number of mechanistic pathways including maintenance of homeostasis, regulation of lipid and blood glucose levels. The effect of gut microbiota on PCOS has been widely reported in animal models but there are only a few reports of human studies. Increasing the diversity of gut microbiota, and up-regulating PCOS ameliorating gut microbiota are some of the ways through which prebiotics, probiotics, and polyphenols work. We present a comprehensive review on polyphenols from natural origin, probiotics, and fecal microbiota therapy that may be used to treat PCOS by modifying the gut microbiota.

Expanding Arsenal against Neurodegenerative Diseases Using Quercetin Based Nanoformulations: Breakthroughs and Bottlenecks.

Quercetin (Qu), a dietary flavonoid, is obtained from many fruits and vegetables such as coriander, broccoli, capers, asparagus, onion, figs, radish leaves, cranberry, walnuts, and citrus fruits. It has proven its role as a nutraceutical owing to numerous pharmacological effects against various diseases in preclinical studies. Despite these facts, Qu and its nanoparticles are less explored in clinical research as a nutraceutical. The present review covers various neuroprotective actions of Qu against various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A literature search was conducted to systematically review the various mechanistic pathways through which Qu elicits its neuroprotective actions and the challenges associated with raw Qu that compromise therapeutic efficacy. The nanoformulations developed to enhance Qu's therapeutic efficacy are also covered. Various ongoing/completed clinical trials related to Qu in treating various diseases, including NDs, are also tabulated. Despite these many successes, the exploration of research on Qu-loaded nanoformulations is limited mostly to preclinical studies, probably due to poor drug loading and stability of the formulation, time-consuming steps involved in the formulation, and their poor scale-up capacity. Hence, future efforts are required in this area to reach Qu nanoformulations to the clinical level.

Harnessing role of sesamol and its nanoformulations against neurodegenerative diseases.

Sesamol is a lignan of sesame seeds and a natural phenolic molecule that has emerged as a useful medical agent. Sesamol is a non-toxic phytoconstituent, which exerts certain valuable effects in the management of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), etc. Sesamol is known to depict its neuroprotective role by various mechanisms, such as metabolic regulators, action on oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, etc. However, its poor oral bioavailability, rapid excretion (as conjugates), and susceptibility to gastric irritation/toxicity (particularly in rats' forestomach) may restrict its effectiveness. To overcome the associated limitations, novel drug delivery system-based formulations of sesamol are emerging and being researched extensively. These can conjugate with sesamol and enhance the bioavailability and solubility of free sesamol, along with delivery at the target site. In this review, we have summarized various research works highlighting the role of sesamol on various NDs, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Moreover, the formulation strategies and neuroprotective role of sesamol-based nano-formulations have also been discussed.

Applications and advancements of nanoparticle-based drug delivery in alleviating lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Lung cancer (LC) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Cigarette smoking is among the main aetiologic factors for both ailments. These diseases share common pathogenetic mechanisms including inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodelling. Current therapeutic approaches are limited by low efficacy and adverse effects. Consequentially, LC has a 5-year survival of < 20%, while COPD is incurable, underlining the necessity for innovative treatment strategies. Two promising emerging classes of therapy against these diseases include plant-derived molecules (phytoceuticals) and nucleic acid-based therapies. The clinical application of both is limited by issues including poor solubility, poor permeability, and, in the case of nucleic acids, susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, large size, and electrostatic charge density. Nanoparticle-based advanced drug delivery systems are currently being explored as flexible systems allowing to overcome these limitations. In this review, an updated summary of the most recent studies using nanoparticle-based advanced drug delivery systems to improve the delivery of nucleic acids and phytoceuticals for the treatment of LC and COPD is provided. This review highlights the enormous relevance of these delivery systems as tools that are set to facilitate the clinical application of novel categories of therapeutics with poor pharmacokinetic properties. This picture was generated with BioRender.

Development and Validation of Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Based Bioanalytical Method for Estimation of Simvastatin in Rat's Plasma.

Simvastatin (SIM) is known to lower cholesterol levels and is speculated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, the bioanalytical method of SIM SNEDDS was developed and validated for the estimation of SIM in the rat's plasma using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. C-18 reverse-phase octadecylsilyl column was used to validate the method. Atorvastatin (ATV) was used as an internal standard. Gradient elution was performed using acetonitrile and water in a ratio of 90:10 with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The chromatogram of these both compounds SIM and ATV was detected at a wavelength of 238 and 244 nm. The drugs were extracted from the plasma samples using the protein precipitation method. The retention time of SIM and ATV was found to be 3.720 and 8.331 min, respectively. The developed method was found to be linear in the range between 50 and 250 ng/mL, with a regression coefficient (r2) of 0.9994. According to ICH M10 guidelines, the method was validated. The percent of drug recovery was more than 95% and the % relative standard deviation was <2% in the replicate studies, which showed that the method was accurate and precise. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found in rat plasma to be 0.12 and 0.38 ng/mL, respectively. The obtained result indicated that the developed method was successful in estimating SIM in rat plasma and passed all validation test parameters.

Gut Dysbiosis and Diabetic Foot Ulcer: Role of Probiotics.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a multifactorial disease and one of the complications of diabetes. The global burden of DFU in the health sector is increasing at a tremendous rate due to its cost management related to hospitalization, medical costs and foot amputation. Hence, to manage DFU/DWs, various attempts have been made, including treating wounds systematically/topically using synthetic drugs, herbal drugs, or tissue engineering based surgical dressings. However, less attention has been paid to the intrinsic factors that are also the leading cause of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. One such factor is gut dysbiosis, which is one of the major causes of enhancing the counts of Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides, which are a major contributing factor toward insulin resistance and inflammation due to the generation of oxidative stress and immunopathy. These all lead to DM and DFU. Probiotics are the commercial form of beneficial gut microbes that are taken as nutraceuticals by people of all ages to improve gut immunity and prevent gut dysbiosis. However, the role of probiotics has been less explored in the management of DFU. Hence, the therapeutic potential of probiotics in managing DFU is fully described in the current review. This report covers the linkage between gut dysbiosis and DFU, sources of probiotics, the mechanisms of probiotics in DW healing, and the impact of probiotic supplementation in treating DFU. In addition, techniques for the stabilization of probiotics, market status, and patents related to probiotics have been also covered. The relevant data were gathered from PubMed, Scopus, Taylor and Francis, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Our systematic review discusses the utilization of probiotic supplementation as a nutraceutical for the management of DFU.

Orchestration of Obesolytic Activity of Microbiome: Metabiotics at Centre Stage.

Metabiotics have emerged as the safer alternatives to probiotics in last decade. Unlike probiotics that are live microbes, metabiotics are the low molecular weight bioactive metabolites produced by the gut microbiota. While offering a similar profile of health benefits as that of probiotics, metabiotics are free from the risks and uncertain responses associated with administration of live bacteria into the body. Metabiotics have demonstrated substantial effectiveness across the ethnicities, age, gender and nutritional habits in a number of metabolic disorders, including obesity. Obesity is attributed to the offsetting of the energy homeostasis of the body due to a number of genetic, endocrinological, and environmental factors leading to obesity. The obesogenic mechanisms are quite complicated as they result from a complex interplay among a number of factors. Owing to a variety of constituents exerting their action through different pathways, metabiotics offer a pragmatic option for treatment as well as prevention of obesity by addressing heterogeneous aspects of its aetiology. In this review, we categorize various components of metabiotics and discuss their cross-talk with host cells at the molecular level. We also discuss the challenges in understanding these interactions and their potential effects on obesity treatment and prevention strategies. Considering the alarming rise in obesity all over the world, metabiotics offer an attractive non-pharmacological approach to spearhead the strategies being designed to combat the challenges posed by the obesity epidemic.

Multivariate Data Analysis and Central Composite Design-Oriented Optimization of Solid Carriers for Formulation of Curcumin-Loaded Solid SNEDDS: Dissolution and Bioavailability Assessment.

The study was initiated with two major purposes: investigating the role of isomalt (GIQ9) as a pharmaceutical carrier for solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SNEDDSs) and improving the oral bioavailability of lipophilic curcumin (CUN). GIQ9 has never been explored for solidification of liquid lipid-based nanoparticles such as a liquid isotropic mixture of a SNEDDS containing oil, surfactant and co-surfactant. The suitability of GIQ9 as a carrier was assessed by calculating the loading factor, flow and micromeritic properties. The S-SNEDDSs were prepared by surface adsorption technique. The formulation variables were optimized using central composite design (CCD). The optimized S-SNEDDS was evaluated for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microscopy, dissolution and pharmacokinetic studies. The S-SNEDDS showed a particle size, zeta potential and PDI of 97 nm, -26.8 mV and 0.354, respectively. The results of DSC, XRD, FTIR and microscopic studies revealed that the isotropic mixture was adsorbed onto the solid carrier. The L-SNEDDS and S-SNEDDS showed no significant difference in drug release, indicating no change upon solidification. The optimized S-SNEDDS showed 5.1-fold and 61.7-fold enhancement in dissolution rate and oral bioavailability as compared to the naïve curcumin. The overall outcomes of the study indicated the suitability of GIQ9 as a solid carrier for SNEDDSs.

Role of nucleic acid-based polymeric micelles in treating lung diseases.

The prevalence of lung diseases is increasing year by year and existing drug therapies only provide symptomatic relief rather than targeting the actual cause. Nucleic acids can be used as an alternative therapeutic approach owing to their potential to reform a homeostatic balance by upregulating protective genes or downregulating damaging genes. However, their inherent properties, such as poor stability, ineffective cellular uptake, negative charge and so on, hinder their clinical utility. Such limitations can be overcome by exploiting the functional chemistry of polymeric micelles (PMs) for site-specific delivery, transfection efficiency and improved stability. With this objective, the present work describes the advancements made in designing nucleic acid-based PMs for treating lung diseases followed by approaches requiring consideration for clinical applications.

Self-nanoemulsifying composition containing curcumin, quercetin, Ganoderma lucidum extract powder and probiotics for effective treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in streptozotocin induced rats.

Liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (L-SNEDDS) of curcumin and quercetin were prepared by dissolving them in isotropic mixture of Labrafil M1944CS®, Capmul MCM®, Tween-80® and Transcutol P®. The prepared L-SNEDDS were solidified using Ganoderma lucidum extract, probiotics and Aerosil-200® using spray drying. These were further converted into pellets using extrusion-spheronization. The mean droplet size and zeta potential of L-SNEDDS were found to be 63.46 ± 2.12 nm and - 14.8 ± 3.11 mV while for solid SNEDDS pellets, these were 72.46 ± 2.16 nm and -38.7 ± 1.34 mV, respectively. The dissolution rate for curcumin and quercetin each was enhanced by 4.5 folds while permeability was enhanced by 5.28 folds (curcumin) and 3.35 folds (quercetin) when loaded into SNEDDS pellets. The Cmax for curcumin and quercetin containing SNEDDS pellets was found 532.34 ± 5.64 ng/mL and 4280 ± 65.67 ng/mL, respectively. This was 17.55 and 3.48 folds higher as compared to their naïve forms. About 50.23- and 5.57-folds increase in bioavailability was observed for curcumin and quercetin respectively, upon loading into SNEDDS pellets. SNEDDS pellets were found stable at accelerated storage conditions. The developed formulation was able to normalize the levels of blood glucose, lipids, antioxidant biomarkers, and tissue architecture of pancreas and liver in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats as compared to their naïve forms.

Polymeric micelles loaded with glyburide and vanillic acid: I. Formulation development, in-vitro characterization and bioavailability studies.

The co-formulation of glyburide (Gly) and vanillic acid (VA) as such in the form of nanomedicine has never been explored to treat metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both the drugs possess dissolution rate-limited oral bioavailability leading to poor therapeutic efficacy. Hence, co-loading these drugs into a nanocarrier could overcome their poor oral bioavailability related challenges. Owing to this objective, both drugs were co-loaded in amphiphilic polymeric micelles (APMs) and evaluated for their biopharmaceutical outcomes. The APMs were prepared using mPEG-b-PCL/CTAB as a copolymer-surfactant system via the liquid antisolvent precipitation (LAP) method. The design of these APMs were optimized using Box Behnken Design by taking various process/formulation based variables to achieve the desired micellar traits. The release of both the drugs from the optimized co-loaded APMs was compared in different media and displayed a remarkable sustained release profile owing to their hydrophobic interactions with the PCL core. The in vitro cytotoxicity study of co-loaded APMs on Caco-2 cells revealed 70 % cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The preventive effects of Gly and VA co-loaded in APMs on glucose uptake was studied in insulin-responsive human HepG2 cells treated with high glucose. The co-loading of both the drugs in optimized APMs exhibited synergistic glucose-lowering activity (p < 0.001) than raw drugs with low cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells within the test concentration. This could be attributed to an increase in the relative oral bioavailability of both the drugs in APMs i.e., 868 % for Gly and 87 % for VA respectively.

Multifaceted role of synbiotics as nutraceuticals, therapeutics and carrier for drug delivery.

Synbiotics, are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics. They play an important role in metabolizing different nutritional substrates and thus helps in the maintenance of human health. Any disbalance in the gut microflora, known as dysbiosis, is known to lead to a number of diseased conditions. It can be reverted by the administration of synbiotics. Present review highlights various mechanistic pathways through which synbiotics act as therapeutics. The dual role of synbiotics as nutraceutical and excipient in developing oral formulations are entailed with case studies. The findings entailed that there exist numerous studies on prebiotics as well as probiotics have been carried out to show their effects in several diseases. However, the concept of combining together them for prevention and treatment of various pathological conditions accruing from dysbiosis is relatively new. Synbiotics, however, face challenge of low stability during their sojourn in the GIT, which is generally overcome by various encapsulation techniques. Various studies also showed potential role of synbiotics in drug delivery. However, it is an emerging area and lacks clinical correlation. It is important to focus on clinical trials of formulations wherein synbiotics have been used as therapeutic moiety as well as pharmaceutical carrier for treating various diseases.

Harnessing the dual role of polysaccharides in treating gastrointestinal diseases: As therapeutics and polymers for drug delivery.

Polysaccharides (PS) represent a broad class of polymer-based compounds that have been extensively researched as therapeutics and excipients for drug delivery. As pharmaceutical carriers, PS have mostly found their use as adsorbents, suspending agents, as well as cross-linking agents for various formulations such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nano lipid carriers, microspheres etc. This is due to inherent properties of PS such as porosity, steric stability and swellability, insolubility in pH. There have been emerging reports on the use of PS as therapeutic agent due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties for various diseases. In particular, for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease. However, determining the dosage, treatment duration and effective technology transfer of these therapeutic moieties have not occurred. This is due to the fact that PS are still at a nascent stage of development to a full proof therapy for a particular disease. Recently, a combination of polysaccharide which act as a prebiotic and a probiotic have been used as a combination to treat various intestinal and colorectal (CRC) related diseases. This has proven to be beneficial, has shown good in vivo correlation and is well reported. The present review entails a detailed description on the role of PS used as a therapeutic agent and as a formulation pertaining to gastrointestinal diseases.