Probing the Protein-Excipient Interaction in the Orally Delivered Protein by Solid-State Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Dynamics.

The oral administration of protein therapeutics in solid dosage form is gaining popularity due to its benefits, such as improved medication adherence, convenience, and ease of use for patients compared to traditional parental delivery. However, formulating oral biologics presents challenges related to pH barriers, enzymatic breakdown, and poor bioavailability. Therefore, understanding the interaction between excipients and protein therapeutics in the solid state is crucial for formulation development. In this Letter, we present a case study focused on investigating the role of excipients in protein aggregation during the production of a solid dosage form of a single variable domain on a heavy chain (VHH) protein. We employed solid-state hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS) at both intact protein and peptide levels to assess differences in protein-excipient interactions between two formulations. ssHDX-MS analysis revealed that one formulation effectively prevents protein aggregation during compaction by blocking ß-sheets across the VHH protein, thereby preventing ß-sheet-ß-sheet interactions. Spatial aggregation propensity (SAP) mapping and cosolvent simulation from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation further validated the protein-excipient interaction sites identified through ssHDX-MS. Additionally, the MD simulation demonstrated that the interaction between the VHH protein and excipients involves hydrophilic interactions and/or hydrogen bonding. This novel approach holds significant potential for understanding protein-excipient interactions in the solid state and can guide the formulation and process development of orally delivered protein dosage forms, ultimately enhancing their efficacy and stability.

Predicting Long-Term Stability of an Oral Delivered Antibody Drug Product with Accelerated Stability Assessment Program Modeling.

The oral delivery of protein therapeutics offers numerous advantages for patients but also presents significant challenges in terms of development. Currently, there is limited knowledge available regarding the stability and shelf life of orally delivered protein therapeutics. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of the stability of an orally delivered solid dosage variable domain of heavy-chain antibody (VHH antibody) drug product was conducted. Four stability related quality attributes that undergo change as a result of thermal and humidity stress were identified. Subsequently, these attributes were modeled using an accelerated stability approach facilitated by ASAPprime software. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this approach has been reported for an antibody drug product. We observed overall good model quality and accurate predictions regarding the protein stability during storage. Notably, we discovered that protein aggregation, formed through a degradation pathway, requires additional adjustments to the modeling method. In summary, the ASAP approach demonstrated promising results in predicting the stability of this complex solid-state protein formulation. This study sheds light on the stability and shelf life of orally delivered protein therapeutics, addressing an important knowledge gap in the field.

Alteration of Thyroid Hormones in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease and Aging.

INTRODUCTION: Aging is characterized by the deterioration of a wide range of functions in tissues and organs, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment. Hypothyroidism occurs when there is insufficient production of thyroid hormones (THs) by the thyroid. The relationship between hypothyroidism and aging as well as AD is controversial at present. METHODS: We established an animal model of AD (FAD4T) with mutations in the APP and PSEN1 genes, and we performed a thyroid function test and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of the thyroid from FAD4T and naturally aging mice. We also studied gene perturbation correlation in the FAD4T mouse thyroid, bone marrow, and brain by further single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of the bone marrow and brain. RESULTS: In this study, we found alterations in THs in both AD and aging mice. RNA-seq data showed significant upregulation of T-cell infiltration- and cell proliferation-related genes in FAD4T mouse thyroid. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that upregulated genes were enriched in the functional gene modules of activation of immune cells. Downregulated energy metabolism-related genes were prominent in aging thyroids, which reflected the reduction in THs. GSEA showed a similar enrichment tendency in both mouse thyroids, suggesting their analogous inflammation state. In addition, the regulation of leukocyte activation and migration was a common signature between the thyroid, brain, and bone marrow of FAD4T mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identified immune cell infiltration of the thyroid as the potential underlying mechanism of the alteration of THs in AD and aging.

Biology of Euwallacea interjectus, an emerging poplar pest, reared on an ambrosia beetle artificial diet and medium of fungal symbiont.

Euwallacea interjectus, a recently discovered pest in poplar plantations, poses a significant economic threat due to its role in causing widespread tree mortality. This pest's cryptic behaviour has hindered research and control efforts, making laboratory rearing a valuable tool for studying its development and biology. We investigated the development period and biological characteristics of E. interjectus using artificial diets and fungal medium. Our findings revealed that the development time for eggs, larvae, and pupae averages approximately 6, 18, and 6 days, respectively. Notably, first and second instar larvae displayed peak moulting periods at 3.45 ± 0.64 SD and 7.92 ± 1.77 SD days, respectively. Furthermore, we measured head capsule widths of postmolt larvae, yielding values of 318.02 ± 7.38 SD µm for first-instar larvae, 403.01 ± 11.08 SD µm for second-instar larvae, and 549.54 ± 20.74 SD µm for third-instar larvae. Our research also uncovered a positive correlation between the number of progeny (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults) and the mean length of the gallery system. Interestingly, the haplodiploid reproductive strategy did not significantly affect the number of offspring produced by the foundress. Additionally, we observed that foundresses displayed higher fecundity when subjected to nutrient-rich diets as compared to nutrient-poor diets. Our results will deepen our understanding of the biology of E. interjectus and provide criteria for larval instar classification. Additionally, managing nutrient availability within the colony could be considered a viable approach to regulating population size.

Prospective assessment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma diagnosis from endoscopic ultrasonography images with the assistance of deep learning.

BACKGROUND: Endosonographers are highly dependent on the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The objectives of this study were to develop a deep-learning radiomics (DLR) model based on endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) images for identifying PDAC and to explore its true clinical benefit. METHODS: A retrospective data set of EUS images that included PDAC and benign lesions was used as a training cohort (N = 368 patients) to develop the DLR model, and a prospective data set was used as a test cohort (N = 123 patients) to validate the effectiveness of the DLR model. In addition, seven endosonographers performed two rounds of reader studies on the test cohort with or without DLR assistance to further assess the clinical applicability and true benefits of the DLR model. RESULTS: In the prospective test cohort, DLR exhibited an area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.936 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.889-0.976) with a sensitivity of 0.831 (95% CI, 0.746-0.913) and 0.904 (95% CI, 0.820-0.980), respectively. With DLR assistance, the overall diagnostic performance of the seven endosonographers improved: one endosonographer achieved a significant expansion of specificity (p = .035,) and another achieved a significant increase in sensitivity (p = .038). In the junior endosonographer group, the diagnostic performance with the help of the DLR was higher than or comparable to that of the senior endosonographer group without DLR assistance. CONCLUSIONS: A prospective test cohort validated that the DLR model based on EUS images effectively identified PDAC. With the assistance of this model, the gap between endosonographers at different levels of experience narrowed, and the accuracy of endosonographers expanded.

Impacts of Halogen Substitutions on Bisphenol A Compounds Interaction with Human Serum Albumin: Exploring from Spectroscopic Techniques and Computer Simulations.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound, and the binding mechanism of BPA with carrier proteins has drawn widespread attention. Halogen substitutions can significantly impact the properties of BPA, resulting in various effects for human health. Here, we selected tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) to investigate the interaction between different halogen-substituted BPAs and human serum albumin (HSA). TBBPA/TCBPA spontaneously occupied site I and formed stable binary complexes with HSA. Compared to TCBPA, TBBPA has higher binding affinity to HSA. The effect of different halogen substituents on the negatively charged surface area of BPA was an important reason for the higher binding affinity of TBBPA to HSA compared to TCBPA. Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces were crucial in the TCBPA-HSA complex, while the main driving factor for the formation of the TBBPA-HSA complex was hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, the presence of TBBPA/TCBPA changed the secondary structure of HSA. Amino acid residues such as Lys199, Lys195, Phe211, Arg218, His242, Leu481, and Trp214 were found to play crucial roles in the binding process between BPA compounds and HSA. Furthermore, the presence of halogen substituents facilitated the binding of BPA compounds with HSA.

A heat shock 70kDa protein MaltHSP70-2 contributes to thermal resistance in Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): quantification, localization, and functional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Heat Shock Proteins 70 (HSP70s) in insects act on a diverse range of substrates to assist with overcoming extreme high temperatures. MaltHSP70-2, a member of HSP70s, has been characterized to involve in the thermotolerance of Monochamus alternatus in vitro, while quantification and localization of MaltHSP70-2 in various tissues and its functional analysis in vivo remain unclear. RESULTS: In this study, temporal expression of MaltHSP70-2 indicated a long-last inductive effect on MaltHSP70-2 expression maintained 48 hours after heat shock. MaltHSP70-2 showed a global response to heat exposure which occurring in various tissues of both males and females. Particularly in the reproductive tissues, we further performed the quantification and localization of MaltHSP70-2 protein using Western Blot and Immunohistochemistry, suggesting that enriched MaltHSP70-2 in the testis (specifically in the primary spermatocyte) must be indispensable to protect the reproductive activities (e.g., spermatogenesis) against high temperatures. Furthermore, silencing MaltHSP70-2 markedly influenced the expression of other HSP genes and thermotolerance of adults in bioassays, which implied a possible interaction of MaltHSP70-2 with other HSP genes and its role in thermal resistance of M. alternatus adults. CONCLUSIONS: These findings shed new insights into thermo-resistant mechanism of M. alternatus to cope with global warming from the perspective of HSP70s functions.

The predictive value of fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio in the active, severe active, and poor prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: A single-center retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prediction and effect of fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) on active, severe active, and poor prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: One hundred and sixty-eight patients with SLE who were treated in our hospital were enrolled, the clinical data, laboratory indexes, and disease prognosis of all patients were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Triglyceride (TG), FAR, ESR, and anti-dsDNA (+) were the influencing factors, while complement 3 (C3) was the protective factor of active SLE, the odds ratio (OR) values were 2.968, 3.698, 2.114, 2.727, and 0.652, respectively (p < 0.05). FAR, ESR, and anti-dsDNA (+) were the influencing factors, while C3 was the protective factor of severe active SLE, the OR values were 3.791, 1.953, 2.187, and 0.742, respectively (p < 0.05). SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), TG, FAR, and anti-dsDNA (+) were the influencing factors, while C3 was the protective factor of poor prognosis SLE, the OR values were 3.024, 2.293, 3.012, 2.323, and 0.801, respectively (p < 0.05). FAR and FIB were positively correlated with SLEDAI, while ALB was negatively correlated with SLEDAI, the related coefficient (r) were 0.398, 0.267, -0.270, respectively. The receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis showed that the predictive values of FAR for active, severe active and poor prognosis SLE were 0.769, 0.769, and 0.734, respectively, were significant higher than FIB and ALB (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio was an influencing factor of active, severe active, and poor prognosis SLE had higher predictive value than FIB and ALB for the activity and prognosis of SLE.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Molecular Insights in Overwintering Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

Monochamus alternatus, the dominant vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae), has caused immense damage to forest resources. In China, this vector was native to the southern regions but has spread northward recently. To adapt to more challenging environments in the northern winter, M. alternatus has evolved an intricate strategy for overwintering, which remains largely unknown. Herein, we compared the transcriptome data of the overwintering and non-overwintering larvae of M. alternatus larvae to investigate the molecular mechanisms in overwintering. A total of 53.10 GB clean bases and 28, 245 unigenes were obtained by RNA-seq. Analysis of 2597 upregulated and 2429 downregulated unigenes, as well as the enrichment of DEGs showed that many genes and pathways were jointly involved in the overwintering period. Besides, the accuracy of the RNA-seq data was tested by using qPCR experiment involving 13 selected genes. The results revealed that the overwintering process relied largely on the energy allocation trade-off. Specifically, overwintering M. alternatus inhibited energy-intensive activities, such as growth and molting, detoxification, and trehalose transport, and the reserved energy was skewed towards the synthesis of antifreeze compounds and immune response to cope with the deleterious effects of winter.

Reduced photosynthetic thermal acclimation capacity under elevated ozone in poplar (Populus tremula) saplings.

The sensitivity of photosynthesis to temperature has been identified as a key uncertainty for projecting the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon cycle response to future climate change. Although thermal acclimation of photosynthesis under rising temperature has been reported in many tree species, whether tropospheric ozone (O3 ) affects the acclimation capacity remains unknown. In this study, temperature responses of photosynthesis (light-saturated rate of photosynthesis (Asat ), maximum rates of RuBP carboxylation (Vcmax ), and electron transport (Jmax ) and dark respiration (Rdark ) of Populus tremula exposed to ambient O3 (AO3 , maximum of 30 ppb) or elevated O3 (EO3 , maximum of 110 ppb) and ambient or elevated temperature (ambient +5°C) were investigated in solardomes. We found that the optimum temperature of Asat (ToptA ) significantly increased in response to warming. However, the thermal acclimation capacity was reduced by O3 exposure, as indicated by decreased ToptA , and temperature optima of Vcmax (ToptV ) and Jmax (ToptJ ) under EO3 . Changes in both stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax and Jmax ) contributed to the shift of ToptA by warming and EO3 . Neither Rdark measured at 25°C ( R dark 25 ) nor the temperature response of Rdark was affected by warming, EO3 , or their combination. The responses of Asat , Vcmax , and Jmax to warming and EO3 were closely correlated with changes in leaf nitrogen (N) content and N use efficiency. Overall, warming stimulated growth (leaf biomass and tree height), whereas EO3 reduced growth (leaf and woody biomass). The findings indicate that thermal acclimation of Asat may be overestimated if the impact of O3 pollution is not taken into account.

Phylogeny of Leptographium qinlingensis cytochrome P450 genes and transcription levels of six CYPs in response to different nutrition media or terpenoids.

The ascomycete Leptographium qinlingensis is one of the major externally living fungal associates of Dendroctonus armandi, which can kill host trees when it invades Chinese white pine (Pinus armandii). We identified and phylogenetically analysed the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in the transcriptome of L. qinlingensis. Furthermore, the expression profiles of six CYPs in the mycelium of L. qinlingensis grown on different media or treated with terpenoids were detected, as well as their growth rates on different nutritional media and inhibition by terpenoids. The CYP evolution predicted that most of the CYPs occurred in a putative common ancestor shared between L. qinlingensis and Grosmannia clavigera. The growth rates and inhibition test result shows that L. qinlingensis has more similarity with G. clavigera, which can retrieve nutrition from pine wood and utilize monoterpenes as the sole carbon source. CYP582C and CYP52Z4 of L. qinlingensis might be involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and detoxification of terpenes and phenolics after the analysis of their transcription levels with different treatments.

Isolation and expression of five genes in the mevalonate pathway of the Chinese white pine beetle, Dendroctonus armandi (Curculionidae: Scolytinae).

The Chinese white pine beetle Dendroctonus armandi (Tsai and Li) is a significant pest of the Qinling and Bashan Mountains pine forests of China. The Chinese white pine beetle can overcome the defences of Chinese white pine Pinus armandi (Franch) through pheromone-assisted aggregation that results in a mass attack of host trees. We isolated five full-length complementary DNAs encoding mevalonate pathway-related enzyme genes from the Chinese white pine beetle (D. armandi), which are acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (AACT), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), mevalonate kinase (MK), mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MPDC), and phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK). Bioinformatic analyses were performed on the full-length deduced amino acid sequences. Differential expression of these five genes was observed between sexes, and within these significant differences among topically applied juvenile hormone III (JH III), fed on phloem of P. armandi, tissue distribution, and development stage. Mevalonate pathway genes expression were induced by JH III and feeding.

Quantifying determinants of ozone detoxification by apoplastic ascorbate in peach (Prunus persica) leaves using a model of ozone transport and reaction.

Ascorbate in leaf apoplast (ASCapo ) reacts with ozone (O3 ) and thereby reduces O3 flux reaching plasmalemma (Fpl ). Some studies have shown significant protection of cells from O3 by ASCapo , while others have questioned its efficacy. Hypothesizing that the protection by ASCapo depends on other variables, we quantified determinants of O3 detoxification with a model of O3 transport and reaction in apoplast. The model determines ascorbic acid concentration in apoplast (AAapo ) using measured values of O3 concentration (co ), leaf tissue ascorbic acid concentration (AAleaf ), cell wall thickness (L3 ), apoplastic pH (pHapo ), and stomatal conductance (Gsw ). We compared the measured and model-estimated AAapo in leaves of peach (Prunus persica) grown in open-top chambers under non-filtered air (NF) and elevated (EO3 : NF + 80 ppb) O3 concentrations. The estimated AAapo in individual leaves agreed well with the measured values (R2  = .91). Analyses of the simulation results yielded the following findings: (a) The efficacy of O3 reduction with ASCapo as quantified by fractional reduction (ϕ3 ) of O3 flux at the surface of plasmalemma (Fpl ) was lowered from 70% in NF to 40% in EO3 due to the reduction of L3 . The EO3 reduced AAapo , but the lower Gsw and L3 in EO3 increased AAapo resulting in no significant change in AAapo due to EO3 . ϕ3 can be calculated with measured values of AAapo and L3 , and Fpl can be estimated with the measurement-based ϕ3 . (b) When c0 is increased, Fpl increased curvilinearly with the increase of Fst : nominal O3 flux via stomatal diffusion, exhibiting apparent threshold on Fst . The deviation of Fpl from Fst became greater when L3 , pHapo , and AAleaf were increased. The quantification of ϕ3 and Fpl using leaf traits shall facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of differential plant sensitivity to O3 and improve quantification of the O3 impacts on plants.

Elevated whole blood arsenic level is associated with type 2 diabetes in coal-burning areas in Guizhou.

The potential association between coal-burning arsenic exposure and type 2 diabetes (T2D) was examined through a case control study, conducted in coal-burning arsenic poisoning areas in the Guizhou Province. This study included patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Control subjects without type 2 diabetes were recruited randomly after gender and age 1:1 matching. All subjects completed questionnaire surveys and underwent physical examination and whole blood arsenic level testing. The whole blood arsenic level was associated with a significant increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes (75th versus 25th, adjusted OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.03-3.01). However, a nonlinear relationship was observed between the blood arsenic level and type 2 diabetes. The risk of type 2 diabetes increased with blood arsenic levels above 3.69 µg/L (Log As ≥0.57). The subgroup analysis revealed that blood arsenic levels were associated with significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes in people who ever smoked (P < .05), particularly those who smoked ≥15 years (adjusted OR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.9-7.28). Therefore, prolonged arsenic exposure, even at a low level, is associated with a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in a nonlinear pattern. Blood arsenic levels less than 3.69 µg/L may be considered safe with respect to the risk of T2D. However, smoking, particularly smoking ≥15 years, may be associated with the development of diabetes in patients with arsenic exposure.

Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on A53T α-Synuclein Transgenic Mouse Models of Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system mainly affecting the motor system. Presently, there is no effective and safe drug to treat patients with PD. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), obtained from leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree, is a complex mixture of ingredients primarily containing two active components: flavonoids and terpenoids. In this study, we investigated the effects of GBE on A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice, a PD model that has better simulated the progression of PD patients than other models such as the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine-induced PD model. METHODS: Fifty α-synuclein A53T transgenic mice were fed and treated with GBE, and locomotor activity was detected by pole test, forced swim test, and wire-hang test. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporters was detected using immunohistochemistry. Superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and malondialdehyde expression were detected using an assay kit. RESULTS: Our results show that GBE treatment improved locomotor activity and that superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase inhibited the expression of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde and recovered the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporters. CONCLUSIONS: The GBE treatment improved locomotor activity and inhibited the development of PD in the A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice, which may be partly responsible for decreased oxidative damage and maintain the normal dopamine homeostasis.

Biodiversity and Activity of Gut Fungal Communities across the Life History of Trypophloeus klimeschi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae).

We comprehensively investigated the biodiversity of fungal communities in different developmental stages of Trypophloeus klimeschi and the difference between sexes and two generations by high throughput sequencing. The predominant species found in the intestinal fungal communities mainly belong to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Fungal community structure varies with life stage. The genera Nakazawaea, Trichothecium, Aspergillus, Didymella, Villophora, and Auricularia are most prevalent in the larvae samples. Adults harbored high proportions of Graphium. The fungal community structures found in different sexes are similar. Fusarium is the most abundant genus and conserved in all development stages. Gut fungal communities showed notable variation in relative abundance during the overwintering stage. Fusarium and Nectriaceae were significantly increased in overwintering mature larvae. The data indicates that Fusarium might play important roles in the survival of T. klimeschi especially in the overwintering stage. The authors speculated that Graphium plays an important role in the invasion and colonization of T. klimeschi. The study will contribute to the understanding of the biological role of the intestinal fungi in T. klimeschi, which might provide an opportunity and theoretical basis to promote integrated pest management (IPM) of T. klimeschi.

Large variability in ambient ozone sensitivity across 19 ethylenediurea-treated Chinese cultivars of soybean is driven by total ascorbate.

The sensitivity of Chinese soybean cultivars to ambient ozone (O3) in the field is unknown, although soybean is a major staple food in China. Using ethylenediurea (EDU) as an O3 protectant, we tested the gas exchange, pigments, antioxidants and biomass of 19 cultivars exposed to 28ppm·hr AOT40 (accumulated O3 over an hourly concentration threshold of 40ppb) over the growing season at a field site in China. By comparing the average biomass with and without EDU, we estimated the cultivar-specific sensitivity to O3 and ranked the cultivars from very tolerant (<10% change) to highly sensitive (>45% change), which helps in choosing the best-suited cultivars for local cultivation. Higher lipid peroxidation and activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme were major responses to O3 damage, which eventually translated into lower biomass production. The constitutional level of total ascorbate in the leaves was the most important parameter explaining O3 sensitivity among these cultivars. Surprisingly, the role of stomatal conductance was insignificant. These results will guide future breeding efforts towards more O3-tolerant cultivars in China, while strategies for implementing control measures of regional O3 pollution are being implemented. Overall, these results suggest that present ambient O3 pollution is a serious concern for soybean in China, which highlights the urgent need for policy-making actions to protect this critical staple food.

The CYP51F1 Gene of Leptographium qinlingensis: Sequence Characteristic, Phylogeny and Transcript Levels.

Leptographium qinlingensis is a fungal associate of the Chinese white pine beetle (Dendroctonus armandi) and a pathogen of the Chinese white pine (Pinus armandi) that must overcome the terpenoid oleoresin defenses of host trees. L. qinlingensis responds to monoterpene flow with abundant mechanisms that include export and the use of these compounds as a carbon source. As one of the fungal cytochrome P450 proteins (CYPs), which play important roles in general metabolism, CYP51 (lanosterol 14-α demethylase) can catalyze the biosynthesis of ergosterol and is a target for antifungal drug. We have identified an L. qinlingensis CYP51F1 gene, and the phylogenetic analysis shows the highest homology with the 14-α-demethylase sequence from Grosmannia clavigera (a fungal associate of Dendroctonus ponderosae). The transcription level of CYP51F1 following treatment with terpenes and pine phloem extracts was upregulated, while using monoterpenes as the only carbon source led to the downregulation of CYP5F1 expression. The homology modeling structure of CYP51F1 is similar to the structure of the lanosterol 14-α demethylase protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJM789, which has an N-terminal membrane helix 1 (MH1) and transmembrane helix 1 (TMH1). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of terpenoid and azole fungicides (itraconazole (ITC)) and the docking of terpenoid molecules, lanosterol and ITC in the protein structure suggested that CYP51F1 may be inhibited by terpenoid molecules by competitive binding with azole fungicides.

Probing the higher order structure of oligonucleotides through anion exchange chromatography.

Large synthetic oligonucleotides such as guide ribonucleic acid (gRNA), a critical reagent in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing, have complex higher order structures (HOS) inherent in their design. In this study, we first developed a generic anion exchange chromatography (AEX) method for the comprehensive analysis of a 100mer single guide ribonucleic acid (sgRNA) impurity profiling. AEX demonstrated superior resolution compared to other common chromatographic methods employed for sgRNA analysis, such as Ion-Pairing Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography (IP-RPLC) and Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC). Moreover, we discovered AEX's potential in probing the HOS of RNAs by adjusting the temperature and using organic additives. Our study also highlighted that sgRNA possesses a unique HOS distinctly different from other therapeutic nucleic acids, such as antisense oligonucleotides and messenger RNAs.

Phylogeography of the ambrosia beetle Euwallacea interjectus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): an emerging poplar pest and its Fusarium mutualists from poplar plantations in China.

Native to Asia, Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a destructive and invasive pest of live trees, and now it has been found in the United States and Argentina. In recent years, this pest appeared in high densities in poplar monocultures from Eastern China (Jiangsu and Shanghai) and Argentina and caused significant poplar mortality. However, the origin of the pests related to tree damage and the Fusarium mutualists from some poplar zones in China remained unclear. Here, we provided a broader phylogeographic analysis of E. interjectus based on the mitochondrial gene (cytochrome c oxidase I) to determine the global genetic structure of this species. Five mitochondrial lineages were found in the native area. Populations introduced to the United States were originated from 4 localities. The Argentine population was derived from Japan. The species was observed with strikingly high level of cytochrome c oxidase I intraspecific divergence that exceeded interspecific divergence, but the high intraspecific variation was correlated with geographical locations among the native populations. Two nuclear genes (arginine kinase and carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2-aspartate transcarbamylase-dihydroorotase) were more conservative, and intraspecific differences were lower than interspecific differences. The mitochondrial genetic variation was probably caused by evolution of lineages among geographically isolated populations. But it is immature to infer the existence of cryptic species based on cytochrome c oxidase I differences. All samples collected from poplar populations were indigenous and formed close relationship with a specimen from eastern and southern China. Surprisingly, pests from poplar populations in Jiangsu and Shanghai showed different haplotypes and mutualists. This suggested that the control strategies should consider the genetic and mutualistic diversity of beetles at different poplar localities.