Emerging perspectives for the study of the neural basis of motor behaviour.

The 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society for the Neural Control of Movement (NCM) brought together over 500 experts to discuss recent advancements in motor control. This article highlights key topics from the conference, including the foundational mechanisms of motor control, the ongoing debate over the context-dependency of feedforward and feedback processes, and the interplay between motor and cognitive functions in learning, memory, and decision-making. It also presents innovative methods for studying movement in complex, real-world environments.

Indole clubbed 2,4-thiazolidinedione linked 1,2,3-triazole as a potent antimalarial and antibacterial agent against drug-resistant strain and molecular modeling studies.

In the face of escalating challenges of microbial resistance strains, this study describes the design and synthesis of 5-({1-[(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methylene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives, which have demonstrated significant antimicrobial properties. Compared with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin on the respective strains, compounds 5a, 5d, 5g, 5l, and 5m exhibited potent antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 16 to 25 µM. Almost all the synthesized compounds showed lower MIC compared to standards against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Additionally, the majority of the synthesized compounds demonstrated remarkable antifungal activity, against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, as compared to nystatin, griseofulvin, and fluconazole. Furthermore, the majority of compounds exhibited notable inhibitory effects against the Plasmodium falciparum strain, having IC50 values ranging from 1.31 to 2.79 µM as compared to standard quinine (2.71 µM). Cytotoxicity evaluation of compounds 5a-q on SHSY-5Y cells at up to 100 µg/mL showed no adverse effects. Comparison with control groups highlights their noncytotoxic characteristics. Molecular docking confirmed compound binding to target active sites, with stable protein-ligand complexes displaying drug-like molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed dynamic stability and interactions. Rigorous tests and molecular modeling unveil the effectiveness of the compounds against drug-resistant microbes, providing hope for new antimicrobial compounds with potential safety.

Hyaluronic acid-graphene oxide quantum dots nanoconjugate as dual purpose drug delivery and therapeutic agent in meta-inflammation.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) predominantly considered a metabolic disease is now being considered an inflammatory disease as well due to the involvement of meta-inflammation. Obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation (ATI) is one of the earliest phenomena in the case of meta-inflammation, leading to the advent of insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM. The key events of ATI are orchestrated by macrophages, which aggravate the inflammatory state in the tissue upon activation, ultimately leading to systemic chronic low-grade inflammation and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) through the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines. The CD44 receptor on macrophages is overexpressed in ATI, NASH, and IR. Therefore, we developed a CD44 targeted Hyaluronic Acid functionalized Graphene Oxide Quantum Dots (GOQD-HA) nanocomposite for tissue-specific delivery of metformin. Metformin-loaded GOQD-HA (GOQD-HA-Met) successfully downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and restored antioxidant status at lower doses than free metformin in both palmitic acid-induced RAW264.7 cells and diet induced obese mice. Our study revealed that the GOQD-HA nanocarrier enhanced the efficacy of Metformin primarily by acting as a therapeutic agent apart from being a drug delivery platform. The therapeutic properties of GOQD-HA stem from both HA and GOQD having anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties respectively. This study unravels the function of GOQD-HA as a targeted drug delivery option for metformin in meta-inflammation where the nanocarrier itself acts as a therapeutic agent.

Pyruvate kinase M2 in chronic inflammations: a potpourri of crucial protein-protein interactions.

Chronic inflammation (CI) is a primary contributing factor involved in multiple diseases like cancer, stroke, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, coeliac disease, glomerulonephritis, sepsis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, reperfusion injury, and transplant rejections. Despite several expansions in our understanding of inflammatory disorders and their mediators, it seems clear that numerous proteins participate in the onset of CI. One crucial protein pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) much studied in cancer is also found to be inextricably woven in the onset of several CI's. It has been found that PKM2 plays a significant role in several disorders using a network of proteins that interact in multiple ways. For instance, PKM2 forms a close association with epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) for uncontrolled growth and proliferation of tumor cells. In neurodegeneration, PKM2 interacts with apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APE1) to onset Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. The cross-talk of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and PKM2 acts as stepping stones for the commencement of diabetes. Perhaps PKM2 stores the potential to unlock the pathophysiology of several diseases. Here we provide an overview of the notoriously convoluted biology of CI's and PKM2. The cross-talk of PKM2 with several proteins involved in stroke, Alzheimer's, cancer, and other diseases has also been discussed. We believe that considering the importance of PKM2 in inflammation-related diseases, new options for treating various disorders with the development of more selective agents targeting PKM2 may appear.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Early Pregnancy: Prevalence and Implications.

Introduction: Young women (20-35 years) are at high risk of HPV infection, although the majority of the infections are asymptomatic and are cleared spontaneously by the host immune system. These are also the group of women who are sexually active and are in the population of pregnant women. During pregnancy, the changes in the hormonal milieu and immune response may favor persistence of HPV infection and may aid in transgenerational transmission thereby furthering the cancer risk. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of vaginal HPV infection in early pregnancy and attempted to relate with pregnancy outcome. Material and Methods: Vaginal cytology samples were collected from the condoms used to cover the vaginal sonography probe during a routine first trimester visit to the hospital. All women were followed up throughout pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Results: We found a prevalence of HPV infection around 39.4% in our population. Interestingly all HPV positive women were infected with one or more high risk HPV viruses with an overlap of intermediate and low risk in 43% and 7.3%, respectively. Women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) showed a statistically higher incidence in HPV positive (7.3%) group as compared to the HPV negative (3.2%) group. Conclusion: The prevalence of genital HPV infection is high during pregnancy (around 40%) and was associated with higher incidence of PPROM.

Protostylid: Contributing and Aggravating Factor for Periodontitis.

Clinicians should be well-versed in the anatomy, variations, and teeth anomalies. Developmental disturbances of the teeth can lead to alterations in size, shape, number, structure, and eruption of the teeth. Developmental disturbances can lead to germination, fusion, concrescence, dilaceration, talons, cusps, dens in dente, etc. Protostylid, an additional cusp on the buccal aspect of the maxillary molar, which is a rare clinical finding, can lead to plaque accumulation, making oral hygiene maintenance difficult. This leads to clinical attachment loss and bone loss. This condition may often go undiagnosed. It should be diagnosed to prevent further complications. This case has been reported to make clinicians aware of the importance of diagnosing the case at the earliest possible time so that complications can be prevented and management is easier. From the perspective of forensic dentistry, this morphological feature, though uncommon, may be useful for the classification and identification of victims in mass causalities and bite marks on bodies or inanimate objects. This is one of the rarest cases of protostylids reported to date. This may not only pose a significant problem in endodontic therapy due to morphological alterations in root canals and periodontal therapy due to grove formation leading to an inability to maintain a plaque-free area (bone loss) but also be of very significant interest from the perspective of forensic dentistry.

Analyzing the impact of remittance, FDI and inflation rate on GDP: A comparative study of Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri-Lanka using VAR and BEKK-GARCH approach.

This study examines the impact, conditional correlation and volatility spillover effect of remittances, foreign direct investment and inflation rate on GDP in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri-Lanka, three Asian nations that are particularly vulnerable. While numerous studies have examined the relationship between remittances, FDI and IR on GDP but this paper approaches advanced econometric techniques to capture spillover effect and the dynamic interactions between the variables. For estimation purposes the study employs different econometric techniques such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, VAR model, Granger causality tests, Impulse Response function, Variance Decomposition and BEKK-GARCH model. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka's REM, FDI and IR have no significant effects on GDP according to the VAR model. BEKK-GARCH demonstrates that three countries have both unidirectional and bidirectional transmissions of volatility, with the exception of Pakistan's REM and Bangladesh's FDI. We find that VAR model may not be adequate in capturing the complex dynamics between variables, which can be better captured by BEKK-GARCH model. Our comparison research shows how these variables affect GDP differently and similarly in each of the three nations, giving policymakers information they can use to create customized policies that encourage economic growth.

D-Pinitol improves cognitive dysfunction and neuronal damage induced by isoproterenol via modulation of NF-κB/BDNF/GFAP signaling in Swiss albino mice.

Objectives: Neurological disorders are the world's most distressing problem. The adverse effects of current medications continue to compel scientists to seek safer, more effective, and economically affordable alternatives. In this vein, we explored the effect of D-Pinitol on isoproterenol-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Materials and Methods: Forty-two mice were randomly distributed into 7 groups each having 6 animals. Group I; received saline. Group II; received isoproterenol (ISO) 15 mg/kg/day, s.c. for 20 days. Group III, IV; received 50 and 100 mg/kg/day/oral of D-Pinitol, respectively along with ISO for 20 days. Group V; received D-Pinitol 100 mg/kg/day/oral for 20 days. Group VI; received propranolol 20 mg/kg/day/oral and ISO for 20 days. Group VII; received propranolol 20 mg/kg/day/oral for 20 days. On the 21st day after behavioral tests, blood was collected and mice were sacrificed for various biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: Chronic administration of isoproterenol caused neurotoxicity, cognitive dysfunction, and histopathological changes in the brain as evidenced by increase in GFAP, oxidative stress (via SOD, CAT, TBARS, and GSH), neuroinflammation (NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10), and decrease in AchE and BDNF. Co-administration of D-Pinitol (100 mg/kg) significantly prevented these pathological alterations. The cognitive improvement was also observed through the forced swim test, elevated plus maze test, and rotarod test. Conclusion: Our findings on D-Pinitol thus clearly established its neuroprotective role in ISO-induced neurodegeneration in Swiss albino mice.

Effectiveness of estrogen and its derivatives over dexamethasone in the treatment of COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid widely used for its treatment. Dexamethasone is not used in non-severe cases due to its immunosuppressant action. So, considering this, Estrogen and Estetrol were tested for the treatment of COVID-19 as they all possess a common steroid ring and dislike dexamethasone, they are immunoenhancer. Virtual screening of test ligands was performed through molecular docking, MM-GBSA, simulations, in silico ADMET and drug-likeness prediction to identify their potential to inhibit the effects of SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that test ligands possess drug-like properties and they are safe as drug candidates. The protein-ligand interaction study revealed that they bind with the amino acid residues at the active site of the target proteins and the test ligands possess better binding potential than Dexamethasone. With protein Mpro, Estetrol and Estrogen showed docking score of -7.240 and -5.491 kcal/mol, and with protein ACE2, Estetrol and Estrogen showed docking score of -5.269 and -4.732 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, MD Simulation was carried out and most of the interactions of molecular docking are preserved during simulation. The prominent interactions that our test ligands showed during MD Simulation are similar to drugs that possess in vitro anticovid activity as shown in recent studies. Hence, our test ligands possessed potential for anticovid activity and they should be further tested through in vitro and in vivo studies for their activity against COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Efficacy of pegylated Graphene oxide quantum dots as a nanoconjugate sustained release metformin delivery system in in vitro insulin resistance model.

Metformin, the primary therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), showed limitations such as varying absorption, rapid system clearance, required large amount, resistance, longstanding side effects. Use of Nano formulations for pharmaceuticals is emerging as a viable technique to reduce negative consequences of drug, while simultaneously attaining precise release and targeted distribution. This study developed a Polyethylene Glycol conjugated Graphene Oxide Quantum dots (GOQD-PEG) nanocomposite for the sustained release of metformin. Herein, we evaluated the effectiveness of metformin-loaded nanoconjugate in in vitro insulin resistance model. Results demonstrated drug loaded nanoconjugate successfully restored glucose uptake and reversed insulin resistance in in vitro conditions at reduced dosage compared to free metformin.

Network pharmacology analysis of Plumbago zeylanica to identify the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms involved in ameliorating hemorrhoids.

Plumbago zeylanica is an important plant used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of hemorrhoids or piles. Despite its clinical uses, its molecular mechanism, for ameliorating hemorrhoids is not yet explored. Hence, the present study evaluated the plausible molecular mechanisms of P. zeylanica in the treatment of hemorrhoids using network pharmacology and other in silico analysis. Network pharmacology was carried out by protein, GO, and KEGG enrichment analysis. Further ADME/T, molecular docking and dynamics studies of the resultant bioactive compounds of P. zeylanica with the regulated proteins were evaluated. Results of the network pharmacology analysis revealed that the key pathways and plausible molecular mechanisms involved in the treatment effects of P. zeylanica on hemorrhoids are cell migration, proliferation, motility, and apoptosis which are synchronized by cancer, focal adhesion, and by signalling relaxin, Rap1, and calcium pathways which indicates the involvement of angiogenesis and vasodilation which are the characteristic features of hemorrhoids. Further, the molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed that the bio active ingredients of P. zeylanica strongly bind with the key target proteins in the ambiance of hemorrhoids. Hence, the study revealed the mechanism of P. zeylanica in ameliorating hemorrhoids.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Potential mechanisms of treatment of hemorrhoids are related to the processes including cell migration, regulation of cell population proliferation, cell motility, and apoptosis.The molecular docking outcomes reveal that the active ingredients of P. zeylanica bind with the key target proteins, such as PIK3CA, EGFR, PRKCA, VEGFA, MMP-9 and NOS2 in the management of hemorrhoids.Altogether, this study unveils the systemic biological profiles of P. zeylanica.

The Abundant Phytocannabinoids in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Therapeutic Targets and Molecular Processes Identified Using Integrated Bioinformatics and Network Pharmacology.

The endocannabinoid system consists of several phytocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors, and enzymes that aid in numerous steps necessary to manifest any pharmacological activity. It is well known that the endocannabinoid system inhibits the pathogenesis of the inflammatory and autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To the best of our knowledge, no research has been done that explains the network-pharmacology-based anti-rheumatic processes by focusing on the endocannabinoid system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to further our understanding of the signaling pathways, associated proteins, and genes underlying RA based on the abundant natural endocannabinoids. The knowledge on how the phytocannabinoids in Cannabis sativa affect the endocannabinoid system was gathered from the literature. SwissTarget prediction and BindingDB databases were used to anticipate the targets for the phytocannabinoids. The genes related to RA were retrieved from the DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. Protein-protein interactions (high confidence > 0.7) were carried out with the aid of the string web server and displayed using Cytoscape. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway analysis was used to perform enrichment analyses on the endocannabinoid-RA common targets. ShinyGO 0.76 was used to predict the biological processes listed in the Gene Ontology (GO) classification system. The binding affinity between the ligand and the receptors was precisely understood using molecular docking, induced-fit docking, and a molecular dynamics simulation. The network pharmacology analyses predicted that processes like response to oxygen-containing compounds and peptodyl-amino acid modification are related to the potential mechanisms of treatment for RA. These biological actions are coordinated by cancer, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, lipids and atherosclerosis, the calcium signaling pathway, and the Rap1 signaling pathway. According to the results of molecular docking, in the context of RA, phytocannabinoids may bind to important target proteins such PIK3CA, AKT1, MAPK9, PRKCD, BRAF, IGF1R, and NOS3. This entire study predicted the phytocannabinoids' systemic biological characteristics. Future experimental research is needed, however, to confirm the results so far.

Network pharmacology and molecular modelling study of Enhydra fluctuans for the prediction of the molecular mechanisms involved in the amelioration of nephrolithiasis.

In view of the ethno medicinal use of Enhydra fluctuans for the treatment of kidney stones; the present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the amelioration of nephrolithiasis through a network pharmacology approach. The phytoconstituents were queried in DIGEP-Pred to identify the regulated proteins. The modulated proteins were then enriched in the STRING to predict the protein-protein interactions and the probably regulated pathways were traced in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Further, the network was constructed using Cytoscape ver 3.5.1. Results showed that ß-carotene was found to be regulating maximum targets i.e. 26. In addition, 63 proteins were triggered by the components in which the vitamin D receptor was targeted by the maximum phytoconstituents i.e. 16. The enrichment analysis identified the regulation of 67 pathways in which fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis-associated pathways (KEGG entry hsa05418) regulated ten genes. Further, protein kinase C-α was traced in 23 different pathways. In addition, the majority of the regulated genes were identified from the extracellular space via the modulation of 43 genes. Also, nuclear receptor activity had the maximum molecular function via the regulation of 7 genes. Likewise, the response to organic substance was predicted to trigger the top genes i.e. 43. In contrast, Stigmasterol, Baicalein-7-o-glucoside, and Kauran-16-ol were found to have a high affinity to bind with the VDR receptor confirmed by the molecular modelling and the dynamics. Hence, the study elucidated the probable molecular mechanisms of E. fluctuans in managing nephrolithiasis and identified the lead molecules, their targets, and possible pathways.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Bifenthrin disrupts cytochrome c oxidase activity and reduces mitochondrial DNA copy number through oxidative damage in pool barb (Puntius sophore).

Bifenthrin (BF), a synthetic pyrethroid is used worldwide for both agricultural and non-agricultural purposes due to its high insecticidal activity and low toxicity in mammals. However, its improper usage implies a possible risk to aquatic life. The study was aimed to correlate the association of BF toxicity with mitochondrial DNA copy number variation in edible fish Punitus sophore. The 96-h LC50 of BF in P. sophore was 3.4 µg/L, fish was treated with sub-lethal doses ((⅒ and ⅕ of LC50;0.34 µg/L, 0.68 µg/L) of BF for 15 days. The activity and expression level of cytochrome c oxidase (Mt-COI) were measured to assess mitochondrial dysfunction caused by BF. Results showed BF reduced the level of Mt-COI mRNA in treated groups, hindered complex IV activity and increased ROS generation leading to oxidative damage. mtDNAcn was decreased in the muscle, brain and liver after BF treatment. Furthermore, BF induced neurotoxicity in brain and muscle cells through the inhibition of AchE activity. The treated groups showed elevated level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and an imbalance of antioxidant enzymes activity. Molecular docking and simulation analysis also predicted that BF binds to the active sites of the enzyme and restricts the fluctuation of its residues. Hence, outcome of the study suggests reduction of mtDNAcn could be a potential biomarker to assess Bifenthrin induced toxicity in aquatic ecosystem.

SAR based Review on Diverse Heterocyclic Compounds with Various Potential Molecular Targets in the Fight against COVID-19: A Medicinal Chemist Perspective.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was reported to be transmitted from bats to humans and, became a pandemic in 2020. COVID-19 is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide and still, the numbers are increasing. Further, despite the availability of vaccines, mutation in the virus continuously poses a threat of re-emergence of the more lethal form of the virus. So far, the repurposing of drugs has been exercised heavily for the identification of therapeutic agents against COVID-19, which led FDA to approve many drugs for the same e.g., remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, etc. The anti-COVID drugs explored via other approaches include nirmatrelvir (used in combination with ritonavir as Paxlovid), tixagevimab and cilgavimab (both used in combination with each other) and others. However, these approved drugs failed to achieve a significant clinical outcome. Globally, natural bioactive have also been explored for anti-COVID-19 effects, based on their traditional medicinal values. Although the clinical findings suggest that FDA-approved drugs and natural bioactives can help reducing the overall mortality rate but the significant clinical outcome was not achieved. Therefore, the focus has been shifted towards new drug development. In line with that, a lot of work has been done and still going on to explore heterocyclic compounds as potent anti- COVID-19 drugs. Several heterocyclic scaffolds have been previously reported with potent antiinflammatory, anticancer, anti-viral, antimicrobial and anti-tubercular effects. Few of them are under consideration for clinical trials whereas others are under preclinical investigation. Hence, this review discusses the evidence of rationally designed and tested heterocyclic compounds acting on different targets against COVID-19. The present article will help the researches and will serve as a pivotal resource in the design and development of novel anti-COVID-19 drugs.

Evaluating interhemispheric connectivity during midline object recognition using EEG.

Functional integration between two hemispheres is crucial for perceptual binding to occur when visual stimuli are presented in the midline of the visual field. Mima and colleagues (2001) showed using EEG that midline object recognition was associated with task-related decrease in alpha band power (alpha desynchronisation) and a transient increase in interhemispheric coherence. Our objective in the current study was to replicate the results of Mima et al. and to further evaluate interhemispheric effective connectivity during midline object recognition in source space. We recruited 11 healthy adult volunteers and recorded EEG from 64 channels while they performed a midline object recognition task. Task-related power and coherence were estimated in sensor and source spaces. Further, effective connectivity was evaluated using Granger causality. While we were able to replicate the alpha desynchronisation associated with midline object recognition, we could not replicate the coherence results of Mima et al. The data-driven approach that we employed in our study localised the source of alpha desynchronisation over the left occipito-temporal region. In the alpha band, we further observed significant increase in imaginary part of coherency between bilateral occipito-temporal regions during object recognition. Finally, Granger causality analysis between the left and right occipito-temporal regions provided an insight that even though there is bidirectional interaction, the left occipito-temporal region may be crucial for integrating the information necessary for object recognition. The significance of the current study lies in using high-density EEG and applying more appropriate and robust measures of connectivity as well as statistical analysis to validate and enhance our current knowledge on the neural basis of midline object recognition.

Inhibitory activity of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. on calcium oxalate crystallisation through in silico and in vitro studies.

The decoction of the whole plant of Enhydra fluctuans is used ethno medicinally by various tribes for the treatment of kidney stones and urinary problems. However, no scientific studies were carried out to delineate its influence on urinary stone formation and crystallisation. Hence, the present study is proposed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Enhydra fluctuans extract on in vitro crystallisation of calcium oxalate. The present study also evaluated. in silico studies of the metabolites with the target proteins present in the renal calcium oxalate stone matrix. The plant material was subjected to decoction to obtain an aqueous extract. The effect of the extract on calcium oxalate crystallization was evaluated by in vitro nucleation and aggregation assays. Further, the metabolites present in E. fluctuans were mined from the existing literature and their number was found to be 35. The selected 35 metabolites of E. fluctuans were subjected to molecular docking with the 5 proteins which are known to be responsible for calcium oxalate crystal growth. Results of in vitro studies indicated that the extract (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) and standard drug cystone (1,000 µg/mL) exhibited an inhibitory role in the nucleation process where the percentage inhibitions were 52.69, 43.47, 21.98, and 31.67 µg/mL respectively. The results of molecular docking studies revealed that 2 out of 35 metabolites i.e. Baicalein-7-O-diglucoside and 4',5,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy isoflavone-7-O-beta-D- galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)- O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside showed modulatory effects on the four renal stone matrix-associated protein (Human CTP: Phosphoethanolamine Cytidylyltransferase (Protein Data Bank ID: 3ELB), UDP glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2 (Gene: UGGT2) (AlphaFold) and RIMS-binding protein 3A (Gene: RIMBP3) (AlphaFold), and Ras GTPase activating-like protein (PDB: 3FAY) based on their docking scores which indicates that they may inhibit the crystallization process. Findings from this study show that Enhydra fluctuans may be effective in the prevention of the crystallization of calcium oxalate. However, further, in vivo studies as well as molecular studies are needed to be conducted to confirm and strengthen its anti-urolithiatic activity and to elucidate the possible mechanism of action involved therein.