Impact of the environment on the health: From theory to practice.

The Erice 56 Charter titled "Impact of the environment on the health: from theory to practice" was unanimously approved at the end of the 56th course of the "International School of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine G. D'Alessandro" held from 3rd to November 7, 2019 in Erice - Sicily (Italy) and promoted by the Study Group of "Environment and Health" of the Italian Society of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health. The course, that included lectures, open discussions and guided working groups, was aimed to provide a general training on epidemiological and toxicological aspects of the environmental health impact, to be used by public health professionals for risk assessment, without forgetting the risk communications. At the end of the course 12 key points were agreed among teachers and students: they underlined the need of specific training and research, in the perspective of "One Health" and "Global Health", also facing emerging scientific and methodological issues and focusing on communication towards stakeholders. This Discussion highlight the need to improve knowledge of Health and Environment topic in all sectors of health and environmental prevention and management.

ICU environmental surfaces are a reservoir of fungi: species distribution in northern Italy.

BACKGROUND: Preventing and reducing nosocomial infections is a public health goal. Concern about healthcare-associated fungal infections has increased in recent years due to the emergence and spread of new pathogens, increasing antifungal resistance and outbreaks in hospital settings. AIM: To investigate the presence of medically relevant fungal species on environmental surfaces in 12 intensive care units of eight hospitals in Milan, Italy. METHODS: Environmental samplings, using contact plates on surfaces near bed stations and medical workstations, were conducted between November 2019 and January 2020. Fungi isolated were identified, and some were tested in vitro for antifungal susceptibility. FINDINGS: In total, 401 environmental samples were collected from 61 bed stations and 17 medical workstations. Positive samples were found in all hospitals except one, with positivity rates ranging from 4% to 24.2%. Filamentous fungi were found mainly on infusion pumps (23.2%) and patient tables (21.2%), whereas yeasts were found mainly on computers (25%) and floors (10.9%). Fungi were isolated from 12% of total samples. Filamentous fungi, mainly Aspergillus fumigatus, grew in 70.8% of positive samples, and yeasts grew in 27.1%, mainly Candida parapsilosis (42.8%) and Candida glabrata (28.6%). Fungi were detected near patients' beds and on surfaces at workstations, indicating potential for environment-to-patient, patient-to-patient and healthcare worker-to-patient transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance in hospital settings through environmental sampling may be an important component of fungal infection prevention.