RESUMEN
The Membrane Theory of Aging proposes that lifespan is inversely related to the level of unsaturation in membrane phospholipids. Calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition extends lifespan in many model organisms, which may be related to alterations in membrane phospholipids fatty acids. During the last few years our research focused on studying how altering the predominant fat source affects the outcome of CR in mice. We have established four dietary groups: one control group fed 95 % of a pre-determined ad libitum intake (in order to prevent obesity), and three CR groups fed 40 % less than ad libitum intake. Lipid source for the control and one of the CR groups was soybean oil (high in n-6 PUFA) whereas the two remaining CR groups were fed diets containing fish oil (high in n-3 PUFA), or lard (high in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids). Dietary intervention periods ranged from 1 to 18 months. We performed a longitudinal lifespan study and a cross-sectional study set up to evaluate several mitochondrial parameters which included fatty acid composition, H(+) leak, activities of electron transport chain enzymes, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling in liver and skeletal muscle. These approaches applied to different cohorts of mice have independently indicated that lard as a fat source often maximizes the effects of 40 % CR on mice. These effects could be due to significant increases of monounsaturated fatty acids levels, in accordance with the Membrane Theory of Aging.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Restricción Calórica , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Mitocondrias Musculares/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Factores de Edad , Envejecimiento/patología , Apoptosis , Grasas de la Dieta/metabolismo , Proteínas del Complejo de Cadena de Transporte de Electrón/metabolismo , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido , Longevidad , Potencial de la Membrana Mitocondrial , Mitocondrias Hepáticas/ultraestructura , Mitocondrias Musculares/ultraestructura , Modelos Biológicos , Músculo Esquelético/ultraestructura , Estrés Oxidativo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Aceite de Soja/administración & dosificación , Aceite de Soja/metabolismo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
On 25 April 1998, approximately 4.5 hm(3) of pyritic sludge, containing 5000 mg of As kg(-1) among other pollutants, was spilled into the Agrio and Guadiamar rivers and the surrounding agricultural areas (Aznalcóllar, Seville, Southern Spain). Many trace metals such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Tl, Sb and As reached the Doñana National Park, the largest wetland area in Europe, affecting soils, different plant and animal species. In order to recuperate the affected lands by employing plants capable of accumulating high levels of contaminants in shoots, periodical field surveys have been made to identify the metal-tolerant species that are spontaneously growing in the polluted soils, and are able to uptake one or various of the contaminants. Among the 99 different plant species studied, Anchusa azurea, Beta vulgaris, Chamaemelum fuscatum, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Diplotaxis virgata, Erodium aethiopicum, Lavatera cretica, Malva nicaeensis, Silybum marianum and, above all, Amaranthus blitoides highlight as the most promising to be used in the remediation of the affected area.
Asunto(s)
Arsénico/análisis , Metales Pesados/análisis , Plantas/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Accidentes de Trabajo , Arsénico/metabolismo , Metales Pesados/metabolismo , Minería , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , España , Especificidad de la Especie , Contaminación Química del AguaRESUMEN
The potential of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for determining the acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the seed of oilseed Brassica (fam. Brassicaceae) was assessed. One hundred and fifty accessions belonging to the species Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.& Coss.), Ethiopian mustard (B. carinata A. Braun) and rapeseed (B. napus L.) were scanned by NIRS as intact and ground seed, and their ADF values were regressed against different spectra transformations by modified partial least squares regression. The coefficients of determination in the external validation (r(2)) for intact and ground seed were 0.83 and 0.85, respectively. The standard deviation to standard error of prediction ratio and range to standard error of prediction ratio were 2.40 and 10.75 for intact seed and 2.62 and 11.76 for ground seed. No significant differences in the prediction were found for both sample presentations. Effects of the C-H and O-H groups of lipids and water, respectively, as well as protein and chlorophyll, were most important in modeling these equations.
Asunto(s)
Brassica/química , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Semillas/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta , Brassica napus/química , Planta de la Mostaza/química , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
The potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for screening the sinigrin, gluconapin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, and total glucosinolate contents of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. & Coss.) seed was assessed. Intact seed samples of this species were analyzed by NIRS and their reference values regressed against different spectral transformations by modified partial least-squares (MPLS) regression. The coefficients of determination (r (2)) for sinigrin, gluconapin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, and total glucosinolate contents were, respectively, 0.86, 0.95, 0.33, and 0.82. The standard deviation to standard error of prediction (SEP) ratio, and SEP to standard error of laboratory ratio were for these constituents as follows: sinigrin, 2.59 and 2.70; gluconapin, 4.16 and 2.08; 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, 1.18 and 1.40; and total glucosinolates, 2.18 and 1.60. By comparison of commercial sinigrin spectrum with the first MPLS loadings of the sinigrin equation, it can be concluded that the molecule of sinigrin has a specific signal in the seed spectrum of Brassica.
Asunto(s)
Glucosinolatos/análisis , Planta de la Mostaza/química , Semillas/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja CortaRESUMEN
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