Pediatric cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation: a European expert consensus. Toxicology Surveillance System of the Intoxications Working Group of the Spanish Society of Paediatric Emergencies.

Most fire-related deaths are attributable to smoke inhalation rather than burns. The inhalation of fire smoke, which contains not only carbon monoxide but also a complex mixture of gases, seems to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in fire victims, mainly in enclosed spaces. Cyanide gas exposure is quite common during smoke inhalation, and cyanide is present in the blood of fire victims in most cases and may play an important role in death by smoke inhalation. Cyanide poisoning may, however, be difficult to diagnose and treat. In these children, hydrogen cyanide seems to be a major source of concern, and the rapid administration of the antidote, hydroxocobalamin, may be critical for these children.European experts recently met to formulate an algorithm for prehospital and hospital management of adult patients with acute cyanide poisoning. Subsequently, a group of European pediatric experts met to evaluate and adopt that algorithm for use in the pediatric population.

Unexpected carboxyhemoglobin half-life during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac arrest (CA) following CO poisoning (CO-induced CA) exposes patients to an extremely high risk of mortality and remains challenging to treat effectively. Terminal carboxyhemoglobin elimination half-life (COHbt1/2) is critically affected by ventilation, oxygen therapy, and cardiac output, which are severely affected conditions in cases of CA. CASE PRESENTATION: Asystole occurred in an 18-year-old woman after unintentional exposure to CO in her bathroom. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was started immediately, including mechanical ventilation with a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 1.0 and external chest compressions with a LUCAS® device. CPR was stopped after 101 min, as it was unsuccessful. During this period, we calculated a COHbt1/2 of 40.3 min using a single compartmental model. CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests that prolongation of CPR time needed to back COHb at 10%, a level more compatible with successful return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), could be compatible with a realistic CPR time. Calculating COHbt1/2 during CPR may help with decision-making regarding the optimal duration of resuscitation efforts and further with HBO2 or ECLS. Further evidence-based data are needed to confirm this result.

Effect of continuous positive airway pressure combined to nebulization on lung deposition measured by urinary excretion of amikacin.

UNLABELLED: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is frequently used in patients attending emergency units. Its combination with nebulization is sometimes necessary in those patients presenting with a CPAP dependency. STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare lung deposition of amikacin delivered by a classical jet nebulizer (SideStream; Medic-Aid; West Sussex, UK) used alone (SST) or coupled to a CPAP device (Boussignac; Vygon; Belgium). METHOD: Amikacin (1g) was nebulized with both devices in six healthy subjects during 5 min on spontaneous breathing. A 1-week wash-out period between each nebulization was applied. Lung deposition was indirectly assessed by urinary monitoring of excreted amount of amikacin. RESULTS: Total daily amount of amikacin excreted in the urine was significantly lower with CPAP than with SST (1.97% initial dose versus 4.88% initial dose, p<0.001) with a corresponding mean ratio CPAP/SST of 0.41. The residual amount of amikacin in the nebulizer was higher with CPAP than with SST (607 mg versus 541 mg) but the difference was not significant (p=0.35). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the amount of amikacin delivered to healthy lungs is 2.5-fold lower with CPAP than with SST for the same nebulization time and that the nebulization time when using CPAP should be increased to reach the same amount of drug delivered with a classical jet nebulizer.

Emergency orthopaedic surgery under noninvasive ventilation after refusal for general anaesthesia.

In this observation, we report a novel use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the operating room to support ventilation in an acidotic hypercapnic patient with severe acute chronic respiratory failure refuted for general anaesthesia, operated under spinal anaesthesia for a femoral fracture. The feasibility of noninvasive ventilatory assistance during surgery performed under regional anaesthesia is reported here. In selected cases, noninvasive ventilation can be used in the management of patients with acute or chronic respiratory failure requiring an urgent surgical intervention but in whom the respiratory status excluded a general anaesthesia.

Pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule in European patients with low implicit clinical probability (PERCEPIC): a multicentre, prospective, observational study.

BACKGROUND: The ability of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) to exclude pulmonary embolism without further testing remains debated outside the USA, especially in the population with suspected pulmonary embolism who have a high prevalence of the condition. Our main objective was to prospectively assess the predictive value of negative PERC to rule out pulmonary embolism among European patients with low implicit clinical probability. METHODS: We did a multicentre, prospective, observational study in 12 emergency departments in France and Belgium. We included consecutive patients aged 18 years or older with suspected pulmonary embolism. Patients were excluded if they had already been hospitalised for more than 2 days, had curative anticoagulant therapy in progress for more than 48 h, or had a diagnosis of thromboembolic disease documented before admission to emergency department. Physicians completed a standardised case report form comprising implicit clinical probability assessment (low, moderate, or high) and a list of risk factors including criteria of the PERC rule. They were asked to follow international recommendations for diagnostic strategy, masked to PERC assessment. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with low implicit clinical probability and negative PERC who had venous thromboembolic events, diagnosed during initial diagnostic work-up or during 3-month follow-up, as externally adjudicated by an independent committee masked to the PERC and clinical probability assessment. The upper limit of the 95% CI around the 3-month thromboembolic risk was set at 3%. We did all analyses by intention to treat, including all patients with complete follow-up. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02360540. FINDINGS: Between May 1, 2015, and April 30, 2016, 1773 consecutive patients with suspected pulmonary embolism were prospectively assessed for inclusion, of whom 1757 were included. 1052 (60%) patients were classed as having low clinical probability, 49 (4·7%, 95% CI 3·5-6·1) of whom had a venous thromboembolic event. In patients with a low implicit clinical probability, 337 (32%) patients had negative PERC, of whom four (1·2%; 95% CI 0·4-2·9) went on to have a pulmonary embolism. INTERPRETATION: In European patients with low implicit clinical probability, PERC can exclude pulmonary embolism with a low percentage of false-negative results. The results of our prospective, observational study allow and justify an implementation study of the PERC rule in Europe. FUNDING: French Ministry of Health.

Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation: a European expert consensus.

Smoke inhalation is a common cause of cyanide poisoning during fires, resulting in injury and even death. In many cases of smoke inhalation, cyanide has increasingly been recognized as a significant toxicant. The diagnosis of cyanide poisoning remains very difficult, and failure to recognize it may result in inadequate or inappropriate treatment. Findings suggesting cyanide toxicity include the following: (a) a history of enclosed-space fire; (b) any alteration in the level of consciousness; (c) any cardiovascular changes (particularly inexplicable hypotension); and (d) elevated plasma lactate. The feasibility and safety of empiric treatment with hydroxocobalamin for fire smoke victims have been reported in the literature. On the basis of a literature review and a panel discussion, a group of European experts has proposed emergency management protocols for cyanide toxicity in fire smoke victims.

Multimarker panel in patients admitted to emergency department: a comparison with reference methods.

OBJECTIVES: Point of care testing and multimarker panels are rapidly expanding in emergency departments. We determined the reliability of Short-of-Breath SOB panel in patients admitted for acute dyspnea and/or chest pain. DESIGN AND METHODS: SOB D-dimer, BNP, cTnI, CK-MB and myoglobin assays were compared with references in 97 outpatients. RESULTS: The correlation between SOB and references methods was acceptable, but with limited precision and accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic performances and cut-off values should be further validated before clinicians replace traditional cardio-respiratory biomarkers by the new SOB panel.