Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes of Fluorophenylacetylenes: To Fluoresce or Not?

The hydrogen-bonded complexes of fluorophenylacetylenesexhibit unusual and interesting fluorescence turn ON/OFF behaviour following excitation to 1 ππ* (S1 ) state. The fluorescence switching behaviour can be realized by (i) "change in the intermolecular structure, (ii) change in the position of fluorine substitution and (iii) change in the hydrogen bonding partner or a combination thereof. Experiments indicate that the ≡C-H⋅⋅⋅X (X=O, N) hydrogen bonding with the acetylenic group plays a pivotal role in this switching behaviour. Intriguingly, weaker ≡C-H⋅⋅⋅X hydrogen bonding leads to fluorescence OFF state, which is turned ON by stronger hydrogen bonding. The observed fluorescence this switching behaviour is rationalized on the basis of a phenomenological model which suggests a coupling between the initially excited S1 state and a dark Sn state in the Franck-Condon region with limited window controlled by the ≡C-H⋅⋅⋅X hydrogen bonding as a crucial parameter. Such fluorescence switching behaviour in hydrogen-bonded complexes is unprecedented and these intriguing results hopefully will stimulate theoreticians to test 'state of the art' theories to explain these observations in a consistent manner.

Fingerprints of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in saligenin-water clusters revealed by mid- and far-infrared spectroscopy.

Saligenin (2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol) exhibits both strong and weak intramolecular electrostatic interactions. The bonds that result from these interactions compete with intermolecular hydrogen bonds once saligenin binds to one or more water molecules. Infrared (IR) ultraviolet (UV) ion-dip spectroscopy was used to study isolated saligenin-(H2O)n clusters (n = 1-3) in the far- and mid-IR regions of the spectrum. Both harmonic and anharmonic (coupled local modes and Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics) quantum chemical calculations were applied to assign cluster geometries to the measured spectra, and to assign vibrational modes to all spectral features measured for each cluster. The hydrated clusters with n = 1 and 2 have geometries that are quite similar to benzyl alcohol-water clusters, whereas the larger clusters with n = 3 show structures equivalent to the isolated water pentamer. Systematic shifts in the frequencies of three hydrogen bond (H-bond) deforming modes, namely OH stretching, OH torsion and H-bond stretching, were studied as a function of the hydrogen bond strength represented by either the OH bond length or the H-bond length. The shifts of the frequencies of these three modes correlate linearly to the OH length, despite both intra- and intermolecular H-bonds being included in this analysis. The OH torsion vibration displays the largest frequency shift when H-bonded, followed by the OH stretching vibrations and finally the H-bond stretching frequency. The frequency shifts of these H-bond deforming modes behave non-linearly as a function of the H-bond length, asymptotically approaching the frequency expected for the non H-bonded modes. The nonlinear behavior was quantified using exponential functions.

Spectroscopic and Ab†Initio Investigation of C-H⋠⋠⋠N Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes of Fluorophenylacetylenes: Frequency Shifts and Correlations.

The C-H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen-bonded complexes of several fluorophenyacetylenes with ammonia and methylamine were characterized by a redshift in the acetylenic C-H stretching vibration of the phenylacetylene moiety. These redshifts were linearly correlated with the stabilization energies calculated at the CCSD(T)/CBS//MP2-aug-cc-pVDZ level. Analysis of various components of the interaction energy indicated that the observed redshifts were weakly correlated with the electrostatic component. The weaker linear correlation between the frequency shifts and the electrostatic component between two data sets can perhaps be attributed to the marginal differences in the Stark tuning rate and zero-field shifts. The induction and exchange-repulsion components were linearly correlated. However, the dispersion component depends on the nature of the hydrogen-bond acceptor and shows a quantum jump when the hydrogen-bond acceptor is changed from ammonia to methylamine. The observed linear correlation between the redshifts in the C-H stretching frequencies and the total stabilization energies is due to mutual cancellation of deviations from linearity between various components.

Spectroscopic and ab initio investigation of 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene-amine complexes: coexistence of C-H···N and lone-pair···π complexes and intermolecular coulombic decay.

Binary complexes of 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene with methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine and triethylamine were investigated using one colour resonant two photon ionization and infrared-optical double resonance spectroscopic techniques combined with high level ab initio calculations. All four amines form CAc-H···N hydrogen-bonded complexes. Additionally trimethylamine and triethylamine form complexes characterized by Lp···π interactions, due to the electron deficient nature of the phenyl ring of 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene. The Lp···π interacting structure of the 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene-trimethylamine complex is about 1.5 kJ mol(-1) higher in energy than the CAc-H···N hydrogen-bonded structure, which is the global minimum. Energy decomposition analysis indicates that the electrostatics and dispersion interactions favour the formation of CAc-H···N and Lp···π complexes, respectively. Interestingly the CAc-H···N hydrogen-bonded complex of 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene-triethylamine showed a smaller shift in the acetylenic C-H stretching frequency than the 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene-trimethylamine complex. The observed fragmentation of the binary complexes of 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene with the four amines following resonant two-photon ionization can be explained on the basis of the intermolecular coulombic decay process.

Visible/Infrared Dissociation of NO3: Roaming in the Dark or Roaming on the Ground?

We present a DC slice imaging study of roaming dynamics in the photodissociation of the nitrate radical, NO3, contrasting pure visible excitation with a combination of visible and CO2 laser excitation at 10.6 µm. Images of specific rotational levels of NO are seen to reflect dissociation on the ground and first excited electronic states, as reported in previous work. The branching is obtained for specific rotational levels by comparison to quasiclassical trajectory calculations of the dynamics on these two surfaces. The results for the visible dissociation are found to be very similar to the combination of visible and infrared, raising questions about the nature of the coupling of these surfaces, the extent to which roaming takes place on both, and how the final product branching is determined.

Electrostatics determine vibrational frequency shifts in hydrogen bonded complexes.

The red-shifts in the acetylenic C-H stretching vibration of C-H∙∙∙X (X = O, N) hydrogen-bonded complexes increase with an increase in the basicity of the Lewis base. Analysis of various components of stabilization energy suggests that the observed red-shifts are correlated with the electrostatic component of the stabilization energy, while the dispersion modulates the stabilization energy.

Photodissociation dynamics of nitromethane and methyl nitrite by infrared multiphoton dissociation imaging with quasiclassical trajectory calculations: signatures of the roaming pathway.

We combine the techniques of infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) with state selective ion imaging to probe roaming dynamics in the unimolecular dissociation of nitromethane and methyl nitrite. Recent theoretical calculations suggest a "roaming-mediated isomerization" pathway of nitromethane to methyl nitrite prior to decomposition. State-resolved imaging of the NO product coupled with infrared multiphoton dissociation was carried out to examine this unimolecular decomposition near threshold. The IRMPD images for the NO product from nitromethane are consistent with the earlier IRMPD studies that first suggested the importance of an isomerization pathway. A significant Λ-doublet propensity is seen in nitromethane IRMPD but not methyl nitrite. The experimental observations are augmented by quasiclassical trajectory calculations for nitromethane and methyl nitrite near threshold for each dissociation pathway. The observation of distinct methoxy vibrational excitation for trajectories from nitromethane and methyl nitrite dissociation at the same total energy show that the nitromethane dissociation bears a nonstatistical signature of the roaming isomerization pathway, and this is possibly responsible for the nitromethane Λ-doublet propensity as well.

Binary complexes of ammonia with phenylacetylenes: a combined experimental and computational approach to explore multiple minima on intermolecular potentials.

The hydrogen-bonded complexes of phenylacetylene, 4-fluorophenylacetylene, 2-fluorophenylacetylene, and 2,6-difluorophenylacetylene with ammonia are investigated using IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy in combination with high-level ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T)/CBS level of theory. The C-H···N hydrogen-bonded complex, which involves an interaction of ammonia with the acetylenic CH group is the global minimum and is observed in all four cases investigated. In addition, phenylacetylene and 4-fluorophenylacetylene form a quasi-planar cyclic complexes with ammonia incorporating N-H···π and C-H···N hydrogen bonds, wherein the π-electron density of the acetylenic C≡C bond acts as an acceptor to the N-H group of ammonia. A third ammonia complex is observed for 4-fluorophenylacetylene in which ammonia interacts with the fluorine atom once again, leading to the formation of a quasi-planar cyclic complex. The substitution of the fluorine atom on the phenyl ring of phenylacetylene modulates the intermolecular potentials, which are dependent on the position of the substitution.

Infrared-optical double resonance spectroscopic investigation of trifluoromethylphenols and their water complexes.

The hydrogen bonding behavior of trifluoromethylphenols and their water complexes were investigated using IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy. Both ortho- and meta-trifluoromethylphenols exist in the syn conformer, which is the global minimum in both the cases. The IR spectrum in the O-H stretching region reveals the absence of an intramolecular O-H···F hydrogen bond in the syn-o-trifluoromethylphenol, which is in contrast to the results reported in the literature. The water complexes of both o-trifluoromethylphenol and m-trifluoromethylphenol are characterized by formation of O-H···O hydrogen bonds between the donor phenolic OH group and the acceptor water molecule. In addition, the o-trifluoromethylphenol-(water)(2) complex was also observed.

A combined spectroscopic and ab initio investigation of phenylacetylene-methylamine complex. Observation of σ and π type hydrogen-bonded configurations and fluorescence quenching by weak C-H···N hydrogen bonding.

Two distinct isomers for the binary complex between phenylacetylene and methylamine were observed. The first complex is characterized by the presence of a C-H···N hydrogen bond between the acetylenic C-H group and the N atom of methylamine. In the second complex the N-H group of methylamine interacts with the π electron density of the benzene ring accompanied by a peripheral interaction between the methyl C-H group and the π electron density of the C≡C bond. Stabilization energies and Gibbs free energies at the complete basis set (CBS) limit of the coupled cluster theory with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] suggest that while the C-H···N hydrogen bonded complex is the global minimum, the N-H···π hydrogen bonded complex is a high energy local minimum. The formation of the N-H···π complex could be related to kinetic trapping or higher accessibility. Comparison of the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation and the one-color-resonant two-photon ionization (1C-R2PI) spectra suggests that formation of C-H···N hydrogen bonding leads to fluorescence quenching in phenylacetylene, most probably due to dipolar coupling in the excited state. The binary complex between the phenylacetylene and methylamine shows interesting isomer-dependent fluorescent properties.

Probing differential hydration of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) thin films using tracer mobility: an insight from fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

Dynamics of small probe molecules have been routinely used to unravel the intrinsic details of charged ion transport in polymer brushes and polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) thin films. However, corresponding morphological properties affected with absorption of moisture have been hardly dealt with despite numerous applications of isotropic thin films in material chemistry and medical purposes. We have explored the overall structural changes associated with plasticization of PVP thin films by probing dynamics of small reporter (rhodamine 6G, Rh6G) molecules using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). It was observed that under lesser amounts of absorbed moisture, the rigidity of the film matrix was high enough to inhibit appreciable molecular mobility. Nonetheless, with gradual increase in the moisture level within the film, molecular movement became extremely facile, so much so that it almost attained close to a solution like state. Molecular mobility was found to be dependent on both the method of preparation and the thickness of the thin films. The diffusivities mostly followed anomalous subdiffusive behaviors, reminiscent of dynamics of tracers in crowded cellular environments. The mobility was found to be independent of any electrostatic interaction between probe and polymer thin film. Hence, the tracer dynamics was attributed most likely to the viscoelasticity of the thin film matrix.

Modulation of protonation-deprotonation processes of 2-(4'-pyridyl)benzimidazole in its inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins.

2-(4'-Pyridyl)benzimidazole (4PBI) can exist in several states of protonation, having three basic nitrogen atoms. The equilibria involving these states, in ground as well as in excited states, are found to be affected significantly by cyclodextrins (CDs). The formation of inclusion complexes of this compound with all three varieties of cyclodextrins is observed to be more favorable at pH 9 than at pH 4, due to the predominance of the neutral form of dye at pH 9. The binding affinity of 4PBI to CDs is found to be governed by two factors: (i) the size of the host and (ii) the mode of insertion of 4PBI. We find that, for the host with a smaller cavity (α-CD), insertion of the dye with a pyridyl face is favored, whereas, for γ-CD, the preference is shifted toward the benzimidazole face of the dye. For ß-CD, the binding affinity of the dye is maximum due to perfect cavity matching with the guest. A combination of steric factor and hydrogen bonding interaction is found to be responsible for modulation of the protonation-deprotonation equilibria of the guest molecule in the inclusion complex. Surprisingly, a protonated form is found to be promoted upon inclusion in cyclodextrins, under certain conditions. This is an unusual behavior and has been rationalized by prototropism involving the hydroxyl protons of cyclodextrin molecules.

2-(2'-Pyridyl)benzimidazole as a fluorescent probe of hydration of nafion membranes.

2,2'-(Pyridyl)benzimidazole is used as a probe to explore proton transfer through nafion membranes. The probe marks the availability of water in native as well as cation-exchanged membrane. Using steady state and time-resolved fluorescence studies, it has been shown that the rotation of the pyridyl and benzimidazole rings with respect to each other, which is ultrafast in higher water contents, is hindered as the water content in the membranes is decreased. In cation-exchanged membranes, it is observed that the formation of the ESPT (excited state proton transfer) state is reduced to a large extent. Thus, it may be inferred that the proton transport is observed to be hindered even in molecular dimensions of one water molecule thereby bolstering the contention that it may not be essential for water channels to break for proton conductivity to decrease.