Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel donepezil-tacrine hybrids as multi-functional agents with low neurotoxicity against Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and deficits in cognitive domains. Low choline levels, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are the primary mechanisms implicated in AD progression. Simultaneous inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by a single molecule may provide a new breath of hope for AD treatment. Here, we describe donepezil-tacrine hybrids as inhibitors of AChE and ROS. Four series of derivatives with a ß-amino alcohol linker were designed and synthesized. In this study, the target compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in vitro, using tacrine (hAChE, IC50 = 305.78 nM; hBuChE, IC50 = 56.72 nM) and donepezil (hAChE, IC50 = 89.32 nM; hBuChE, IC50 = 9137.16 nM) as positive controls. Compound B19 exhibited an excellent and balanced inhibitory potency against AChE (IC50 = 30.68 nM) and BuChE (IC50 = 124.57 nM). The cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the PC12 cell viability rates of compound B19 (84.37 %) were close to that of tacrine (87.73 %) and donepezil (79.71 %). Potential therapeutic effects in AD were evaluated using the neuroprotective effect of compounds against H2O2-induced toxicity, and compound B19 (68.77 %) exhibited substantially neuroprotective activity at the concentration of 25 µM, compared with the model group (30.34 %). Furthermore, compound B19 protected PC12 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis and ROS production. These properties of compound B19 suggested that it was a multi-functional agent with AChE inhibition, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory activities, and low toxicity and that it deserves further investigation as a promising agent for AD treatment.

Polysialic acid and pluronic F127 mixed polymeric micelles of docetaxel as new approach for enhanced antitumor efficacy.

In our previous study, polysialic acid-octadecyl dimethyl betaine (PSA-BS18) was synthesized and modified to liposomal EPI. Preliminary experiments revealed that the PSA-BS18 was a potential material for targeting tumor site with superior curative effects. In this study, PSA-BS18 and Pluronic F127 (F127) mixed polymeric micelles encapsulated docetaxel (DTX) (FP/DTX) were prepared by a self-assembly method. The FP/DTX was found to have a diameter of 34.83 ± 0.50 nm with a narrow polydispersity, the entrapment efficiency was 99.12 ± 1.17%, and the drug loading efficiency of 1.40 ± 0.01%. The storage and dilution stability of FP/DTX was fine. In vitro release studies demonstrated that FP/DTX had delayed the drug release from the micelles. In vitro cytotoxicity assay on B16 cells presented that FP/DTX led to a stronger cytotoxic activity in comparison to F127 micelles based DTX (F127/DTX) and Tween80-based DTX (Taxotere®). The in vivo imaging study showed that the accumulation of FP/DTX at tumor sites was more than F127/DTX. The in vivo antitumor activity of FP/DTX against B16 tumor xenograft model showed a significant higher inhibition and a lower toxicity compared with F127/DTX and Taxotere®. Taken together, the results obtained above showed that PSA-BS18 and F127 mixed polymeric micelles may be a promising strategy for antitumor delivery of DTX.

Hyaluronic acid modified mesoporous carbon nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to CD44-overexpressing cancer cells.

In this paper, hyaluronic acid (HA) functionalized uniform mesoporous carbon spheres (UMCS) were synthesized for targeted enzyme responsive drug delivery using a facile electrostatic attraction strategy. This HA modification ensured stable drug encapsulation in mesoporous carbon nanoparticles in an extracellular environment while increasing colloidal stability, biocompatibility, cell-targeting ability, and controlled cargo release. The cellular uptake experiments of fluorescently labeled mesoporous carbon nanoparticles, with or without HA functionalization, demonstrated that HA-UMCS are able to specifically target cancer cells overexpressing CD44 receptors. Moreover, the cargo loaded doxorubicin (DOX) and verapamil (VER) exhibited a dual pH and hyaluronidase-1 responsive release in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, VER/DOX/HA-UMCS exhibited a superior therapeutic effect on an in vivo HCT-116 tumor in BALB/c nude mice. In summary, it is expected that HA-UMCS will offer a new method for targeted co-delivery of drugs to tumors overexpressing CD44 receptors.

Mechanism study on pH-responsive cyclodextrin capped mesoporous silica: effect of different stalk densities and the type of cyclodextrin.

Cyclodextrin (CD)-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) with pH-responsive properties were synthesized, but little research has been carried out to evaluate the impact of critical factors such as the stalk density and the type of CD on the pH-responsive release behavior. Here, the effect of different stalk densities on the pH-responsive release behavior was investigated. Either too low or too high density of the grafted p-anisidine stalk could result in poor cargo release, and the optimum stalk density for MSN was measured by thermal analysis, and found to be approximately 8.7 stalks nm(-2). To achieve effective release control, the CD capes, α-CD and ß-CD, were also investigated. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis was employed to determine the formation constants (Kf) of the two CD with p-anisidine at different pH values. The results obtained showed that the complex of ß-CD with p-anisidine had excellent pH-responsive behavior as it exhibited the largest changed formation constant (ΔKf) in different pH media. Furthermore, the pH-responsive mechanism between CD and p-anisidine molecules was investigated through ITC and a molecular modeling study. The release of antitumor drug DOX presents a significant prospect toward the development of pH-responsive nanoparticles as a drug delivery vehicle.

Photothermal antibacterial materials to promote wound healing.

Wound healing is a crucial process that restores the integrity and function of the skin and other tissues after injury. However, external factors, such as infection and inflammation, can impair wound healing and cause severe tissue damage. Therefore, developing new drugs or methods to promote wound healing is of great significance. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising technique that uses photothermal agents (PTAs) to convert near-infrared radiation into heat, which can eliminate bacteria and stimulate tissue regeneration. PTT has the advantages of high efficiency, controllability, and low drug resistance. Hence, nanomaterial-based PTT and its related strategies have been widely explored for wound healing applications. However, a comprehensive review of PTT-related strategies for wound healing is still lacking. In this review, we introduce the physiological mechanisms and influencing factors of wound healing, and summarize the types of PTAs commonly used for wound healing. Then, we discuss the strategies for designing nanocomposites for multimodal combination treatment of wounds. Moreover, we review methods to improve the therapeutic efficacy of PTT for wound healing, such as selecting the appropriate wound dressing form, controlling drug release, and changing the infrared irradiation window. Finally, we address the challenges of PTT in wound healing and suggest future directions.

Co-delivery of pirfenidone and siRNA in ZIF-based nanoparticles for dual inhibition of hepatic stellate cell activation in liver fibrotic therapy.

Hepatic fibrosis, as a destructive liver disease, occurs due to activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) producing excessive extracellular matrix deposition. If left untreated, it could further deteriorate into cirrhosis and hepatoma with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, to break the dilemma of poor targeting efficiency on HSCs and limited effect of monotherapy, it is urgent to explore a precise and efficient treatment against liver fibrosis. In the present work, a novel multifunctional nanoplatform based on vitamin A (VA) modified zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles was designed for co-delivery of chemical drug (Pirfenidone) and genetic drug (TGF-ß1 siRNA) to achieve HSCs targeting mediated synergistic chemo-gene therapy against liver fibrosis. With the large specific surface area and acid-responsive degradation characteristics, ZIF-8 nanoparticles have great advantages to achieve high loading efficiency of Pirfenidone and enable acid-reactive drug release. After complexing siRNA, the prepared chemo-gene drug co-delivered nanocomplex (GP@ZIF-VL) proved excellent serum stability and effectively protected siRNA from degradation. Importantly, in vitro cell uptake and in vivo biodistribution demonstrated that VA functionalization markedly enhanced the delivery efficiency of GP@ZIF-VL nanocomplex into HSCs. As expected, GP@ZIF-VL significantly reduced extracellular matrix deposition and ameliorated hepatic fibrosis, as evidenced by decreased levels of liver enzymes in serum and a reduction in the hydroxyproline content in liver tissue. Therefore, GP@ZIF-VL nanocomplex displayed a bright future on the treatment of liver fibrosis with HSCs-targeting mediated chemo-gene synergetic therapy.

Degradable iron-rich mesoporous dopamine as a dual-glutathione depletion nanoplatform for photothermal-enhanced ferroptosis and chemodynamic therapy.

Glutathione (GSH) is a crucial factor in limiting the effects of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and ferroptosis, an iron-based cell death pathway. Based on this, we constructed iron-rich mesoporous dopamine (MPDA@Fe) nanovehicles with a dual-GSH depletion function by combining MPDA and Fe. Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) was further modified to provide desirable stability (PM@Fe) and glucose oxidase (GOx) was grafted onto PM@Fe (GPM@Fe) to address the limitation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). After the nanoparticles reached the tumor site, the weakly acidic microenvironment promoted the release of Fe. Then FeII reacted with H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radical (OH) and FeIII. The generated FeIII was reduced to FeII by GSH, which circularly participated in the Fenton reaction and continuously produced tumor inhibitory free radicals. Meanwhile, GOx consumed glucose to provide H2O2 for the reaction. MPDA had also been reported to deplete GSH. Therefore, dual consumption of GSH led to the destruction of intracellular redox balance and inhibition of glutathione-dependent peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression, resulting in an increase in lipid peroxides (LPO) and further induction of ferroptosis. Additionally, MPDA-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) raised the temperature of tumor area and produced photothermal-enhanced cascade effects. Hence, the synergistic strategy that combined dual-GSH depletion-induced ferroptosis, enhanced CDT and photothermal cascade enhancement based on MPDA@Fe could provide more directions for designing nanomedicines for cancer treatment.

Are third-generation active-targeting nanoformulations definitely the best? In vitro and in vivo comparisons of pixantrone-loaded liposomes modified with different sialic acid derivatives.

Treatment with sialic acid-octadecylamine (SA-ODA)-modified pixantrone (Pix) liposomes results in favorable antitumor effects by targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). To explore the influence of different types of SA decorations on antitumor efficiency, we synthesized a PEGylated SA derivative, SA-PEG2000-DSPE, and combined it with SA-ODA to construct three representative types of SA-modified liposomes (SA-ODA-modified Pix liposomes, SA-ODA-modified Pix liposomes with different PEG densities, and SA-PEG2000-DSPE-modified Pix liposomes, named Pix-SACL, Pix-SPL-0.2/0.5/2.0/5.0, and Pix-SAPL, respectively). All the Pix liposomes were nanoscale formulations, having diameters between 100 and 150 nm, high encapsulation efficiencies (> 90%), and slow drug release properties. The in vivo blood circulation time of the PEGylated formulations (Pix-SPL-0.2/0.5/2.0/5.0 and Pix-SAPL) showed an upward trend with increasing PEG density, but there was no significant difference between adjacent groups. All PEGylated formulations displayed increased tumor accumulation when compared with Pix-SACL, but there was no significant difference among them. However, the antitumor activity of SA-modified liposomes was not positively correlated with circulation time or tumor accumulation in S180-bearing mice. Pix-SPL-0.2 displayed the strongest antitumor effect and lowest toxicity among the formulations tested in this study. With Pix-SPL-0.2 treatment, 66.7% of the mice demonstrated tumor shedding and wound healing.

Natural saponin and cholesterol assembled nanostructures as the promising delivery method for saponin.

The application of saponins has been restricted by problems such as hemolysis, low bioavailability, and poor solubility. So it is imperative to find a strategy to deliver saponins safely and efficiently. Here, through bottom-up technique, we design and prepare two saponin-cholesterol (Cho) nano-complex: dioscin (Dio, steroid saponin)-Cho nanofibers (NFs) and escin Ia (EIa, triterpene saponin)-Cho nanoparticles (NPs). It is found that the hydrophobic force and hydrogen bonding drive the two pairs of molecules to bind in different directions (the 3ß-OH of Cho face the sugar chain of EIa and the 22α-O of Dio, respectively) and finally show spherical NPs (EIa-Cho) and fibrous NFs (Dio-Cho). The equimolar saponin-Cho complex, Dio NFs and EIa NPs, reveal potent cytotoxicities against mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) in vitro. In vivo results confirm the antitumor (4T1 mice model) efficacy of PEGylation Dio NFs (10 mg/kg, i.v.) with a tumor inhibition rate of 61%, meanwhile, it does not cause extreme irritation and pain as free Dio does to mice. Moreover, compared with the free drug, the prepared nano-complex can significantly reduce hemolysis and organ toxicity. Our research reduces the toxicity of saponins while retaining their antitumor activity, providing a new strategy for the delivery of saponins.

Polydopamine-carbon dots functionalized hollow carbon nanoplatform for fluorescence-imaging and photothermal-enhanced thermochemotherapy.

The low power photothermal therapy can reduce the tissue damage caused by laser irradiation, thus the near-infrared (NIR) absorbing vehicles with high photothermal conversion efficiency are demanded in the low power treatment. Herein, the NIR-absorbing agent polydopamine (PDA) and carbon dots (CDs) were gated on the openings of hollow mesoporous carbon (HMC) to construct a photothermal enhanced multi-functional system (HMC-SS-PDA@CDs). Interestingly, the fluorescence emission wavelength of HMC-SS-PDA@CDs was red-shifted by FRET effect between PDA and CDs, which solved the dilemma of fluorescence quenching of carbon-based materials and was more conducive to cell imaging. The modification of PDA@CDs not only acts as the gatekeepers to realize multi-responsive release of pH, GSH and NIR, but also endows the HMC vehicle with excellent photothermal generation capacity, the possibility for bio-imaging as well as the enhanced stability. Naturally, both the cytological level and the multicellular tumor sphere level demonstrate that the delivery system has good low-power synergistic therapeutic with combination index (CI) of 0.348 and imaging effects. Meanwhile, the combined treatment group showed the highest tumor inhibition rate of 92.6% at 0.75 W/cm2. Therefore, DOX/HMC-SS-PDA@CDs nano-platform had broad application prospects in low power therapy and convenient imaging of carbon-based materials.

Continuous production of celecoxib nanoparticles using a three-dimensional-coaxial-flow microfluidic platform.

Increasing the dissolution rate of water insoluble drugs by decreasing the particle size of the drugs into nano-size is a well-known strategy. However, continuous production of drug nanoparticles with uniform particle size is critical for clinical application of the strategy. Here we report a simple microfluidic mixing method that can achieve continuous production of celecoxib nanoparticles with uniform particle size and high dissolution rate. A three-dimensional (3D) coaxial-flow microfluidic device was fabricated by assembling two coaxial aligned borosilicate glass capillaries on a glass slide, and a tapered glass capillary was inserted into another bigger cylindrical one with coaxial alignment. Celecoxib nanoparticles were prepared by the microfluidic device under the turbulent jet regime. The 3D-coaxial-flow pattern and high Reynolds number ensured the extremely short mixing time, consequently, resulted in the high throughput production of drug nanoparticles with uniform particle size. The obtained nanoparticles were spherical in shape, and showed superior dissolution rate compared with the coarse powder both in sink and non-sink conditions. The bioavailability of the water insoluble drug was also significantly improved by the reduction of particle size into nano-size.

Chylomicron-pretended nano-bio self-assembling vehicle to promote lymphatic transport and GALTs target of oral drugs.

Lymphatic transport of oral drugs allows extraordinary gains in bioavailability and efficacy through avoidance of first-pass hepatic metabolism and preservation of drugs at lymphatic tissues against lymph-mediated diseases. Chylomicrons can transport dietary lipids absorbed from the intestine to the tissues through lymphatic circulation. Herein, we engineered for the first time a chylomicron-pretended mesoporous silica nanocarrier that utilizes the digestion, re-esterification, and lymphatic transport process of dietary triglyceride to promote lymphatic transport of oral drugs. Taking lopinavir (LNV) as a model antiretroviral drug with disadvantages such as poor solubility, high first-pass effect and off-target deposition, this vehicle exhibited several properties belonging to ideal nanocarriers, including high drug load, amorphous dispersion and controlled release in the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, a nano-bio interaction was demonstrated between nanoparticles and a key protein involved in chylomicron assembly; this biochemical reaction in cellular was utilized for the first time to promote lymphatic transport of nanocarriers for oral delivery. As a result, the chylomicron-pretended nanocarrier afforded 10.6-fold higher oral bioavailability compared with free LNV and effectively delivered LNV to gut-associated lymphoid tissues, where HIV persists and actively evolves. This approach not only promises a potential application to HIV-infected individuals but also opens a new avenue to other lymph-mediated pathologies such as autoimmune diseases and lymphatic tumor metastasis.

Multi-stimuli responsive mesoporous carbon nano-platform gated by human serum albumin for cancer thermo-chemotherapy.

In this work, a multi-stimuli responsive drug delivery system (MCHP) was designed for combinational chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT). Mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCN) with a high loading efficiency were used as near-infrared (NIR)-responsive drug carriers. Human serum albumin (HSA) was attached to the pore openings of MCN via disulfide bonds to serve as a gatekeeper due to its biocompatibility and appropriate molecular size. To improve the dispersity and biocompatibility, the surface of the MCN was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG). In vitro photothermal effect results showed that MCHP exhibited a power and concentration-dependent photothermal conversion capacity and a good photothermal stability. The doxorubicin (DOX) release from the MCHP/DOX system exhibited NIR/pH/reduction-responsive release properties. A cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that, under NIR irradiation, the MCHP/DOX exhibited chemo-photothermal synergistic effects with a combination index (CI) of 0.643. The biodistribution of DOX in vivo indicated that an NIR laser can prolong the retardation time of DOX in tumor sites. In vivo antitumor experiments showed that MCHP/DOX with NIR irradiation had the highest tumor inhibition rate against 4T1 tumors in mice. This work suggested that MCHP could be explored as a multi-responsive drug release platform for combinational photothermo-chemotherapy.

Preparation and toxicity evaluation of a novel nattokinase-tauroursodeoxycholate complex.

Nattokinase (NK), which has been identified as a potent fibrinolytic protease, has remarkable potential in treatment of thrombolysis, and even has the ability to ameliorate chronic vein thrombosis. To reduce the hemorrhagic risk from an intravenous injection of NK, nattokinase-tauroursodeoxycholate (NK-TUDCA) complex was prepared at different pH values and with different ratios of NK and TUDCA. When assessing survival time, survival state, tail injury, and the body weight of mice, it was found that the NK-TUDCA complex (NK: 10 kIU/ml; TUDCA: 10 mg/ml; pH 5.0) had a lower toxicity when administered at an NK dosage of 130 kIU/kg in the acute toxicity test and 13 kIU/kg in the repeated low-dose challenge. From the results of the in vitro thrombolytic test and characterization of NK-TUDCA, we speculated that the delayed release of NK-TUDCA might be the main cause of toxicity reduction by the complex. This study described the preparation of an NK complex with low toxicity following intravenous administration, which could be utilized for further clinical study of NK.

New natural barrigenol-like triterpenoid isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.

The Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge husks were known for their abundant triterpenoids resource, which contributed to many bioactivities, such as antitumor, antiinflammatory and neuroprotection. The present study has led to the purification of a new triterpenoid saponin, 21ß-O-acetyl-xanthohuskiside A (1), together with six known barrigenol derivatives (2-7), whose structures were authenticated on the basis of NMR, HR-MS, IR spectrum and acid hydrolysis experiment. Compound 7 showed more noteworthy cytotoxicity towards three human tumour cell lines (HCT-116, HepG-2 and U87-MG) than other compounds.

The antitumor efficacy of docetaxel is enhanced by encapsulation in novel amphiphilic polymer cholesterol-coupled tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate micelles.

Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) is considered a promising surfactant, but its high critical micelle concentration (CMC) limits its application. Cholesterol is hydrophobic, can act as a tumor-targeting ligand, and has strong binding ability with taxoids. Based on this information, we coupled cholesterol with TPGS to synthesize cholesterol-coupled TPGS (TPGS-CHMC), which had a lower CMC than pure TPGS. The TPGS-CHMC was used to prepare micelles loading with docetaxel (DTX) by a self-assembly method. DTX-loaded TPGS-CHMC micelles were globule-shaped, 13.3 ± 2.0 nm in size, and had a zeta potential of -4.66 ± 0.41 mv. In vitro release studies demonstrated the delayed release property of the micelles, which also had a relatively high encapsulation efficiency and drug loading content of 99.2 and 3.20%, respectively. Furthermore, the micelles were stable in vitro at a dilution of 100-fold. In vivo antitumor studies showed that the DTX-loaded TPGS-CHMC micelles significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of DTX in S180 tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, the blank TPGS-CHMC micelles also showed antitumor activity. Our results demonstrate that TPGS-CHMC is a promising system for DTX delivery that may be suitable for other hydrophobic antitumor drugs.

Fluorescent carbon dot-gated multifunctional mesoporous silica nanocarriers for redox/enzyme dual-responsive targeted and controlled drug delivery and real-time bioimaging.

A distinctive and personalized nanocarrier is described here for controlled and targeted antitumor drug delivery and real-time bioimaging by combining a redox/enzyme dual-responsive disulfide-conjugated carbon dot with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN-SS-CDHA). The carbon dot with controlling and targeting abilities was prepared through a polymerizing reaction by applying citric acid and HA as starting materials (named CDHA). The as-prepared MSN-SS-CDHA exhibited not only superior photostability and excellent biocompatibility, but also the ability to target A549 cells with overexpression of CD44 receptors. Upon loading the antitumor drug, doxorubicin (DOX), into the mesoporous channels of MSN nanoparticles, CDHA with a diameter size of 3nm completely blocked the pore entrance of DOX-encapsulated MSN nanoparticles with a pore size of about 3nm, thus preventing the premature leakage of DOX and increasing the antitumor activity until being triggered by specific stimuli in the tumor environment. The results of the cell imaging and cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the redox/enzyme dual-responsive DOX-encapsulated MSN-SS-CDHA nanoparticles can selectively deliver and control the release of DOX into tumor cells. Ex vivo fluorescence images showed a much stronger fluorescence of MSN-SS-CDHA-DOX in the tumor site than in normal tissues, greatly facilitating the accumulation of DOX in the target tissue. However, its counterpart, MSN-SH-DOX exhibited no or much lower tumor cytotoxicity and drug accumulation in tumor tissue. In addition, MSN-SS-CD was also used as a control to investigate the ability of MSN-SS-CDHA to target A549 cells. The results obtained indicated that MSN-SS-CDHA possessed a higher cellular uptake through the CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis compared with MSN-SS-CD in the A549 cells. Such specific redox/enzyme dual-responsive targeted nanocarriers are a useful strategy achieving selective controlled and targeted delivery of therapeutic reagents with real-time bioimaging, and may also facilitate the development of drug delivery systems for a number of clinical applications.

A novel nanosuspension of andrographolide: Preparation, characterization and passive liver target evaluation in rats.

Andrographolide (Andro) is an excellent anti-inflammatory bicyclic diterpene γ-lactone. However, the poor solubility limits its application as injection for the treatment of acute inflammation. To meet the clinical needs for emergency, the Andro nanosuspensions injection was first prepared by the wet milling technique. The Andro nanosuspensions were composed of 3% Andro, 5% poloxamer 188 as the non-ionic stabilizer, 0.05% sodium deoxycholate or 0.1% sodium tauroursodeoxy cholate as the ionic stabilizer, and prepared by 350rpm speed and 12cycles of grinding with 0.4mm zirconium oxide pearls. The nanosuspensions showed hexagonal morphology with particle size of 300nm, and no change in crystalline state of Andro after milling. The nanosuspensions had a significant increase in saturation solubility, and could completely release within 0.25h (bulk Andro within 24h). The lyophilized product of Andro nanosuspensions with mannitol (5%) as lyoprotectant had good physical and chemical stability during the 6-month storage period. The pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution results showed that it was rapidly eliminated from the blood and largely distributed in the liver. Overall, the Andro nanosuspensions may be used as a potential formulation for the treatment of liver infections owing to its passive liver targeting function.

Hyaluronic acid and carbon dots-gated hollow mesoporous silica for redox and enzyme-triggered targeted drug delivery and bioimaging.

In this work, a redox and enzyme dual-stimuli responsive drug delivery system (DDS) with tracking function (HMSN-SS-CDPEI@HA) based on carbon dots capped hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSN) has been developed for targeted drug delivery. The positively charged CDPEI nanoparticles prepared by polyethylenimine (PEI) were grafted on the pore openings of HMSN through disulfide bonds and were used as "gatekeepers" to trap the drugs within the hollow cavity. The hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural polysaccharide, was further grafted on the surface of HMSN to realize targeted drug delivery, controlled drug release and improved the stability. Doxorubicin (DOX) was chosen as a model drug due to its wide clinical application. In vitro drug release profiles demonstrated that DOX-loaded HMSN-SS-CDPEI@HA exhibited redox and enzyme dual-responsive drug release property. In addition, the prepared HMSN-SS-CDPEI@HA exhibited excellent fluorescent properties and biocompatibility. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and flow cytometry (FCM) illustrated that HMSN-SS-CDPEI@HA exhibited a higher cellular uptake via the CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis by CD44-receptor over-expressed A549 cells than NIH-3T3 (receptor-negative) cells, leading to higher cytotoxicity against A549 cells than NIH 3T3 cells. This work suggested an exploration of dual-stimuli responsive as well as real-time imaging targeted drug delivery system based on HMSN and the prepared HMSN-SS-CDPEI@HA could be a promising platform for cancer therapy.

Poly(acrylic acid) conjugated hollow mesoporous carbon as a dual-stimuli triggered drug delivery system for chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy.

In this work, we described the development of the redox and pH dual stimuli-responsive drug delivery system and combination of the chemotherapy and photothermal therapy for cancer treatment. The poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was conjugated on the outlets of hollow mesoporous carbon (HMC) via disulfide bonds. PAA was used as a capping to block drug within the mesopores of HMC for its lots of favorable advantages, such as good biocompatibility, appropriate molecular weight to block the mesopores of HMC, extension of the blood circulation, and the improvement of the dispersity of the nano-carriers in physiological environment. The DOX loaded DOX/HMC-SS-PAA had a high drug loading amount up to 51.9%. The in vitro drug release results illustrated that DOX/HMC-SS-PAA showed redox and pH dual-responsive drug release, and the release rate could be further improved by the near infrared (NIR) irradiation. Cell viability experiment indicated that DOX/HMC-SS-PAA had a synergistic therapeutic effect by combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy. This work suggested that HMC-SS-PAA exhibited dual-responsive drug release property and could be used as a NIR-adsorbing drug delivery system for chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy.