Stapedius muscle fibre characterization in the noise exposed and auditory deprived rat.

In skeletal muscle, interventions that unload the muscle cause slow-to-fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) conversions, whereas fast-to-slow conversions are seen when the muscles are engaged in resistance training and endurance exercise. The stapedius muscle (SM) is reported to prevent cochlear damage by noise. This theory may be supported by showing comparable changes of muscle fibre composition when ears are exposed to longstanding noise (SM training). Comparable changes after sound deprivation (SM unloading) would suggest that the SM needs a certain degree of daily activity evoked by environmental sound to sustain its normal composition. We investigated the difference in myosin composition of SM fibres from rats exposed to noise, from auditory deprived rats and from rats exposed to low level ambient noise (control group). Consecutive complete SM cross-sections were processed by enzymehistochemistry to determine acid/alkali lability of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) and by immunohistochemistry using MHC antibodies. Fibres were assigned to mATPase type I, IIA, IIX or 'Miscellaneous' categories. Per mATPase category, the fibres were attributed to groups with specific MHC isoform compositions. Auditory deprivation lasting nine weeks was accomplished by closure of the external meatus at the age of three weeks. A slow-to-fast shift was seen in these rats when compared to the control group. The noise exposed group was exposed to 65-90dB sound pressure level during a period lasting nine weeks from the age of three weeks onwards. A shift from an overwhelming presence of type mATPase IIX, as seen in the control group, to type mATPase IIA occurred in the noise exposed group. Also, more MHC IIA/IIX hybrid fibres were found in the mATPase IIX category. An adaptive response to the acoustic environment in the characteristics of the fibres of the SM, comparable to the response in skeletal muscles on unloading and training activity, can be ascertained. This supports the theory that the SM plays an active role in modulating external acoustic energy on entry to the cochlea. Our results are also in favour of another postulated function of the SM, the unmasking of high-frequency signals in low-frequency background noise.

A morphometric analysis of pathological alterations in hemorrhoidal disease versus normal controls: a controlled trial

Objective: Until today, the true pathophysiology of hemorrhoidal disease (HD) has not yet been unraveled. More and more evidence guides us towards the hypothesis that reduced connective tissue stability is associated with a higher incidence of hemorrhoids. The present study aimed to compare the quantity and quality of collagen, and vessel morphometrics, in patients with symptomatic HD compared with normal controls. Methods: Twenty-two samples of grade III and grade IV HD tissue from patients undergoing a hemorrhoidectomy between January 2004 and June 2015 were included in the study group. Samples of 15 individuals without symptomatic HD who donated their body to science and died a natural death served as controls. The quantity and quality of anal collagen, and anal vessel morphometrics were objectified. The quality of collagen was subdivided in young (immature) and old (mature) collagen. Results: Patients with HD had an increased percentage of total anal collagen (62.1 ± 13.8 versus 18.7 ± 14.5%; p = 0.0001), a decreased percentage of young collagen (0.00009 ± 0.00008 versus 0.0008 ± 0.0008%; p = 0.001), and a smaller surface area of the anal vessels (795.1 ± 1215.9 micrometre2 versus 1219.0 ± 1976.1; p = 0.003) compared with controls. The percentage of old collagen did not differ between the control and study groups (0.588 ± 0.286% versus 0.389 ± 0.242%; p = 0.06). Conclusion: The outcomes of the present study suggest that alterations in anal collagen composition may play a role in the formation of hemorrhoids. (AU)