Cohort study of ageing from Bagé (SIGa-Bagé), Brazil: profile and methodology.

BACKGROUND: The Bagé Cohort Study of Ageing is a population-based cohort study that has recently completed the first follow-up of a representative sample of older adults from Bagé, a city with more than 100,000 inhabitants located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This is one of the first longitudinal studies to assess the impact of primary health care coverage on health conditions and inequalities. Our aim is to investigate the prevalence, incidence and trends of risk factors, health behaviours, social relationships, non-communicable diseases, geriatric diseases and disorders, hospitalisation, self-perceived health, and all-cause and specific-cause mortality. In addition, we aim to evaluate socioeconomic and health inequalities and the impact of primary health care on the outcomes under study. METHODS/DESIGN: The study covers participants aged 60 or over, selected by probabilistic (representative) sampling of the urban area of the city of Bagé, which is covered by Primary Health Care Services. The baseline examination included 1593 older adults and was conducted from July 2008 to November 2008. After eight to nine years (2016/2017), the first follow-up was conducted from September 2016 to August 2017. All participants underwent an extensive core assessment programme including structured interviews, questionnaires, cognitive testing (baseline and follow-up), physical examinations and anthropometric measurements (follow-up). RESULTS: Of the original participants, 1395 (87.6%) were located for follow-up: 757 elderly individuals (47.5%) were re-interviewed, but losses in data transfer occurred for 22. The remaining 638 (40.1%) had died. In addition, we had 81 (5.1%) refusals and 117 (7.3%) losses. Among the 1373 older adults who were followed down, there was a higher proportion of female interviewees (p=0.042) and a higher proportion of male deaths (p=0.001) in 2016/2017. There were no differences in losses and refusals according to gender (p=0.102). There was a difference in average age between the interviewees (68.8 years; SD ±6.5) and non-interviewees (73.2 years; SD ±9.0) (p<0.001). Data are available at the Department of Social Medicine in Federal University of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for any collaboration.

Gender violence: knowledge and professional conduct of the family health strategy. / Violência de gênero: conhecimento e conduta dos profissionais da estratégia saúde da família.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge and behaviors of health professionals of units of the Strategies Family opposite gender violence. METHODS: This descriptive study with 53 seven of units of the family health strategy professionals from March to July 2015. Data were collected through a self-administered instrument and analyzed in Excel 2007. RESULTS: It was observed that the knowledge of professionals about definitions, epidemiology and management of violence ranged from reasonable to good, despite knowing little about the prevalence of violence during pregnancy. Regarding the conduct was evident difficulty in questioning women about violence and its notification. Professionals with shorter assistance and who received training were more assertive results regarding conduct. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that educational actions in service be carried out in order to provide subsidies for the professionals' action against cases of gender violence.

Structure and process in primary health care for children and spatial distribution of infant mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the spatial patterns of the quality of the structure of primary health care services and the teams' work process and their effects on infant mortality in Brazil. METHODS: An ecological study of spatial aggregates, using the 5,570 municipalities in Brazil as the unit of analysis. Secondary databases from the Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB - National Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care), the Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) were used. In 2018, the infant mortality rate was the outcome of the study, and the exposure variables were the proportion of basic health units (BHU) with adequate structure and work processes. Global and local Moran's indices were used to evaluate the degree of dependence and spatial autocorrelation. Spatial linear regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS: In 2018, in Brazil, the infant mortality rate was 12.4/1,000 live births, ranging from 10.6/1,000 and 11.2/1,000 in the South and Southeast, respectively, to 14.1/1,000 and 14.5/1,000 in the Northeast and North regions, respectively. The proportion of teams with an adequate work process (ß = -3.13) and the proportion of basic health units with an adequate structure (ß = -0.34) were associated with a reduction in the infant mortality rate. Spatial autocorrelation was observed between smoothed mean infant mortality rates and indicators of the structure of primary health care services and the team's work process, with higher values in the North and Northeast of Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: There is a relationship between the structure of primary health care services and the teams' work process with the infant mortality rate. In this sense, investment in the qualification of health care within the scope of primary health care can have an impact on reducing the infant mortality rate and improving child health care.

Quality of care for children under two years of age in Brazil's basic network in 2018: indicators and associated factors. / Qualidade da atenção a crianças menores de dois anos na rede básica do Brasil em 2018: indicadores e fatores associados.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of care for children under two years of age in the primary health care network with data from the external evaluation of the Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Care in 2018. METHODS: Users who had children under two years of age who were in the unit at the time of data collection were eligible for the study. The quality of care was evaluated using a synthetic indicator built with questions from the users' module. The exposure variables were: region, structure of basic health units, and staff process. A univariate analysis was performed and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 15.745 users who had children under the age of two years. Only 36.8% (95%CI 36,0-37,6) of users were classified as having received good quality care for their children, with a downward trend in prevalence as the child's age increased. Better results were observed in the Northeast region, in units that presented all the inputs and vaccines and for teams that used protocols and materials, kept records, performed active search and healthy eating actions. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of good quality of care for children under two years of age was low. These data can be useful for managers' decision-making and for the implementation of actions aimed at professionals, that encourage a higher quality of care to children, mainly the child leaving a consultation with the next appointment scheduled and a first consultation being carried out until their seventh day of life.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade da atenção a menores de dois anos na rede básica, com dados da avaliação externa do Programa de Melhoria de Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica em 2018. MÉTODOS: Foram elegíveis para o estudo usuários com filhos menores de dois anos que estavam na unidade no momento da coleta de dados. A qualidade de atenção foi avaliada por meio de um indicador sintético construído com questões do módulo de usuários. As exposições foram: região, estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde e processo de trabalho das equipes. Realizou-se análise univariada e estimaram-se as razões de prevalências brutas e ajustadas. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta de 15.745 usuários que possuíam filhos menores de dois anos. Apenas 36,8% (intervalo de confiança ­ IC95% 36,0­37,6) dos usuários foram classificados como tendo recebido atenção de boa qualidade para as crianças, com redução das prevalências de acordo com o aumento da idade da criança. Observaram-se melhores resultados para a Região Nordeste, em unidades que apresentaram todos os insumos e vacinas e nas equipes que utilizavam protocolos e materiais, realizavam os registros, a busca ativa e ações de alimentação saudável. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de qualidade de atenção a menores de dois anos foi baixa. Os dados podem ser úteis para decisões de gestores e para a execução de ações voltadas para os profissionais, que incentivem maior qualidade de cuidado com a criança, principalmente com relação a, após a consulta, a criança já sair com a próxima marcada e à realização de consulta até os sete dias de vida.

[Incidence of depression and associated factors in older adults in Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. / Incidência de depressão e fatores associados em idosos de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

To evaluate the cumulative incidence of depression and its associated factors in the older population living in the urban area of the municipality of Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, a prospective cohort study was conducted from 2008 to 2016/2017. The analysis was restricted to 615 older adults with complete information on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), both at baseline and at follow-up, and who did not present depression in 2008. To calculate crude and adjusted incidence ratios and 95% confidence interval, Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment was used, including the baseline variables. A hierarchical model of four levels of determination was used. The variables were controlled for those of the same or of higher levels, and the p-value ≤ 0.20 was established to remain in the analysis model. In 2008, 523 older people did not have depression and 92 had been screened with the disease. In 2016/2017, of the 523 individuals without depression in the baseline measure, 10.3% tested positive at screening (incident cases), whereas 89.7% of the older adults remained free of the condition. Of the 92 older adults with depression in 2008, 32.6% continued to present depressive symptoms at follow-up and 67.3% had remission of symptoms. Leaving home once or never and being incapable of doing functional and instrumental activities of daily living were associated with a higher risk of positive screening for depression. The results reinforce the multidimensional and dynamic character of depression, which alternates short and long episodes, and may become recurrent and chronic.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a incidência cumulativa de depressão e seus fatores associados na população idosa, residente na zona urbana do Município de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, realizou-se um estudo de coorte, prospectivo, entre 2008 e 2016/2017. A análise foi restrita a 615 idosos com informações completas na Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-15), tanto na linha de base como no seguimento, que não apresentavam depressão no ano de 2008. Para calcular as razões de incidência bruta e ajustadas e intervalo de 95% de confiança, foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto de variância, incluindo as variáveis da linha de base. Empregou-se um modelo hierárquico de quatro níveis de determinação. As variáveis foram controladas para aquelas do mesmo nível ou dos níveis superiores, sendo estabelecido o valor de p ≤ 0,20 para permanecer no modelo de análise. Observou-se que, em 2008, 523 idosos não tinham depressão e 92 haviam sido diagnosticados com a doença. Em 2016/2017, dos 523 indivíduos sem depressão na medida de linha de base, 10,3% apresentaram resultado positivo no rastreamento (casos incidentes), enquanto 89,7% dos idosos permaneceram livres do problema. Dos 92 idosos com depressão em 2008, 32,6% continuaram referindo a sintomatologia depressiva no acompanhamento e 67,3% apresentaram remissão dos sintomas. Sair de casa uma ou nenhuma vez e apresentar incapacidades para o desenvolvimento de atividades funcionais e instrumentais da vida diária se associaram com maior risco de apresentar rastreamento positivo para depressão. Os resultados reforçam o caráter multidimensional e dinâmico da depressão, que alterna episódios curtos e longos, podendo se tornar recorrente e de curso crônico.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la incidencia acumulada de la depresión y sus factores asociados en la población anciana que vive en el área urbana de la ciudad de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, se realizó un estudio de cohorte, prospectivo, en el período entre 2008 y 2016/2017. Se analizaron a 615 ancianos que tenían información completada en la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (GDS-15), tanto en la línea de base como en el seguimiento, y aquellos que no tuvieron depresión en 2008. Para calcular los índices de incidencia brutos y ajustados y el intervalo de 95% confianza, se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con un ajuste robusto de la varianza, incluidas las variables de la línea de base. Se empleó un modelo jerárquico de cuatro niveles de determinación. Las variables se controlaron por aquellas del mismo nivel o niveles superiores, y se estableció un valor de p ≤ 0,20 para permanecer en el modelo de análisis. Se observó que 523 ancianos en 2008 no tuvieron depresión y 92 recibieron diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Para el 2016-2017, de los 523 individuos sin depresión en la medida de línea de base, el 10,3% de ellos se detectó con la enfermedad en el cribado (casos incidentes), mientras que el 89,7% no la manifestó. De los 92 ancianos con depresión en 2008, el 32,6% informaron tener síntomas depresivos en el seguimiento y el 67,3% presentó remisión de los síntomas. Salir de casa una sola vez o ninguna y sentir incapaz de realizar las actividades funcionales e instrumentales de la vida diaria estuvieron asociadas a un mayor riesgo de tener cribado positivo para la depresión. Los resultados evidenciaron el carácter multidimensional y dinámico de la depresión, que oscila entre episodios cortos y largos, y puede llegar a ser recurrente y crónica.

Structure and process in primary health care for children and spatial distribution of infant mortality / Estrutura e processo na atenção primária à saúde das crianças e distribuição espacial da mortalidade infantil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the spatial patterns of the quality of the structure of primary health care services and the teams' work process and their effects on infant mortality in Brazil. METHODS An ecological study of spatial aggregates, using the 5,570 municipalities in Brazil as the unit of analysis. Secondary databases from the Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB - National Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care), the Mortality Information System (SIM), and the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) were used. In 2018, the infant mortality rate was the outcome of the study, and the exposure variables were the proportion of basic health units (BHU) with adequate structure and work processes. Global and local Moran's indices were used to evaluate the degree of dependence and spatial autocorrelation. Spatial linear regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS In 2018, in Brazil, the infant mortality rate was 12.4/1,000 live births, ranging from 10.6/1,000 and 11.2/1,000 in the South and Southeast, respectively, to 14.1/1,000 and 14.5/1,000 in the Northeast and North regions, respectively. The proportion of teams with an adequate work process (β = −3.13) and the proportion of basic health units with an adequate structure (β = −0.34) were associated with a reduction in the infant mortality rate. Spatial autocorrelation was observed between smoothed mean infant mortality rates and indicators of the structure of primary health care services and the team's work process, with higher values in the North and Northeast of Brazil. CONCLUSIONS There is a relationship between the structure of primary health care services and the teams' work process with the infant mortality rate. In this sense, investment in the qualification of health care within the scope of primary health care can have an impact on reducing the infant mortality rate and improving child health care.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar os padrões espaciais da qualidade da estrutura dos serviços de atenção primária à saúde e do processo de trabalho das equipes e seus efeitos na mortalidade infantil no Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico de agregados espaciais, empregando como unidade de análise os 5.570 municípios do Brasil. Foram utilizados bancos de dados secundários do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB), do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM) e do Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC). Em 2018, a taxa de mortalidade infantil foi o desfecho do estudo, e as variáveis de exposição foram a proporção de unidade básica de saúde (UBS) com estrutura e processo de trabalho adequados. Os índices de Moran global e local foram usados para avaliar o grau de dependência e a autocorrelação espacial. Utilizou-se regressão linear espacial para análise de dados. RESULTADOS Em 2018, no Brasil, a taxa de mortalidade infantil foi de 12,4/1.000 nascidos vivos, variando de 10,6/1.000 e 11,2/1.000 no Sul e no Sudeste, respectivamente, até 14,1/1.000 e 14,5/1.000, nas regiões Nordeste e Norte, respectivamente. A proporção de equipes com processo de trabalho adequado (β = - 3,13) e a de unidades básicas de saúde com estrutura adequada (β = - 0,34) foram associadas à redução da taxa de mortalidade infantil. Observou-se autocorrelação espacial entre as taxas de mortalidade infantil médias suavizadas e indicadores da estrutura dos serviços de atenção primária à saúde e do processo de trabalho das equipes, com valores mais elevados no Norte e no Nordeste do Brasil. CONCLUSÕES Existe relação entre a estrutura dos serviços de atenção primária à saúde e o processo de trabalho das equipes com a taxa de mortalidade infantil. Neste sentido, o investimento na qualificação da atenção à saúde no âmbito da atenção primária à saúde pode impactar na redução da taxa de mortalidade infantil e na melhoria da atenção à saúde infantil.

Incidência de depressão e fatores associados em idosos de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Incidence of depression and associated factors in older adults in Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Incidencia de depresión y sus factores asociados en ancianos en Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar a incidência cumulativa de depressão e seus fatores associados na população idosa, residente na zona urbana do Município de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, realizou-se um estudo de coorte, prospectivo, entre 2008 e 2016/2017. A análise foi restrita a 615 idosos com informações completas na Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-15), tanto na linha de base como no seguimento, que não apresentavam depressão no ano de 2008. Para calcular as razões de incidência bruta e ajustadas e intervalo de 95% de confiança, foi utilizada a regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto de variância, incluindo as variáveis da linha de base. Empregou-se um modelo hierárquico de quatro níveis de determinação. As variáveis foram controladas para aquelas do mesmo nível ou dos níveis superiores, sendo estabelecido o valor de p ≤ 0,20 para permanecer no modelo de análise. Observou-se que, em 2008, 523 idosos não tinham depressão e 92 haviam sido diagnosticados com a doença. Em 2016/2017, dos 523 indivíduos sem depressão na medida de linha de base, 10,3% apresentaram resultado positivo no rastreamento (casos incidentes), enquanto 89,7% dos idosos permaneceram livres do problema. Dos 92 idosos com depressão em 2008, 32,6% continuaram referindo a sintomatologia depressiva no acompanhamento e 67,3% apresentaram remissão dos sintomas. Sair de casa uma ou nenhuma vez e apresentar incapacidades para o desenvolvimento de atividades funcionais e instrumentais da vida diária se associaram com maior risco de apresentar rastreamento positivo para depressão. Os resultados reforçam o caráter multidimensional e dinâmico da depressão, que alterna episódios curtos e longos, podendo se tornar recorrente e de curso crônico.

Abstract: To evaluate the cumulative incidence of depression and its associated factors in the older population living in the urban area of the municipality of Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, a prospective cohort study was conducted from 2008 to 2016/2017. The analysis was restricted to 615 older adults with complete information on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), both at baseline and at follow-up, and who did not present depression in 2008. To calculate crude and adjusted incidence ratios and 95% confidence interval, Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment was used, including the baseline variables. A hierarchical model of four levels of determination was used. The variables were controlled for those of the same or of higher levels, and the p-value ≤ 0.20 was established to remain in the analysis model. In 2008, 523 older people did not have depression and 92 had been screened with the disease. In 2016/2017, of the 523 individuals without depression in the baseline measure, 10.3% tested positive at screening (incident cases), whereas 89.7% of the older adults remained free of the condition. Of the 92 older adults with depression in 2008, 32.6% continued to present depressive symptoms at follow-up and 67.3% had remission of symptoms. Leaving home once or never and being incapable of doing functional and instrumental activities of daily living were associated with a higher risk of positive screening for depression. The results reinforce the multidimensional and dynamic character of depression, which alternates short and long episodes, and may become recurrent and chronic.

Resumen: Con el objetivo de evaluar la incidencia acumulada de la depresión y sus factores asociados en la población anciana que vive en el área urbana de la ciudad de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, se realizó un estudio de cohorte, prospectivo, en el período entre 2008 y 2016/2017. Se analizaron a 615 ancianos que tenían información completada en la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (GDS-15), tanto en la línea de base como en el seguimiento, y aquellos que no tuvieron depresión en 2008. Para calcular los índices de incidencia brutos y ajustados y el intervalo de 95% confianza, se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con un ajuste robusto de la varianza, incluidas las variables de la línea de base. Se empleó un modelo jerárquico de cuatro niveles de determinación. Las variables se controlaron por aquellas del mismo nivel o niveles superiores, y se estableció un valor de p ≤ 0,20 para permanecer en el modelo de análisis. Se observó que 523 ancianos en 2008 no tuvieron depresión y 92 recibieron diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Para el 2016-2017, de los 523 individuos sin depresión en la medida de línea de base, el 10,3% de ellos se detectó con la enfermedad en el cribado (casos incidentes), mientras que el 89,7% no la manifestó. De los 92 ancianos con depresión en 2008, el 32,6% informaron tener síntomas depresivos en el seguimiento y el 67,3% presentó remisión de los síntomas. Salir de casa una sola vez o ninguna y sentir incapaz de realizar las actividades funcionales e instrumentales de la vida diaria estuvieron asociadas a un mayor riesgo de tener cribado positivo para la depresión. Los resultados evidenciaron el carácter multidimensional y dinámico de la depresión, que oscila entre episodios cortos y largos, y puede llegar a ser recurrente y crónica.

Qualidade da atenção a crianças menores de dois anos na rede básica do Brasil em 2018: indicadores e fatores associados / Quality of care for children under two years of age in Brazil's basic network in 2018: indicators and associated factors

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade da atenção a menores de dois anos na rede básica, com dados da avaliação externa do Programa de Melhoria de Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica em 2018. Métodos: Foram elegíveis para o estudo usuários com filhos menores de dois anos que estavam na unidade no momento da coleta de dados. A qualidade de atenção foi avaliada por meio de um indicador sintético construído com questões do módulo de usuários. As exposições foram: região, estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde e processo de trabalho das equipes. Realizou-se análise univariada e estimaram-se as razões de prevalências brutas e ajustadas. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 15.745 usuários que possuíam filhos menores de dois anos. Apenas 36,8% (intervalo de confiança — IC95% 36,0-37,6) dos usuários foram classificados como tendo recebido atenção de boa qualidade para as crianças, com redução das prevalências de acordo com o aumento da idade da criança. Observaram-se melhores resultados para a Região Nordeste, em unidades que apresentaram todos os insumos e vacinas e nas equipes que utilizavam protocolos e materiais, realizavam os registros, a busca ativa e ações de alimentação saudável. Conclusão: A prevalência de qualidade de atenção a menores de dois anos foi baixa. Os dados podem ser úteis para decisões de gestores e para a execução de ações voltadas para os profissionais, que incentivem maior qualidade de cuidado com a criança, principalmente com relação a, após a consulta, a criança já sair com a próxima marcada e à realização de consulta até os sete dias de vida.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the quality of care for children under two years of age in the primary health care network with data from the external evaluation of the Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Care in 2018. Methods Users who had children under two years of age who were in the unit at the time of data collection were eligible for the study. The quality of care was evaluated using a synthetic indicator built with questions from the users' module. The exposure variables were: region, structure of basic health units, and staff process. A univariate analysis was performed and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated. Results The sample was composed of 15.745 users who had children under the age of two years. Only 36.8% (95%CI 36,0-37,6) of users were classified as having received good quality care for their children, with a downward trend in prevalence as the child's age increased. Better results were observed in the Northeast region, in units that presented all the inputs and vaccines and for teams that used protocols and materials, kept records, performed active search and healthy eating actions. Conclusion The prevalence of good quality of care for children under two years of age was low. These data can be useful for managers' decision-making and for the implementation of actions aimed at professionals, that encourage a higher quality of care to children, mainly the child leaving a consultation with the next appointment scheduled and a first consultation being carried out until their seventh day of life.

Vacinação contra a influenza em coorte de idosos de município do sul do brasil / Vacunación contra la influenza en cohorte de personas mayores de municipio del sur de brasil / Vaccination against influenza in a cohort of elders in a city in the south of brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: este estudo objetivou verificar a prevalência de vacinação da influenza e investigar os motivos da não vacinação na população idosa. Método: Estudo de coorte "Saúde do Idoso Gaúcho de Bagé, RS, realizada em Bagé em 2008 e 2016/2017. A variável dependente foi obtida através da pergunta: "Neste ano o(a) Sr.(a) fez a vacina contra a gripe? Sim/não". Em caso de resposta negativa o idoso era questionado sobre a razão de não ter se vacinado. Realizou-se análise descritiva, prevalência de vacinação e cálculo de Razão de prevalência no programa Stata 14.0. Resultados: a prevalência de vacinação contra Influenza no ano de 2008 foi de 58,8% e em 2016/2017 de 80,8%. O motivo mais frequente referido pelos idosos para a não realização da vacina em 2008 foram: "não quis" (29%) e em 2016/2017 "ter medo" (26,7%). Conclusão: apesar da prevalência de vacinação ter aumentado, evidencia-se que os idosos continuam com dúvidas e receios acerca da vacina, sendo necessário repensar novas estratégias em conjunto com as Equipes de Saúde da Família.

RESUMEN Objetivo: este estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar la prevalencia de vacunación de la influenza e investigar los motivos de la no vacunación en la población de personas mayores. Método: estudio de cohorte Salud del Anciano Gaucho de Bagé, RS, realizado en Bagé-RS/Brasil en 2008 y en 2016/2017. La variable dependiente fue obtenida a través de la pregunta: "¿Este año usted ya se ha vacunado contra la gripe? Sí/no". En caso de respuesta negativa el anciano era preguntado sobre la razón de no haberse vacunado. Se realizó análisis descriptivo, prevalencia de vacunación y cálculo de Razón de prevalencia en el programa Stata 14.0. Resultados: la prevalencia de vacunación contra Influenza en el año 2008 fue de 58,8% y en 2016/2017 de 80,8%. El motivo más frecuente señalado por las personas mayores para la no realización de la vacuna en 2008 fue "no quiso" (29%); y en 2016/2017 "tener miedo" (26,7%). Conclusión: aunque la prevalencia de vacunación ha aumentado, se evidencia que los ancianos continúan con dudas y recelos acerca de la vacuna, siendo necesario repensar nuevas estrategias en conjunto con los Equipos de Salud de la Familia.

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the prevalence of vaccination against influenza and to investigate the reasons for the lack of vaccination in the elder population. Methods: cohort study "Health of the Elder Gaucho from Bagé, RS", carried out in the city of Bagé in 2008 and 2016/2017. The dependent variable was found using the question: "Did you get vaccinated against influenza this year? "Yes or no?". When the response was negative, the elder was asked why they were not vaccinated. We carried out a descriptive analysis of the vaccination prevalence and calculated the prevalence ratio using the software Stata 14.0. Results: the prevalence of vaccination against influenza in 2008 was 58.8%, reaching 80.8% in 2016/2017. In 2008, the most common answer from the elders about why they did not vaccinate was "I didn't want to" (29%); in 2016/2017, it was "I was afraid" (16.7%). Conclusion: although the prevalence of vaccination increased, elders continue to have doubts and fear about the vaccine, and it is necessary to rethink strategies together with the Family Health Teams.

Prevalência do uso de substâncias psicoativas em gestantes e puérperas / Prevalencia del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en mujeres embarazadas y puérperas / Prevalence of psychoactive substance use in pregnant and puerperal women

Objetivo: investigar a prevalência do uso de substâncias psicoativas em gestantes e puérperas atendidas no ambulatório de um Hospital Escola. Método: pesquisa transversal, descritiva, com amostra de 174 gestantes e puérperas. Na coleta de dados, utilizou-se o instrumento padronizado Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) e um questionário sociodemográfico e gineco-obstétrico. A análise de dados foi realizada por meio da estatística descritiva. Resultados: a prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas entre as gestantes foi de 28,7 % e 1,1% entre as puérperas, com destaque para o álcool e tabaco. O tabaco constitui a substância com maior frequência de uso; que desencadeia maior desejo/urgência de consumo; maior taxa de tentativas de diminuição. Conclusão: o uso de substâncias psicoativas na gestação e puerpério constitui-se um desafio à saúde pública e para os profissionais de saúde, suscitando o desenvolvimento de ações educativas, bem como a captação precoce dessas mulheres.

Objective: to investigate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use in pregnant and puerperal women attended at an outpatient clinic in a teaching hospital. Method: A descriptive transversal research with a sample of 174 pregnant and puerperal women. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and a sociodemographic and obstetric-gynecologic survey were utilized in data collection. Data analysis was performed through descriptive statistics. Results: the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among pregnant women was of 28.7% and 1.1% among puerperal women, with alcohol and tobacco as highlights. Tobacco constitutes the substance with greater frequency of use, triggering greater desire/urgency of consummation and a higher rate of intake lowering attempts. Conclusion: the use of psychoactive substances among pregnant and puerperal women constitutes a challenge to public health and for health professionals, eliciting the development of educational actions as well as early identification of these women.

Objetivo: investigar la prevalencia del uso de sustancias psicoactivas en mujeres embarazadas y puérperas atendidas en el ambulatorio de un Hospital Escuela. Método: investigación transversal, descriptiva, con una muestra de 174 mujeres embarazadas y puérperas. En la recopilación de datos, se utilizó el instrumento estandarizadoAlcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) y un cuestionario sociodemográfico y gineco-obstétrico. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadísticas descriptivas. Resultados: la prevalencia del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas entre las embarazadas fue del 28,7%, mientras que entre las puérperas fuel del 1,1%, con destaque para el alcohol y el tabaco. El tabaco constituye la sustancia de mayor frecuencia de uso; que desencadena mayor deseo/urgencia de consumo; mayor tasa de tentativas de disminución. Conclusión: el uso de sustancias psicoactivas en elembarazo y el puerperio constituye un reto para la salud pública y para los profesionales de la salud, suscitando el desarrollo de acciones educativas, así como la captación temprana de estas mujeres.

Prevalência de distúrbios osteomusculares e fatores associados na população idosa: revisão sistemática / Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and associated factors in the elderly population: a sistematic review

Objetivo: Descrever qual a prevalência de distúrbios osteomusculares e fatores associados na população idosa a partir de uma revisão sistemática. O envelhecimento da população é um fenômeno mundial e acarreta em um aumento progressivo da prevalência de idosos e de doenças crônico degenerativas. Método: Para a seleção dos artigos, efetuou-se busca nas bases de dados PUBMED, SciELO, LILACS e WEB OF SCIENCE durante o mês de agosto de 2018. Foram utilizados os descritores indexados nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e no Medical Subject Headings (MeSHTerms). Resultados: Inicialmente identificou-se 6.290 artigos, excluindo-se 19 duplicatas. Realizou-se a leitura dos títulos no Software Mendeley, selecionado-se 132 artigos para a leitura dos resumos e, após 60 artigos para a leitura na íntegra. Ao final foram selecionados 21 artigos, excluindo-se aqueles que não respondiam à questão norteadora e não tinham um desfecho equivalente à proposta dessa revisão. Evidências demonstraram que há uma grande variabilidade na prevalência dos distúrbios osteomusculares em idosos, variando de 0,6% a 72,1% e, nos instrumentos utilizados para aferi-los. Apesar da literatura consolidar a associação dos distúrbios osteomusculares com sexo feminino e idade avançada, não há consenso acerca da sua associação com a capacidade funcional e a utilização de serviços de saúde. Conclusão: Observou-se ainda que o alcoolismo, o tabagismo, a inatividade física, a obesidade e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica apresentam associação com os distúrbios osteomusculares em idosos. As elevadas prevalências identificadas remetem a importância do planejamento de ações em saúde que visem preparar os profissionais e os serviços públicos de saúde para atender esta parcela crescente da população

Objective: To describe the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and associated factors in the elderly population from a systematic review. Population aging is a worldwide phenomenon and leads to a progressive increase in the prevalence of the elderly and chronic degenerative diseases. Methods: For the selection of articles, a search was carried out in the PUBMED, SciELO, LILACS and WEB OF SCIENCE databases during August 2018. The descriptors indexed in the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) and in the Medical Subject Headings were used (MeSHTerms). Results: Initially, 6,290 articles were identified, excluding 19 duplicates. The titles were read in the Mendeley Software, 132 articles were selected for reading the abstracts and, after 60 articles for reading in full. At the end, 21 articles were selected, excluding those that did not answer the guiding question and did not have an outcome equivalent to the proposal of this review. Evidence has shown that there is great variability in the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly, ranging from 0.6% to 72.1% and in the instruments used to measure them. Despite the literature consolidating the association of musculoskeletal disorders with female gender and advanced age, there is no consensus about its association with functional capacity and the use of health services. Conclusion: It was also observed that alcoholism, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity and systemic arterial hypertension are associated with musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly. The high prevalences identified refer to the importance of planning health actions that aim to prepare professionals and public health services to serve this growing portion of the population

Lack of access and continuity of adult health care: a national population-based survey.

OBJECTIVE To describe the lack of access and continuity of health care in adults. METHODS A cross-sectional population-based study was performed on a sample of 12,402 adults aged 20 to 59 years in urban areas of 100 municipalities of 23 states in the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. Barriers to the access and continuity of health care and were investigated based on receiving, needing and seeking health care (hospitalization and accident/emergency care in the last 12 months; care provided by a doctor, by other health professional or home care in the last three months). Based on the results obtained by the description of the sample, a projection is provided for adults living in Brazilian urban areas. RESULTS The highest prevalence of lack of access to health services and to provision of care by health professionals was for hospitalization (3.0%), whilst the lowest prevalence was for care provided by a doctor (1.1%). The lack of access to care provided by other health professionals was 2.0%; to accident and emergency services, 2.1%; and to home care, 2.9%. As for prevalences, the greatest absolute lack of access occurred in emergency care (more than 360,000 adults). The main reasons were structural and organizational problems, such as unavailability of hospital beds, of health professionals, of appointments for the type of care needed and charges made for care. CONCLUSIONS The universal right to health care in Brazil has not yet been achieved. These projections can help health care management in scaling the efforts needed to overcome this problem, such as expanding the infrastructure of health services and the workforce.

[Patterns in the use of outpatient care in Brazil by patients treated through the Brazilian Unified National Health System, private health insurance, and out-of-pocket medical care]. / Padrões de utilização de atendimento médico-ambulatorial no Brasil entre usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, da saúde suplementar e de serviços privados.

Indicators of supply, access, and use of healthcare are helpful for characterizing services, planning activities, and organizing demand. This study describes patterns of use of outpatient care and the associations with demographic and socioeconomic factors, morbidity, population size of the municipality and region, and administrative and financial classification of the provider. This was a population-based cross-sectional study with a sample of 12,402 Brazilian adults from 20 to 59 years of age living in urban areas of 100 municipalities from five regions. Prevalence of outpatient care in the three months prior to the interview was 34.6%. The Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) accounted for more than half (53.6%) of the cases, health insurance was used by 34% of the sample, and out-of-pocket services 12.4%, regardless of region, population size, and morbidity profile. Patterns of use of health services remain socially determined, resulting from the supply, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and health profile of users.

[Use of health services in Brazil: association with overweight and body fat indicators]. / Utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil: associação com indicadores de excesso de peso e gordura abdominal.

The aim of the study was to analyze the association between use of health services and obesity in Brazilian adults. We carried out a population-based cross-sectional study in 100 districts of five Brazilian regions. The outcomes were: home care, use of medical services in the primary health care, use of medical services outside of the primary health care, use of emergency services and hospitalization. Excess weight was assessed by measurement of BMI and waist circumference (WC). Among the 8,603 subjects studied, the medical care in the primary health care was 14% and 18% higher among obese and high risk of WC, respectively, after controlled for socio-demographic variables and physical inactivity, but lost significance when adjusted for hypertension and diabetes. For the emergency services, both exposures resulted in increase of nearly 20% in the use of this service, after adjustments. The excess weight increased the use of medical services in the primary health care and emergency services.

Prevalence of overweight and associated factors in under-five-year-old children in urban population in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of overweight in children under five years old from urban households and to investigate associated factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study carried out in the five regions of Brazil with a sample of 6,397 children. The World Health Organization 2006 Growth Curves were used and children were considered overweight when Z-score was higher than two standard deviations of weight for height. The following variables were investigated: family income, mothers' education level, race, age, gender, number of siblings, weight at birth and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Proportions were compared with the χ2 test and reasons of prevalence were calculated. Logistic regression was used for the adjusted analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was of 12%. After adjustments, this prevalence was significantly higher among males (p = 0.030) and inversely proportional to the child's age (p = 0.032). White children presented 22% higher overweight prevalence than non-white ones. A linear direct association was verified between weight at birth and overweight (p = 0.000). Children who were breastfed until 120 days presented 34% more prevalence of overweight when compared to the ones who were breastfed for a longer time. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight prevalence was higher in male, under one year old, white children, with more than 3,500 grams of weight at birth and who were exclusively breastfed until 120 days.

[Food insecurity in the Northeast and South of Brazil: magnitude, associated factors, and per capita income patterns for reducing inequities]. / Insegurança alimentar no Nordeste e Sul do Brasil: magnitude, fatores associados e padrões de renda per capita para redução das iniquidades.

This article addresses food insecurity among urban Brazilian families with children under seven years. A cross-sectional study in areas covered by primary health care centers identified 5,419 families in the Northeast and 5,081 in the South of the country. Food insecurity was assessed by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity was 22.9% in the Northeast and 7.5% in the South. According to the adjusted analysis, increased likelihood of moderate or severe food insecurity was associated with families headed by women, black or brown maternal skin color, low maternal education, low family income, and enrollment in the Bolsa Família program (conditional income transfer). Moderate or severe food insecurity would be reduced by 59.5% in the Northeast and 45.4% in the South with a per capita income of at least BRL 175.00 per month. Increased family income for the poorest families and better targeting of Bolsa Família are essential for reducing food insecurity in the country.

Qualidade da atenção primária à saúde no Brasil: avanços, desafios e perspectivas / Quality of primary health care in Brazil: advances, challenges and perspectives

O ensaio reúne avanços, problemas e propostas sobre a qualidade da Atenção Básica no Brasil, com ênfase na integralidade do cuidado, expressa na completude das ações de saúde. Estudos sobre acesso e qualidade da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) evidenciam avanços na ampliação das coberturas da ESF e do acesso da população, na melhoria da estrutura dos serviços, na provisão de médicos e na cobertura de ações de saúde. Persistem problemas de estrutura, com destaque para a disponibilidade de insumos essenciais e de tecnologias de informação e comunicação. A organização e a gestão dos serviços e a prática profissional das equipes padecem de um problema sistêmico de incompletude da oferta de ações e de cuidados de saúde, apesar dos padrões de referência, diretrizes, metas e protocolos. Propõe-se a universalização do modelo de atenção da ESF no Brasil com garantias de aportes na estrutura dos serviços de equipes completas com médicos, enfermeiros, dentistas, técnicos de enfermagem e Agentes Comunitários de Saúde com dedicação integral. Programas de educação permanente, institucionalização de práticas de monitoramento e avaliação em equipes locais e a realização de 'mutirões de qualidade' estimulam a melhoria sistêmica da qualidade da ESF no Brasil, contribuindo para a redução das desigualdades em saúde.(AU)

The essay brings together advances, problems and proposals on the quality of Primary Health Care in Brazil, emphasizing the comprehensiveness of care, expressed in the completeness of health actions. Studies on access and quality of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) highlight advances in the expansion of population coverage and access of health actions, in the improvement of the structure of services, and provision of doctors. Structural problems persist, with emphasis on the availability of essential inputs and information and communication technologies. The organization and management of the services and of the professional practice of the teams suffer from a systemic problem of incompleteness of the offer of actions and health care, despite the references standards, guidelines, goals and protocols. We propose the universalization of FHS in Brazil with guarantees of investments in the structure of the services, complete team with doctors, nurses, dentists, nursing technicians and Community Health Agents with full dedication. Programs of continuous education, institutionalization of monitoring and evaluation practices in local teams and the accomplishment of 'quality collective efforts' stimulate the systemic improvement of the FHS in Brazil, contributing to the reduction of health inequalities.(AU)

Violência de gênero: conhecimento e conduta dos profissionais da estratégia saúde da família / La violencia de gênero: conocimiento y conducta profesional de la estrategia salud de la familia / Gender violence: knowledge and professional conduct of the family health strategy

Resumo OBJETIVO Avaliar os conhecimentos e condutas de profissionais de unidades da Estratégia Saúde da Família frente à violência de gênero. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo, realizado com 53 profissionais de sete unidades de Estratégia Saúde da Família no período de março a julho de 2015. Os dados foram coletados por meio de instrumento autopreenchido e analisados no software Excel 2007. RESULTADOS Observou-se que o conhecimento dos profissionais sobre as definições, epidemiologia e manejo da violência variou de razoável a ótimo, apesar de conhecerem pouco sobre a prevalência de violência durante o período gestacional. Quanto às condutas, evidenciou-se dificuldade em questionar as mulheres sobre a violência e sua notificação. Os profissionais com menor tempo de assistência e que receberam capacitação apresentaram condutas mais adequadas. CONCLUSÕES Sugere-se a realização de ações educativas visando fornecer subsídios para a atuação dos profissionais frente aos casos de violência de gênero.

Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar el conocimientos y el comportamientos de profesionales de unidades de la salud de la familia Estrategias violencia de género opuesto. MÉTODOS Estudio descriptivo con 53 profesionales de unidades de La salud de la familia de siete estratégias en el período de marzo a julio de 2015. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un instrumento de auto-administrados y analizados en el software Excel 2007. RESULTADOS Se observó que el conocimiento de los profesionales acerca de las definiciones, la epidemiología y la gestión de la violencia varió de razonable buena, a pesar de saber poco acerca de la prevalencia de la violencia durante el embarazo. En cuanto a la conducta era evidente dificultad para cuestionar las mujeres acerca de la violencia y su notificación. Los profesionales con la asistencia más corto y que recibieron entrenamiento fueron los resultados más asertivo respecto a la conducta. CONCLUSIONES Sugieren la realización de actividades de educación en servicio para proporcionar información para el trabajo de los profesionales en los casos de violencia de gênero.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the knowledge and behaviors of health professionals of units of the Strategies Family opposite gender violence. METHODS This descriptive study with 53 seven of units of the family health strategy professionals from March to July 2015. Data were collected through a self-administered instrument and analyzed in Excel 2007. RESULTS It was observed that the knowledge of professionals about definitions, epidemiology and management of violence ranged from reasonable to good, despite knowing little about the prevalence of violence during pregnancy. Regarding the conduct was evident difficulty in questioning women about violence and its notification. Professionals with shorter assistance and who received training were more assertive results regarding conduct. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that educational actions in service be carried out in order to provide subsidies for the professionals' action against cases of gender violence.

Advice for salt, sugar and fat intake habits among adults: a national-based study.

INTRODUCTION: A healthy diet is recognized as an important strategy for promoting health as an essential part of non-pharmacological therapy of various health problems. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the reported advice for the intake of salt, sugar and fat for the Brazilian adults living in urban areas. METHODOLOGY: National-based cross-sectional study with 12,402 adults interviewed in 100 Brazilian cities. RESULTS: The most prevalent advice was to low fat intake (38%), followed by the advice to low salt and sugar intake (36%) and sugar (29%). The percentage of receiving different advice was similar and more common among women, older people, those with a partner, higher economic class, former smokers, active and in person with physician diagnoses of hypertension, diabetes and overweight. People with white skin color received more advice to eat healthy food, except for the orientation to low salt intake. CONCLUSION: The results show a low prevalence of advice, which configures a missed opportunity to prevent health problems. Although dietary counseling should not be understood only as the transmission of advice regarding some nutrients, it is important to develop actions in order to qualify services and health professionals, allowing the population to have access to qualified information about the benefits of having healthy lifestyles.

Contexto hospitalar público e privado: impacto no adoecimento mental de trabalhadores da saúde / Public and private hospital context: impact on mental illness of health workers / Contexto hospitalario público y privado: impacto en lo enfermamiento mental de trabajadores de la salud

Resumo O estudo teve por objetivo comparar a avaliação do contexto de trabalho e os índices de uso de álcool, depressão e síndrome de burnout entre trabalhadores da saúde provenientes de um hospital público e de um hospital privado da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, no Rio Grande do Sul, entre janeiro de 2009 e janeiro de 2010. Tratou-se de pesquisa quantitativa do tipo descritiva e comparativa. Participaram 182 trabalhadores da saúde, 92 provenientes do hospital público e noventa do hospital privado. Os participantes responderam individualmente a cinco instrumentos: questionário sociodemográfico e laboral, teste de identificação para transtornos por uso de álcool, inventário Beck de depressão, Maslach Burnout Inventory e escala de avaliação do contexto do trabalho. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas e teste t-Student para comparação de médias entre os grupos dos dois tipos de hospitais. Os resultados indicaram que o contexto de trabalho foi avaliado de forma significativamente mais negativa pelos trabalhadores do hospital público. Os dados também demonstraram índices mais elevados de adoecimento nos profissionais que atuavam nesse tipo de instituição. Concluiu-se que o adoecimento psíquico dos trabalhadores da saúde relaciona-se mais ao tipo de contexto de trabalho (público ou privado) do que à categoria profissional.

Abstract This study aimed to compare the evaluation of the working environment and the rates of alcohol abuse, depression and Burnout Syndrome among health care workers from a public and a private hospital of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between January 2009 and January 2010. It is a quantitative study of descriptive and comparative type. Participants were 182 health workers, which 92 from public hospital and 90 from private hospital. Participants answered five instruments individually: sociodemographic and labor questionnaire, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Beck Depression Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory and Work Context Assessment Scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis and Student t test for comparison of means between groups of the two hospital types. Results indicated that the work context was rated significantly more negative by workers of the public hospital. The data also showed higher rates of illness in professionals working in this type of institution. It was concluded that mental illness of health workers is more related to the type of working environment (public or private) than professional category.

Resumen Este estudio objetivó comparar la evaluación del contexto de trabajo y los índices de uso de alcohol, de depresión y de Síndrome de Burnout entre trabajadores de salud de uno hospital público y uno hospital privado de la región metropolitana de Porto Alegre/Rio Grande do Sul, entre enero de 2009 hasta enero de 2010. Se trata de una investigación cuantitativa de tipo descriptivo y comparativo. Participaron 182 trabajadores de la salud, siendo 92 provenientes del hospital público y 90 del privado. Los participantes respondieron individualmente a cinco instrumentos: cuestionario sociodemográfico y laboral, Test de Identificación para los Trastornos por Uso de Alcohol, Inventario Beck de Depresión, Maslach Burnout Inventory y Escala de Evaluación del Contexto del Trabajo. Los datos fueron analizados por estadísticas descriptivas y test t-Student para la comparación de promedios entre los dos diferentes grupos de hospitales. Los resultados apuntaron que el contexto de trabajo se evaluó de manera significativamente más negativa por los trabajadores del hospital público. Los datos también demostraron índices más elevados de enfermamiento en los profesionales que actúan en ese tipo de institución. Se concluyó que la enfermedad mental de los trabajadores de la salud está más relacionada con el tipo de ambiente (público o privado) de la categoría profesional.