Testing the Associations Between Attachment Anxiety, Relational Aggression and Depressive Symptoms in Romantic Relationships: Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediator Model.

Emerging adulthood is a pivotal period for romantic relationships, yet the specific mechanisms through which attachment anxiety influences relationship dynamics and psychological outcomes in this phase are poorly understood. Particularly, in the context of romantic dyads, understanding how partners' behaviors and emotional patterns reciprocally influence each other remains underexplored. This study utilizes the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediator Model to explore the relationship between attachment anxiety,relational aggression (both perpetration and victimization), and depressive symptoms among emerging adults. A sample of 138 mixed-sex emerging adulthood couples from China, was recruited (Mage = 21.40, SD = 2.54; 50% female, 62.6% reporting that this relationship was ongoing for more than a year). Attachment anxiety significantly predicted relational aggression in both partners, with male attachment anxiety also significantly predicted female relational aggression. Significant indirect effects of both partners' relational aggression perpetration and victimization on their own and each other's relationship between attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms. These findings contribute to understanding the intricate dynamics of attachment anxiety and relational aggression in romantic relationships during emerging adulthood, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to mitigate these risks.

The Vicious Cycle between Loneliness and Problematic Smartphone Use among Adolescents: A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model.

Despite extensive research on the psychological impacts of digital technology, the nuanced dynamics between adolescent loneliness and problematic smartphone use, particularly across different educational levels and genders, remain underexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by employing a Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model to dissect the bidirectional relationship between loneliness and problematic smartphone use among adolescents, with a focus on the moderating roles of educational levels and gender. Engaging 3132 students from various educational institutions in China, the research conducted a three-wave longitudinal analysis across 2022-2023. The final number of participants included 1120 adolescents (53.5% female; age in 2022: M = 14.57 years, SD = 1.57). Results reveal that loneliness significantly predicts problematic smartphone use, but not vice versa, highlighting a unidirectional influence. The study uncovers crucial differences across educational levels and gender, emphasizing the stronger effect of loneliness on problematic smartphone use among junior high students and female adolescents. These findings underscore the complexity of adolescent loneliness and its relationship with digital behavior, suggesting a need for tailored interventions considering both gender and developmental stages.

Nanoscale morphology and thermal properties of low insertion loss fiber Bragg gratings produced using the phase mask technique and a single femtosecond laser pulse.

Fiber Bragg gratings with a very low insertion loss are inscribed using the phase mask technique and a single infrared (800 nm) femtosecond laser pulse. The morphology of the resultant light-induced structural changes in the Ge-doped silica fiber (SMF-28) is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The electron microscopy images reveal that each Bragg grating period incorporates an elongated micropore embedded in a region of homogeneous material modification. The Bragg wavelength drift and reflectivity of fiber Bragg gratings produced with single pulses having the same energy but different duration (80 fs and 350 fs) are monitored for 1000 hours in the course of isothermal annealing at 1000°C. The annealing data demonstrate that both the isothermal Bragg wavelength drift and the decrease in the reflectivity of the fiber Bragg gratings under test are statistically slower for the 350 fs inscription pulses.

Imparting CO2 Electroreduction Auxiliary for Integrated Morphology Tuning and Performance Boosting in a Porphyrin-based Covalent Organic Framework.

Strategies that enable simultaneous morphology-tuning and electroreduction performance boosting are much desired for the exploration of covalent organic frameworks in efficient CO2 electroreduction. Herein, a kind of functionalizing exfoliation agent has been selected to simultaneously modify and exfoliate bulk COFs into functional nanosheets and investigate their CO2 electroreduction performance. The obtained nanosheets (Cu-Tph-COF-Dct) with large-scale (≈1.0 µm) and ultrathin (≈3.8 nm) morphology enable a superior FECH4 (≈80 %) (almost doubly enhanced than bare COF) with large current-density (-220.0 mA cm-2 ) at -0.9 V. The boosted performance can be ascribed to the immobilized functionalizing exfoliation agent (Dct groups) with integrated amino and triazine groups that strengthen CO2 absorption/activation, stabilize intermediates and enrich the CO concentration around the Cu active sites as revealed by DFT calculations. The point-to-point functionalization strategy for modularly assembling Dct-functionalized COF catalyst for CO2 electroreduction will open up the attractive possibility of developing COFs as efficient CO2 RR electrocatalysts.

Light, Heat and Electricity Integrated Energy Conversion System: Photothermal-Assisted Co-Electrolysis of CO2 and Methanol.

Strategy that can design powerful photothermal-catalysts to achieve photothermal-effect assisted coupling-catalysis is much desired for the improvement of energy conversion efficiency and redox product value in CO2 electroreduction system. Herein, a kind of bifunctional viologen-containing covalent organic framework (Ni-2CBpy2+ -COF) has been prepared and successfully applied in photothermal-assisted co-electrolysis of CO2 and methanol. Specifically, the FECO (cathode) and FEHCOOH (anode) for Ni-2CBpy2+ -COF can reach up to ≈100 % at 1.9 V with ≈31.5 % saved overall electricity-consumption when the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is replaced by methanol oxidation. The superior performance could be attributed to the cyclic diquats in Ni-2CBpy2+ -COF that enhance the photothermal effect (ΔT=49.1 °C) to accelerate faster charge transfer between catalyst and immediate species as well as higher selectivity towards desired products as revealed by DFT calculations and characterizations.

Covalent-Bonding Oxidation Group and Titanium Cluster to Synthesize a Porous Crystalline Catalyst for Selective Photo-Oxidation Biomass Valorization.

The selective photo-oxidation of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is important due to its substitute-role in polyester-fabrication. Here, a titanium-cluster based metal-covalent organic framework nanosheet has been synthesized through the covalent-coupling between Ti6 -NH2 and benzotrithiophene tricarbaldehyde (BTT). The integration of them endows the nanosheet with a visible-light-adsorption region, effective electron-hole separation-efficiency and suitable photo-oxidation ability. Specifically, its photo-selectivity for HMF-to-FDCA can be >95 % with ≈100 % conversion, which is more than 2, 5, and 10 times higher than MOF-901 (43 %), Ti6 -NH2 (19 %) and under-darkness (9 %), respectively. Notably, an O2 -based mechanism is proposed and the vital roles of Ti6 -NH2 and BTT are verified by DFT calculations. This work might facilitate the exploration of porous-crystalline-catalysts for selective biomass-valorization.

Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Topology Design to Applications.

ConspectusCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent a novel type of crystalline porous polymers with potential applications in many areas. Considering their covalent connectivity in different dimensions, COFs are classified as two-dimensional (2D) layered structures or three-dimensional (3D) networks. In particular, 3D COFs have gained increasing attention recently because of their remarkably large surface areas (>5000 m2/g), hierarchical nanopores and numerous open sites. However, it has been proven to be a major challenge to construct 3D COFs, as the main driving force for their synthesis comes from the formation of covalent bonds. In addition, there are several stones on the roads blocking the development of 3D COFs. First, the successful topology design strategies of 3D COFs have been limited to [4 + 2] or [4 + 3] condensation reactions of the tetrahedral molecules with linear or triangular building blocks in the first decade, which led to only three available topologies (ctn, bor, and dia) and strongly restricted the incorporation of some important functional units. Next, as it is very challenging to obtain large-size single crystals of 3D COFs and the same building blocks may yield many possible structures that are quite difficult to identify from simulations, their structure determination has been considered a major issue. Last, the building blocks utilized to synthesize 3D COFs are very limited, which further affects their functionalization and applications. Therefore, since it was first announced in 2007, research studies regarding 3D COFs have been underexplored for many years, and very few examples have been reported.To confront these obstacles in 3D COFs, we started contributing to this field in 2016. Considering that many interesting quadrilateral molecules (e.g., pyrene and porphyrin) cannot be easily derivatized into linear or triangular motifs, we developed a novel topology design strategy to construct 3D COFs via [4 + 4] condensation reactions of tetrahedral and quadrilateral building blocks. After many trials, we found that this is a general synthetic strategy to build 3D COFs with the new pts topology. In addition, we explored the structure determination of polycrystalline 3D COFs prepared by our developed strategy via a 3D electron diffraction technique. Moreover, we expanded the toolbox of molecular building blocks for creating 3D COFs and successfully demonstrated the functionalization of 3D COFs with characteristic properties and applications. In this Account, we summarize our above ongoing research contributions, including (i) a novel topology design strategy for the synthesis of 3D COFs; (ii) attempts to determine the crystal structure of polycrystalline 3D COFs with atomic resolution; and (iii) the diversification of building blocks and applications of functionalized 3D COFs. Overall, our studies not only offer a new paradigm of expansion in the topology design strategy and building block families of 3D COFs, but also provide an idea of future opportunities for relevant researchers in this field.

Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Drift in Long-Term High Temperature Annealing.

High-temperature-resistant fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are the main competitors to thermocouples as sensors in applications for high temperature environments defined as being in the 600-1200 °C temperature range. Due to their small size, capacity to be multiplexed into high density distributed sensor arrays and survivability in extreme ambient temperatures, they could provide the essential sensing support that is needed in high temperature processes. While capable of providing reliable sensing information in the short term, their long-term functionality is affected by the drift of the characteristic Bragg wavelength or resonance that is used to derive the temperature. A number of physical processes have been proposed as the cause of the high temperature wavelength drift but there is yet no credible description of this process. In this paper we review the literature related to the long-term wavelength drift of FBGs at high temperature and provide our recent results of more than 4000 h of high temperature testing in the 900-1000 °C range. We identify the major components of the high temperature wavelength drift and we propose mechanisms that could be causing them.

Ultrafast Laser Processing of Optical Fibers for Sensing Applications.

A review of recent progress in the use of infrared femtosecond lasers to fabricate optical fiber sensors that incorporate fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and random fiber gratings (RFG) is presented. The important advancements in femtosecond laser writing based on the phase mask technique now allow through-the-coating (TTC) fabrication of Bragg gratings in ultra-thin fiber filaments, tilted fiber Bragg gratings, and 1000 °C-resistant fiber Bragg gratings with very strong cladding modes. As an example, through-the-coating femtosecond laser writing is used to manufacture distributed fiber Bragg grating sensor arrays for oil pipeline leak detection. The plane-by-plane femtosecond laser writing technique used for the inscription of random fiber gratings is also reviewed and novel applications of the resultant devices in distributed temperature sensing, fiber lasers and fiber laser sensors are discussed.

Implanting Numerous Hydrogen-Bonding Networks in a Cu-Porphyrin-Based Nanosheet to Boost CH4 Selectivity in Neutral-Media CO2 Electroreduction.

The exploration of novel systems for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) for the production of hydrocarbons like CH4 remains a giant challenge. Well-designed electrocatalysts with advantages like proton generation/transferring and intermediate-fixating for efficient CO2 RR are much preferred yet largely unexplored. In this work, a kind of Cu-porphyrin-based large-scale (≈1.5 µm) and ultrathin nanosheet (≈5 nm) has been successfully applied in electrochemical CO2 RR. It exhibits a superior FE CH 4 of 70 % with a high current density (-183.0 mA cm-2 ) at -1.6 V under rarely reported neutral conditions and maintains FE CH 4 >51 % over a wide potential range (-1.5 to -1.7 V) in a flow cell. The high performance can be attributed to the construction of numerous hydrogen-bonding networks through the integration of diaminotriazine with Cu-porphyrin, which is beneficial for proton migration and intermediate stabilization, as supported by DFT calculations. This work paves a new way in exploring hydrogen-bonding-based materials as efficient CO2 RR catalysts.

Rapid analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification combined with triple-labeled nucleotide probes.

Rapid analytical methods are urgently needed to evaluate Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 in food. In this work, a novel recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-based lateral flow dipstick (LFD) method was developed to detect E. coli. Briefly, suitable primers and probes were designed and screened. Then, RPA reaction parameters, including volume, time, and temperature, were optimized. The specificity and sensitivity of RPA-LFD were analyzed, and a contaminated milk sample was used to test the detection performance of the proposed method. The optimal RPA reaction conditions included a minimum volume of 10 µL, incubation time of 10 min, temperature range of 39-42 °C, the primer pair EOF4/EOR3, and the probe EOProb. RPA-LFD was highly sensitive, it could detect as little as 1 fg of the genomic DNA of E. coli O157:H7, and 19 nontarget DNA of foodborne bacteria did not yield amplification products. Finally, the limit of detection of RPA-LFD for E. coli O157:H7 in artificially contaminated raw milk was 4.4 CFU/mL. In summary, the RPA-LFD assay developed in this study is an effective tool for the rapid investigation of E. coli O157:H7 contamination in raw milk samples.

How fear and collectivism influence public's preventive intention towards COVID-19 infection: a study based on big data from the social media.

BACKGROUND: Despite worldwide calls for precautionary measures to combat COVID-19, the public's preventive intention still varies significantly among different regions. Exploring the influencing factors of the public's preventive intention is very important to curtail the spread of COVID-19. Previous studies have found that fear can effectively improve the public's preventive intention, but they ignore the impact of differences in cultural values. The present study examines the combined effect of fear and collectivism on the public's preventive intention towards COVID-19 through the analysis of social media big data. METHODS: The Sina microblog posts of 108,914 active users from Chinese mainland 31 provinces were downloaded. The data was retrieved from January 11 to February 21, 2020. Afterwards, we conducted a province-level analysis of the contents of downloaded posts. Three lexicons were applied to automatically recognise the scores of fear, collectivism, and preventive intention of 31 provinces. After that, a multiple regression model was established to examine the combined effect of fear and collectivism on the public's preventive intention towards COVID-19. The simple slope test and the Johnson-Neyman technique were used to test the interaction of fear and collectivism on preventive intention. RESULTS: The study reveals that: (a) both fear and collectivism can positively predict people's preventive intention and (b) there is an interaction of fear and collectivism on people's preventive intention, where fear and collectivism reduce each other's positive influence on people's preventive intention. CONCLUSION: The promotion of fear on people's preventive intention may be limited and conditional, and values of collectivism can well compensate for the promotion of fear on preventive intention. These results provide scientific inspiration on how to enhance the public's preventive intention towards COVID-19 effectively.

2D and 3D Porphyrinic Covalent Organic Frameworks: The Influence of Dimensionality on Functionality.

The construction of 2D and 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) from functional moieties for desired properties has gained much attention. However, the influence of COFs dimensionality on their functionalities, which can further assist in COF design, has never been explored. Now, by selecting designed precursors and topology diagrams, 2D and 3D porphyrinic COFs (2D-PdPor-COF and 3D-PdPor-COF) are synthesized. By model building and Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction, 2D-PdPor-COF crystallizes as 2D sheets while 3D-PdPor-COF adopts a five-fold interpenetrated pts topology. Interestingly, compared with 2D-PdPor-COF, 3D-PdPor-COF showed interesting properties, including 1) higher CO2 adsorption capacity; 2) better photocatalytic performance; and 3) size-selective photocatalysis. Based on this study, we believe that with the incorporation of functional moieties, the dimensionality of COFs can definitely influence their functionalities.

Effects of Hesperidin on H2O2-Treated Chondrocytes and Cartilage in a Rat Osteoarthritis Model.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of hesperidin on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced chondrocytes injury and cartilage degeneration in a rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). MATERIAL AND METHODS Chondrocytes were isolated from rat knee joints and treated with hesperidin alone or combined with H2O2. Then, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to assess cell viability. Activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry assay. In addition, gene expression levels were measured for caspase 3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), collagen type II (Col2a1), aggrecan, (sex-determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). To examine the effects on cartilage destruction in vivo, hesperidin or vehicle control were orally administrated in a surgically-induced osteoarthritis (OA) model. RESULTS The results indicated that hesperidin pretreatment of chondrocytes reduce H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Hesperidin pretreatment decreased the formation of MDA and intracellular ROS, including chondrocyte apoptosis. Hesperidin also reversed the activity of H2O2 on inhibiting the Col2a1, aggrecan, and SOX9 gene expression and increasing the gene expression of caspase 3, IL-1ß, TNFα, iNOS, and MMP13. In addition, hesperidin administration markedly attenuated cartilage destruction and reduced IL-1ß and TNF-α levels in a surgically-induced OA model. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that hesperidin can prevent H2O2-induced chondrocytes injury through its antioxidant effects in vitro and reduce cartilage damage in a rat model of OA.

3D Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks.

The design and synthesis of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) bearing photoelectric units have been considered as a big challenge. Herein, for the first time, we reported the targeted synthesis of two 3D porphyrin-based COFs (3D-Por-COF and 3D-CuPor-COF), starting from tetrahedral (3D-Td) and square (2D-C4) building blocks connected through [4 + 4] imine condensation reactions. On the basis of structural characterizations, 3D-Por-COF and 3D-CuPor-COF are microporous materials with high surface areas, and are proposed to adopt a 2-fold interpenetrated pts topology with Pmc21 space group. Interestingly, both 3D COFs are photosensitive and can be used as heterogeneous catalyst for generating singlet oxygen under photoirradiation. However, 3D-Por-COF shows enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with 3D-CuPor-COF, indicating the properties of 3D porphyrin-based COFs can be tuned by metalation of porphyrin rings. The results reported here will greatly inspire us to design and synthesize 3D COFs bearing other metalloporphyrins for interesting applications (e.g., catalysis) in the future.

Extreme Environment Sensing Using Femtosecond Laser-Inscribed Fiber Bragg Gratings.

The femtosecond laser-induced fiber Bragg grating is an effective sensor technology that can be deployed in harsh environments. Depending on the optical fiber chosen and the inscription parameters that are used, devices suitable for high temperature, pressure, ionizing radiation and strain sensor applications are possible. Such devices are appropriate for aerospace or energy production applications where there is a need for components, instrumentation and controls that can function in harsh environments. This paper will present a review of some of the more recent developments in this field.

A Pyrene-Based, Fluorescent Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework.

The targeted synthesis of 3D COFs has been considered challenging, especially adopting new topologies and bearing photoelectric units. Herein, for the first time, we report the synthesis and characterization of a novel 3D pyrene-based COF (3D-Py-COF), by selectively choosing the geometry of the precursors and the connection patterns. Based on X-ray diffraction measurement and detailed simulations, 3D-Py-COF is proposed to adopt a two-fold interpenetrated pts topology, which has never been reported before. In addition, 3D-Py-COF has a narrow pore size distribution and high surface area and also features selective absorption of CO2 over N2. Interestingly, due to the existence of isolated pyrene units in the 3D framework, 3D-Py-COF is the first fluorescent 3D COF and can be used in explosive detection. Our results not only show it is possible to rationally design and synthesize 3D COFs with other topologies but also demonstrate that the incorporation of photoelectric units into 3D COFs can allow the resulting materials with interesting properties.

Substrate Orientation Effect in the On-Surface Synthesis of Tetrathiafulvalene-Integrated Single-Layer Covalent Organic Frameworks.

The on-surface reactions of tetrathiafulvalene equipped with four benzaldehyde groups (4ATTF) and ditopic diamine molecules are investigated. 4ATTF tends to form large-scale-ordered rhombus structures when reacted with p-phenylenediamine (PPDA). A longer ditopic diamine molecule, 1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine dihydrochloride (BPDA), causes the domain size of the regular rhombus structure to decrease and triangular and irregular rhombus structures to appear upon reaction with 4ATTF. However, in the rhombus structures formed by different-length ditopic diamine molecules, the single-layer covalent organic frameworks on the graphite surface preferentially orient in alignment with the underlying HOPG substrate lattice.

Controllable Synthesis of Covalent Porphyrinic Cages with Varying Sizes via Template-Directed Imine Condensation Reactions.

Covalent porphyrinic cages (CPCs) have been a target of interest for years. In this paper, we report the design and synthesis of two CPCs in which the cofacial porphyrins have a distance of 7.66 and 11.96 Å via template-directed imine condensation reactions and through the selective choice of templating linker and diamine length.

A tetrathiafulvalene-based electroactive covalent organic framework.

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) provide a unique platform for the molecular design of electronic and optoelectronic materials. Here, the synthesis and characterization of an electroactive COF containing the well-known tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit is reported. The TTF-COF crystallizes into 2D sheets with an eclipsed AA stacking motif, and shows high thermal stability and permanent porosity. The presence of TTF units endows the TTF-COF with electron-donating ability, which is characterized by cyclic voltammetry. In addition, the open frameworks of TTF-COF are amenable to doping with electron acceptors (e.g., iodine), and the conductivity of TTF-COF bulk samples can be improved by doping. Our results open up a reliable route for the preparation of well-ordered conjugated TTF polymers, which hold great potential for applications in fields from molecular electronics to energy storage.