[Sagittal photogrammetric evaluation of the soft tissue profile between two different racial groups: a comparative study]. / Caractéristiques photogrammétriques sagittales de profil des tissus mous chez deux groupes raciaux. Etude comparative.

INTRODUCTION: Facial soft-tissue analyses made from photographic records (photogrammetric analysis of the soft tissues) showed interracial dimorphism. Standard of these facial analyses, originally obtained from Caucasian might not be appropriate for the diagnosis and treatment planning of other groups of orthodontic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the sagittal photogrammetric soft tissue profile characteristics between Senegalese and Moroccan adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in a group of Senegalese and Moroccan students in the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of Dakar. Standardized facial-profile photographs were taken with each student in natural head position, centric relation, and relaxed lip posture. Twenty four linear parameters were measured on paper sheet using a graduated ruler. For each variable mean and SD were calculated. In addition independent samples t-test was performed to detect sexual and racial dimorphism. Results were regarded as significant at p = 0.05. RESULTS: Senegalese subjects had significantly more lips protrusion than Moroccan who had significantly a more elongated and more anterior positioned nose, a more chin prominence and a tendency to cutaneous class II than Senegalese. CONCLUSION: Further studies including different age groups subjects would allow having longitudinal data according to age.

[Relationship between the obstructive character of the tonsils and the sagittal cephalometric measurements]. / Relations entre le caractère obstructif des amygdales palatines et les mensurations céphalométriques du sens sagittal.

INTRODUCTION: The role of obstructive tonsils in the sagittal dimension of the skeleton-dental abnormalities is widely discussed in the literature but remains controversial. Data on the probable relationship between obstructive tonsils and the presence of these abnormalities were subjective. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between the obstructive character of the tonsils and the sagittal cephalometric measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in children aged between 6 to 12 years divided into 2 groups (A and B) according to the obstructive character of the tonsils. Cephalometric measurements were recorded on each child. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows. At Student test was used to compare quantitative variables according to the obstructive character of the tonsils. Significance was set at p = 0.05. RESULTS: Subjects with obstructive tonsils (group B) are significantly more trend to have a convex facial profile and a skeletal class II with more mandibular retrusion and retroclined incisor compared with subjects without obstructive tonsils (group A). CONCLUSION: Early evaluation of children with obstructive tonsils can prevent sagittal dimension of the squeleto-dental abnormalities caused by upper airway obstruction. Thus late and more aggressive treatments which are not always as efficient as when they were performed during childhood will be avoided.

[Relationships between the dental arches measurements and the peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF): a cross sectional study on 78 Senegalese teenagers]. / Relations entre les mensurations des arcades dentaires et le débit nasal inspiratoire de pointe: etude transversale sur 78 adolescents Senegalais.

INTRODUCTION: Upper airways obstruction can result in the reduction of the transversal dimensions of the maxillary arch which affect the vertical and the sagittal dimensions. The PNIF measure is an objec- tive and cheap way to assess the upper airways permeability. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between PNIF and dental arch sizes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy eight patients (40 girls and 38 boys) age ranged 10-15 years were included in this cross sectional study. The PNIF was measured with a Youlten peak flow meter (Clement Clarke International, London, United Kingdom). The sagittal, vertical and transversal dimensions of the dental arches were evaluated on dental casts with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). T test was used to assess differences in PNIF and dental arches variables between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). The Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the dental arches sizes and the PNIF. The significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: PNIF rate was higher in girls than in boys but the difference was not significant. There were sexual dimorphism regarding the anterior and total lengths of the upper arch, the total length of the lower arch and the maxillary intermolar width which are significantly more important for boys (p respectively equal to 0.05; 0.03; 0.04 and 0.04). The PNIF was significantly and negatively correlated with the total length of the upper arch (r = -0.25). The others measurements did not show significant correlation with PNIF. CONCLUSION: Others parameters are needed to complement the peak nasal inspiratory flow rate for the respiratory disorders related dental arches sizes abnormalities diagnosis.

[Cephalometric features of patients referred for orthodontic treatment at the Dentistry Department of Dakar University]. / Caractéristiques céphalométriques de sujets reçus en consultation d'orthodontie à la clinique du Département d'odontologie de Dakar.

INTRODUCTION: Each ethnic group has its own characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of a Senegalese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty two lateral cephalograms of Senegalese patients were assessed in a cross sectional study. All lateral cephalometric films were traced on a transparent cellulose acetate sheet by the same operator. Conventional cephalomebic analysis was performed with 17 measurements (6 linear and 11 angular) t test was used to assess differences in age and cephalometric variable between subjects grouped according to sex (male and female). A P value of < or = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between Senegalese men and women. This study shows an increase in the maxillary protrusion and a decrease in the mandibular protrusion with his corollary of skeletal class II. The mean of the vertical dimension measurements suggest a hyperdivergence. Protrusive lips were associated with incisors protrusion. CONCLUSION: These results which show morphological differences between Senegalese subjects and other populations consolidate the idea that the racial and ethnic characteristics must be taken into account during orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

[Comparison of the perception of esthetic and orthodontic treatment need between an African and a Caucasian population]. / Comparaison de la perception de l'esthetique et du besoin de traitement orthodontique entre des populations Africaine et Caucasienne.

INTRODUCTION: Improvement of dentofacial appearance is often the main motives of patient seeking orthodontic treatment. However perception of aesthetic and orthodontic treatment need may be different among populations of different cultural background. The aim of the present study was to compare the perception of aesthetic and orthodontic treatment need between Caucasian (French) and African (Senegalese) MATERIALS AND METHOD: In the present study the perception of the attractiveness of 98 colours photographs of dentitions were assessed by 34 Caucasian and 31 African lay judges by mean of a Power Point presentation. Each slide were displayed for evaluation during 20 seconds RESULTS: The two populations share the same perception of orthodontic aesthetic with respect to some occlusal traits. However they diverge in their appreciation of 70% of the dentitions with midline diastemas. There were also significant differences in the perception of orthodontic treatment need with the Caucasian judges suggesting treatment more often than Africans. CONCLUSION: The results are discussed in term of accessibility in orthodontic treatment in association with socioeconomic status.

[Treating five cases of Class III skeletal brachygnatia maxilla with the Delaire mask]. / Traitement de cinq Classe III squelettique brachygnatie maxillaire avec le masque de Délaire.

Class III skeletal abnormalities are known as sagittal defects and they are recognized by a hollow profile, which is an unesthaetical morphological distorsion often ill--accepted by the patient, a severe disability. Due to the large number of clinical patterns, it is crucial to make an accurate diagnosis. Class Ill skeletal abnormalities involving a maxillary brachygnatia are caused by an insufficient development of the jawbone. Treatment will therefore consist in boosting growth of the lower back section of the jawbone. The external device known as Delaire mask which stimulates growth of the lower back section of the jaw is particularly recommended to achieve this. This piece of research set out to assess the effectiveness of this method based on five of our patients. Outstanding results were obtained, namely alveolar ridge slided forward on the jawbone, improved profile (a cutaneous Class I is obtained), and a disappearance of the occlusion, along with a correction of the inverted backward bite. When adequately prescribed, the use of the Delaire mask, as opposed to corrective surgery, leads to a slow and gradual improvement. Furthermore, results achieved among young children blend into their own natural growth. By resorting to early treatment with the mask, it is possible to avoid falling back on complex surgery, which would almost necessarily be of the orthognatic type among adults.

[Epidemiologic study of the causes of esthetic restorations in pedodontic clinics in Dakar]. / Etude épidémiologique des causes des restaurations esthétiques en cliniques de Pédodontie--ODF à Dakar.

The authors expose a retrospective study carried out on records of patients from 18 months to 15 years old consulting for esthetic restorations in 3 dental health care centers of Dakar. The total number sampled is 151 children with 89 boys and 62 girls representing 3.5% of the total number of consultants [3964] during two years [1991 and 1992] in the dental health care centers. The study shows that the main etiological factors of the esthetic restorations in constant progression, are dental traumatisms, and caries infections. It shows also that the request varies with age and sex and that the male are more represented in the sample. Face to the lack of structures, material and human means, information, education and communication for the oral and dental health have to be fully broadcasted in the kindergartens and elementary schools in the limit of an entire prevention program in order to reduce the needs in this precise field.

Mixed dentition analysis in a Moroccan population.

The aims of this study were to produce odontometric data for a Moroccan population, to test Tanaka and Johnston and Moyers methods, to derive regression equations and elaborate a specific orthodontic prediction table for Moroccan children. 50 dental casts of Moroccan students (25 males, 25 females, mean age 22.6 years sd 1.35) were used to perform measurements of the greatest mesiodistal widths of all mandibular and maxillary canines and premolars and mandibular incisors with an orthodontic calliper. Significant sexual dimorphism was found in tooth sizes (p = .001). The study revealed close relationships between the total mesiodistal widths of the mandibular permanent incisors and that of the maxillary and mandibular canines and premolars. The correlation coefficients (r) and the coefficient of determination (R2) were better sexes combined for the maxilla (r = 0.60 ; R2 = 0.36 ) and for the mandible (r = 0.61 ; R2= 0.37). The regression equations elaborated for males and females were used as a basis for establishing an orthodontic prediction table for Moroccan children.

[Prevalence of dental agenesis: a radiologic and clinical study in Dakar]. / Prévalence de l'agénésie dentaire: une étude radio-clinique à Dakar.

A total of 1007 files were studied with regard to the prevalence of congenitally missing teeth. All patients were radiographed. 4.56% were found to have at least one congenitally missing tooth. The lower second premolar was the most commonly missing tooth in this study (41.66%), followed by the upper lateral incisor (22.2%). The prevalence and the distribution of dental agenesis between male and female was similar.