Induction of labour vs. spontaneous vaginal delivery in twin pregnancy after 36 weeks of gestation.

Time for delivery and delivery pathway in twin pregnancies are still in great debate. Our study goal was to compare the characteristics of delivery and maternal-foetal outcome in uncomplicated near-term twin pregnancies undergoing labour induction and those with spontaneous labour. We found no statistical differences in patients with twin pregnancies who underwent labour induction and those with spontaneous labour regarding the history of previous caesarean delivery, parity, pregnancy achieved by assisted reproductive techniques (ART), chorionicity and cervical dilation at the admission as well as maternal and neonatal morbidity, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. There were significant differences in the caesarean section rate (60.6 vs. 33.3%, p < .05) and the time interval between delivery of the first and second foetus (9.8 vs. 11.7 min, p = .024). There was an increased incidence of caesarean section after the induction of labour. However, it appears to be a safe option.

Monochorionic versus dichorionic twins: Are obstetric outcomes always different?

This prospective cohort study compared obstetric, perinatal and postpartum outcomes of monochorionic diamniotic (n = 228) versus (vs.) dichorionic (n = 598) twin pregnancies. Statistical analysis was performed using software SPSS® v19.0.0.2. Chi square, Fischer's exact, Student's t and Mann-Withney tests were applied. Obstetrical complications rates were 85.5% vs. 75.1% (p < 0.01). Differences were found in preterm premature rupture of membranes (26.3% vs. 19.3%, p < 0.05) and intrauterine growth restriction (19.7% vs. 10.5%, p < 0.01). Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) occurred in 7.9% of monochorionic pregnancies. Vaginal delivery occurred in 47.4% vs. 43.1%. Monochorionic pregnancies had earlier gestational ages at delivery and subsequently lower birthweights (p < 0.01). There was no difference in Apgar scores. Admission rate of at least one of the newborns in intensive care unit (NICU) was 50% vs. 38.9% (p < 0.05). Postpartum complications were similar. These results were the same excluding TTTS cases, except for admission in NICU (46.8% vs. 34.9%, p > 0.05). Analysing only the uncomplicated pregnancies (33 vs. 149), there were no differences in perinatal outcomes. We conclude that monochorionic pregnancies had higher rates of obstetrical complications, which were independent of TTTS occurrence in our sample. However, considering only the uncomplicated pregnancies till delivery, there were no significant differences in perinatal outcomes.

Antenatal manifestations of mitochondrial disorders.

Mitochondrial respiratory chain diseases are a heterogeneous group of pathologies caused by genetic alterations affecting mitochondrial energy production. Theoretically, this deficiency may lead to any symptoms, in any organ or tissue, at any age even before birth. The aim of our study was to identify the frequency and characterize antenatal manifestations identifying possible associations between mitochondrial disease and more specific and earlier manifestation. We retrospectively review the files of 44 paediatric subjects with genetic and biochemical alterations of respiratory chain identified in the first decade of life and compare data with a control group (n = 88). Our results show that maternal age was similar in both groups. The female gender was predominant in patients group. Gestational age at delivery was similar in both groups. Concerning birth weight, it was significantly lower (p = 0.001) in patients (2899.9 ± 538.3 vs. 3246.6 ± 460.2 g). Fifteen pregnancies of the patients group were considered abnormal. Our findings show that intrauterine growth restriction was the most frequent antenatal feature observed. Neonatal morbidity was significantly higher (fivefold) in patients (p < 0.001). The clinical findings are independent of the molecular defect type. Our results are preliminary and more studies are needed, in order to learn more about mitochondrial physiology and activity in embryological development for the assessment of mitochondrial disease progress in fetal life. However, the present work is a significant contribution, given the scarcity of information in this field.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced vulvar cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Locally advanced tumors of the vulva represent approximately one third of all vulvar cancers. Therapeutic options include chemoradiation, radiotherapy, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of 3 NACT schemes, bleomicine, paclitaxel, and 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin, used in patients with locally advanced vulvar tumors in a 12-year period. The following parameters were evaluated and compared between regimens: age, initial tumor size, inguinal involvement, histological type, toxicities, response to treatment, surgery performed after NACT, and overall survival. RESULTS: Of the 25 patients included, 10 underwent an NACT regimen with bleomicine (Group A); 5, with paclitaxel (Group B); and 10, with a combination of 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin (Group C). In Group A, there was a 60% response rate. Mortality was 70%, with an overall survival rate of 70%, 40%, and 30% at 12, 24, and 60 months, respectively. The mean (SD) survival was 46.7 (15.4) months. In Group B, the response rate was 40%, with an 80% mortality rate and a survival rate of 60% and 20% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. The mean (SD) survival was 17.0 (3.8) months. In Group C, 20% of the responses were observed and the mortality was 90%, with an overall survival rate of 10% at 12 and 24 months and a mean (SD) survival of 7.6 (2.0) months. CONCLUSION: The best response and overall survival rates were achieved in Group A with the NACT scheme of bleomicine.

Endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women.

The malignancy risk of endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women was correlated with the presence or absence of abnormal uterine bleeding. Of 481 postmenopausal women who presented with endometrial polyps at diagnostic hysteroscopy between 2004 and 2007, 48.9% were asymptomatic and 51.1% had postmenopausal uterine bleeding. Transvaginal ultrasound revealed abnormal endometrial thickness in 60.0% vs. 57.7%, polyps in 37.9% vs. 32.9%, endometrial tumors in 1.3% vs. 0.8%, and submucosal myomas in 0.9% vs. 2.0% by the absence or presence of bleeding. Around three-fourth of the polyps were removed. Histopathologic diagnoses showed mucous polyps in 93.7 of asymptomatic women compared to 80.7% of those with bleeding, while endometrial tumors were only seen in those bleeding (7.2%). The malignancy risk within endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women varies with the presence of vaginal bleeding, and is minimal in asymptomatic women.

Mirror Syndrome after Fetoscopic Laser Treatment - A Case Report.

Mirror syndrome is a rare disease with unknown pathophysiology that can be present in different diseases that can cause fetal hydrops. The prognosis is usually bad with a high perinatal mortality. We report an unusual form of mirror syndrome that manifested itself only after a successful treatment for fetal hydrops (caused by twin-twin transfusion syndrome, in Quinteros stage IV) was performed. This syndrome was controlled by medical treatment, and despite the usually bad prognosis seen in these cases, we could extend the pregnancy from the 23rd to the 34th week of gestation, resulting in the birth of 2 live infants.

Twins prematurity--the influence of prenatal surveillance.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the local prenatal surveillance of twin pregnancies in the obstetrical results. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of multiple pregnancies delivered over a period of 16 years in a tertiary centre was conducted. In this study 861 twin pregnancies were included. They were compared for obstetric complications, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery and birthweight, according to the place of the surveillance. RESULTS: Of the 861 cases examined, the following obstetric complications were significantly different: metrorrhagia (p = 0.039), infections (p < 0.001), HELLP (p = 0.007), PROMPT (p < 0.001) and fetal death (p = 0.024). The mode of delivery was similar but occurred mostly ≤32 weeks (p < 0.001), the birthweight was mostly <2000 g and occurred more NICU admission (p < 0.001) when surveillance was outside the MPC-MDM. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the crucial importance of prenatal surveillance be carried in a differentiated referral centers with specific/strict protocols or the urgent implementation of same protocols in all other places of surveillance, since this straight surveillance greatly reduces the occurrence of prenatal complications, mainly PROMPT, PTD.

Medico-legal litigation in Obstetrics: a characterization analysis of a decade in Portugal.

PURPOSE: It was to analyse the most critical areas in Obstetrics and to suggest measures to reduce or avoid the situations most often involved in these disputes. METHODS: Obstetrics cases submitted to the Medico-legal Council since the creation of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in 2001 until 2011 were evaluated. A comprehensive characterization, determination of absolute/relative frequencies, hypothesis of a linear trend over the years and the association between each parameter was done. RESULTS: The analysis has shown no significantly linear trend. The most common reasons for disputes were perinatal asphyxia (50%), traumatic injuries of the newborn (24%), maternal sequelae (19%) and issues related to prenatal diagnosis and/or obstetric ultrasound (5.4%). Perinatal asphyxia showed no significantly linear trend (p=0.58) and was usually related to perinatal deaths or permanent neurologic sequelae in newborn children. Traumatic injuries of the newborn, mostly related to instrumented deliveries, shoulder dystocia or vaginal delivery in breech presentation, has shown a significantly increased linear trend (p<0.001), especially related to instrumented deliveries. The delay/absence of cesarean section was the clinical procedure questioned in a significantly higher number of cases of perinatal asphyxia (68.7%) and of traumatic lesions of the newborn due to instrumented deliveries (20.5%). CONCLUSION: It is important to improve and correct theoretical/practical daily clinical performance in these highlighted areas, in order to reduce or even avoid situations that could end up in medico-legal litigations.

Monoamniotic twins discordant for body stalk anomaly.

Body stalk anomaly is a rare malformation. This anomaly in monozygotic twins is extremely unusual. We describe a case of monoamniotic pregnancy discordant for body stalk anomaly diagnosed at 11 weeks. Ultrasound showed a fetus with a large anterior abdominal wall defect, anomaly of the spine and no evidence of lower extremities and other with a normal morphology. As far as our concern, only three monoamniotic pregnancies discordant for this malformation were reported. Our case represents the fourth reported monoamniotic pregnancy discordant for body stalk anomaly with diagnosis made by ultrasound and the second diagnosed in the first trimester.

Do induced twin pregnancies influence the obstetric and neonatal results of multiple births born before 32 weeks? Comparison to spontaneous gestation.

PURPOSE: To compare obstetric outcomes of induced preterm twin births (under 32 weeks gestation) with those spontaneously conceived. METHODS: Prospective study of twin pregnancies (25 induced and 157 spontaneously conceived) developed over a period of 16 years in a tertiary obstetric center. Demographic factors, obstetric complications, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, birth weight and immediate newborn outcome were compared. RESULTS: The analysis of obstetrical complications concerning urinary or other infections, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, fetal malformations, intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth restriction and intrauterine discordant growth reveal no significant statistical differences between the two groups. First trimester bleeding was higher in the induced group (24 versus 8.3%, p=0.029). The cesarean delivery rate was 52.2% in spontaneous gestations and 64% in induced gestations. Gestational age at delivery, birth weight, Apgar scores at first and fifth minutes, admissions to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and puerperal complications show no statistically significant differences between the two groups. These results were independent of chorionicity and induction method. CONCLUSION: The mode of conception did not influence obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Although induced pregnancies have higher risk of first trimester bleeding, significant differences were not observed regarding other obstetric and puerperal complications and neonatal results.

[Premature labour with or without preterm premature rupture of membranes: maternal, obstetric and neonatal features]. / Parto pré-termo com e sem rotura prematura de membranas: características maternas, obstétricas e neonatais.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of maternal, obstetrics e neonatal features in both spontaneous preterm births (PTB) with or without preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). METHODS: Retrospective study of single fetus pregnancies with PTB between 2003 and 2012. INCLUSION CRITERIA: PTB associated with ou without PPROM. Exclusion criterias: PTB by medical indication due to fetal/maternal disease and all non accessible or incomplete clinical files. Different characteristics were compared between two groups of PTB: spontaneous PTB without PPROM (sPTB) versusPPROM. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, χ2, t Student and Mann-Withney tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: From 2,393 PTB of single fetus, 1,432 files were analysed, from which 596 were sPTB and 836 PPROM. The socioeconomic conditions were similar in both groups. Multiparity (50.7 versus 40.3%), personal history of previous PTB (20.8 versus10.2%), cervical length (18.2 versus27.2 mm), lower body index mass (23.4 versus 24.3 kg/m2) and higher infectious parameters (Protein C Reactive: 2.2 versus1.2 mg/L; Leukocytes: 13.3 versus 12.4 x109) were more frequent in PBTs (p<0,001). Neonatal outcomes, specially neurologic outcomes (4.7 versus2.8%, p<0,001), were worst in PBTs. CONCLUSION: PTB with or without PPROM has a complex etiology. From all evaluated features in our study, only maternal thinness, multiparity with a previous PTB, the cervical length and worst systemic infections parameters were significant in sPTB. This group also showed worst neonatal outcomes, specially on neurological outcomes.

Lessons from a decade of technical-scientific opinions in obstetrical litigation.

The authors aimed to assess the Portuguese circumstances concerning situations of medico-legal dispute in Obstetrics, evaluate the conclusions of technical-scientific opinions and analyze their consequences. The analysis of all cases of Obstetrics medical responsibility examined in Medico-legal Council since the creation of the National Institute of Legal Medicine was performed. Technical-scientific opinions of those files were examined according to the existence of a causal link and of infringement of the 'leges artis'. The most common reasons for dispute in Obstetrics were perinatal asphyxia (50%), traumatic injuries of the newborn (24%), maternal sequelae (19%) and issues related to prenatal diagnosis and/or obstetric ultrasound (5.4%). In the technical-scientific opinions of files examined, the existence of a causal link was established in 17.4%, and the infringement of the 'leges artis' was suggested in 15.5% of cases, numbers which have grown significantly over the years and which are particularly relevant in the proceedings of perinatal asphyxia and traumatic lesions of the newborn. In 11% of cases the opinion was inconclusive due to the poor quality of the clinical process sent for analysis. These results highlight the impact that litigation can have on the professional activity and personal lives of obstetricians. It should alert them for the need to better fulfill medical clinical files in order to reduce or avoid medico-legal conflicts, as well as to the fact of the increasing practice of defensive medicine and its consequences in daily clinical routine for doctors and patients.

Triplet pregnancies: perinatal outcome evolution.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the obstetric and perinatal outcomes evolution of triplet pregnancies. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in triplet pregnancies delivered over 16 years in a tertiary obstetric center with differentiated perinatal support. Evaluation of demographic factors, obstetric complications, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, birth weight and immediate newborn outcome were done over a 16 years period. A global characterization of the sample was performed considering the listed parameters. Variables were categorized in three groups according to year of occurrence: 1996-2000, 2001-2006, 2007-2011, and all parameters were compared. RESULTS: Of the 33 triplets included, 72.7% resulted from induced pregnancies. All except one patient received prenatal corticosteroids and five received tocolytics. All women delivered prenatally and no significant differences were seen in the mean gestational age at delivery or birth weight towards time. There were three intrauterine fetal deaths. Neonatal immediate outcomes were not significantly different over the years. CONCLUSION: Despite remarkable progresses in perinatal and neonatal cares, no noticeable impact in triplet gestations' outcomes was seen, sustaining that triplets should be avoided due to their great risk of prematurity and neonatal morbidities, either by limiting the numbers of embryos transferred or by fetal reduction.

Impact of induced pregnancies in the obstetrical outcome of twin pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To compare obstetric outcomes of induced twins with those spontaneously conceived. DESIGN: A prospective observational study was conducted in twin pregnancies delivered over 16 years. SETTING: A tertiary obstetric center with differentiated perinatal support. PATIENT(S): A total of 180 induced twins and 698 spontaneously conceived were included. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Comparison of demographic factors, obstetrical complications, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, birth weight, and immediate newborn outcome. RESULT(S): First-trimester bleeding was higher in the induced group (6.0% vs. 12.2%), as were gestational diabetes (4.4% vs. 8.3%) and discordant intrauterine growth (4.3% vs. 11.1%). Preterm premature rupture of membranes was less frequent (23.9% vs. 12.8%) as was preterm delivery ≤32 weeks (22.5% vs. 14.0%). Cesarean section rate was higher (50.6% vs. 63.9%). Other obstetrical complications, newborn data, and puerperal complications were not statistically different. Except for first-trimester bleeding (significantly associated with monochorionicity), these results were independent from chorionicity. Regarding the induced method (ovulation induction, IVF, or ICSI), IVF is a predictor for first-trimester bleeding and IVF or ICSI a predictor for cesarean section. CONCLUSION(S): The higher rates found with induced twins of first-trimester bleeding, gestational diabetes, and discordant growth do not contribute to different neonatal immediate outcomes and do not contribute to higher rates of prematurity, low birth weight, or other major perinatal complications.

[Cytomegalovirus: is there a place for screening during pregnancy?]. / Citomegalovírus: existe lugar para o rastreio durante a gravidez?

The maternal and fetal/congenital infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV) during pregnancy is the leading infectious cause of neurologic impairment and hearing loss. CMV screening during pregnancy has been widely discussed for several years, but still no consensus has been established. Most developed countries do not recommend it because the majority of infected fetuses will be free of any symptom, and there is currently no reliable knowledge about fetal and neonatal prognosis and also due to lack of valid, effective and safe treatment during fetal life. The aims of this review are to discuss the physiopathology of maternal and fetal infection by CMV, the diagnosis and possible treatments, as well as to determine the usefulness of a systematic screening during pregnancy.

Mirror Syndrome after Fetoscopic Laser Treatment - A Case Report / Síndrome do espelho após tratamento laser por fetoscopia - caso clínico

Abstract Mirror syndrome is a rare disease with unknown pathophysiology that can be present in different diseases that can cause fetal hydrops. The prognosis is usually bad with a high perinatal mortality. We report an unusual form of mirror syndrome that manifested itself only after a successful treatment for fetal hydrops (caused by twin-twin transfusion syndrome, in Quinteros stage IV) was performed. This syndrome was controlled by medical treatment, and despite the usually bad prognosis seen in these cases, we could extend the pregnancy from the 23rd to the 34th week of gestation, resulting in the birth of 2 live infants.

Resumo A síndrome do espelho é uma doença rara, de fisiopatologia desconhecida, que se manifesta em situações obstétricas responsáveis pela presença de hidrópsia fetal. Habitualmente o prognóstico é reservado, uma vez que se associa a elevadas taxas de mortalidade perinatal. O presente caso clínico trata de uma situação de síndrome do espelho que se manifestou, atipicamente, após o tratamento eficaz para a hidrópsia fetal associada à síndrome de transfusão feto-fetal. Apesar do mau prognóstico associado a estas situações, conseguiu-se controlar a situação apenas com tratamento médico e, desta forma, prolongar a gravidez durante 12 semanas.

Medico-legal litigation in Obstetrics: a characterization analysis of a decade in Portugal / Litígio médico-legal em Obstetrícia: caracterização de uma década em Portugal

PURPOSE: It was to analyse the most critical areas in Obstetrics and to suggest measures to reduce or avoid the situations most often involved in these disputes. METHODS: Obstetrics cases submitted to the Medico-legal Council since the creation of the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences in 2001 until 2011 were evaluated. A comprehensive characterization, determination of absolute/relative frequencies, hypothesis of a linear trend over the years and the association between each parameter was done. RESULTS: The analysis has shown no significantly linear trend. The most common reasons for disputes were perinatal asphyxia (50%), traumatic injuries of the newborn (24%), maternal sequelae (19%) and issues related to prenatal diagnosis and/or obstetric ultrasound (5.4%). Perinatal asphyxia showed no significantly linear trend (p=0.58) and was usually related to perinatal deaths or permanent neurologic sequelae in newborn children. Traumatic injuries of the newborn, mostly related to instrumented deliveries, shoulder dystocia or vaginal delivery in breech presentation, has shown a significantly increased linear trend (p<0.001), especially related to instrumented deliveries. The delay/absence of cesarean section was the clinical procedure questioned in a significantly higher number of cases of perinatal asphyxia (68.7%) and of traumatic lesions of the newborn due to instrumented deliveries (20.5%). CONCLUSION: It is important to improve and correct theoretical/practical daily clinical performance in these highlighted areas, in order to reduce or even avoid situations that could end up in medico-legal litigations. .

OBJETIVO: Foi analisar as áreas mais críticas em Obstetrícia e sugerir medidas para reduzir ou evitar as situações mais frequentemente envolvidas nessas disputas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados todos os casos relativos à Obstetrícia apresentados ao Conselho Médico-legal desde a criação do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses em 2001, até 2011. Foi efetuada uma análise compreensiva, determinação de frequências absolutas/relativas, hipótese de linear trend ao longo dos anos e a associação entre os diversos parâmetros. RESULTADOS: As razões mais comuns para o litígio foram a asfixia perinatal (50%), as lesões traumáticas do recém-nascido (24%), as sequelas maternas (19%) e questões relacionadas com o diagnóstico pré-natal e/ou ecografia obstétrica (5,4%). A asfixia perinatal não teve qualquer tendência linear ao longo dos anos (p=0,58) e esteve geralmente relacionada a mortes perinatais ou sequelas neurológicas permanentes nos recém-nascidos. As lesões traumáticas do recém-nascido, principalmente relacionadas com partos instrumentados, distócia de ombros ou parto vaginal em apresentação pélvica, mostrou uma tendência linear de aumento significativo ao longo dos anos (p<0,001), especialmente relacionada com a instrumentação dos partos. O atraso/ausência de cesariana foi o procedimento clínico questionado num número significativamente maior de casos de asfixia perinatal (68,7%) e de lesões traumáticas do recém-nascido devido a partos instrumentados (20,5%). CONCLUSÃO: É importante melhorar e corrigir o desempenho teórico/prático da clínica diária nas áreas destacadas, a fim de reduzir ou mesmo evitar situações que poderão levar a litígio médico-legal em obstetrícia. .

Do induced twin pregnancies influence the obstetric and neonatal results of multiple births born before 32 weeks? Comparison to spontaneous gestation / Gestações gemelares induzidas modificam o resultado obstétrico e perinatal de partos antes da 32ª semana? Comparação com gestações espontâneas

PURPOSE: To compare obstetric outcomes of induced preterm twin births (under 32 weeks gestation) with those spontaneously conceived. METHODS: Prospective study of twin pregnancies (25 induced and 157 spontaneously conceived) developed over a period of 16 years in a tertiary obstetric center. Demographic factors, obstetric complications, gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, birth weight and immediate newborn outcome were compared. RESULTS: The analysis of obstetrical complications concerning urinary or other infections, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, fetal malformations, intrauterine fetal death, intrauterine growth restriction and intrauterine discordant growth reveal no significant statistical differences between the two groups. First trimester bleeding was higher in the induced group (24 versus 8.3%, p=0.029). The cesarean delivery rate was 52.2% in spontaneous gestations and 64% in induced gestations. Gestational age at delivery, birth weight, Apgar scores at first and fifth minutes, admissions to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and puerperal complications show no statistically significant differences between the two groups. These results were independent of chorionicity and induction method. CONCLUSION: The mode of conception did not influence obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Although induced pregnancies have higher risk of first trimester bleeding, significant differences were not observed regarding other obstetric and puerperal complications and neonatal results. .

OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados obstétricos de gestações gemelares induzidas com as concebidas espontaneamente, em partos ocorridos antes da 32ª semana de idade gestacional. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de gestações gemelares (25 induzidas e 157 concebidas espontaneamente) desenvolvido durante um período de 16 anos num centro terciário de Obstetrícia. Foram comparados fatores demográficos, complicações obstétricas, idade gestacional no parto, tipo de parto, peso ao nascer e o outcome imediato do recém-nascido. RESULTADOS: A análise das seguintes complicações obstétricas: infecções urinárias ou outras, distúrbios hipertensivos da gravidez, diabetes gestacional, malformações fetais, morte fetal intrauterina, restrição de crescimento intrauterino e crescimento intrauterino discordante não revelou diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os dois grupos. No grupo das gestações induzidas, observou-se maior taxa de metrorragias do 1º trimestre (24 versus 8,3%, p=0,029). A taxa de cesariana foi de 52,2% nas gestações espontâneas e 64% nas gestações induzidas. Idade gestacional no parto, peso ao nascer, índice de Apgar no primeiro e quinto minutos, internamento em unidade de cuidados intensivos neonatal e complicações puerperais não apresentam diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois grupos. Esses resultados foram independentes do tipo de placentação e método de indução. CONCLUSÃO: O modo de concepção não influenciou os resultados obstétricos e neonatais. Embora as gestações induzidas tenham maior risco de metrorragias do primeiro trimestre, não foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação a outras complicações obstétricas, complicações puerperais e em relação aos resultados neonatais. .

Parto pré-termo com e sem rotura prematura de membranas: características maternas, obstétricas e neonatais / Premature labour with or without preterm premature rupture of membranes: maternal, obstetric and neonatal features

OBJETIVO: Avaliação das caraterísticas maternas, obstétricas e neonatais nos partos pré-termo (PPT) associados ou não à rotura prematura de membranas pré-termo.MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospetivo de gestações de feto único, com um parto pré-termo, entre 2003 e 2012. Critérios de inclusão: a ocorrência de parto associado ou não à rotura prematura de membranas pré-termo. Critérios de exclusão: partos motivados por comorbidades fetal e/ou maternas (iatrogênicos); e processos não disponíveis ou incompletos para consulta. Foram comparadas caraterísticas entre os dois grupos de PPT: PPT espontâneo (PPTe)versusrotura prematura de membranas pré-termo (RPM-PT), tendo sido utilizados na análise estatística os testes Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, χ2, t de Student e Mann-Withney.RESULTADOS: Dos 2.393 partos pré-termo de feto único, foram analisados 1.432, dos quais 596 foram espontâneos (PPTe) e 836 foram associados à RPM-PT. Das variáveis analisadas, os fatores socioeconômicos foram sobreponíveis em ambos os grupos. Foram mais frequentes no grupo PPTe (p<0,001) a multiparidade (50,7 versus40,3%), os antecedentes obstétricos de PPT (20,8 versus10,2%), o comprimento cervical (18,2 versus27,2 mm), o baixo índice de massa corpórea (IMC) (23,4 versus24,3 kg/m2) e a elevação dos marcadores infecciosos como a Proteína C reativa (2,2 versus1,2 mg/L) e os leucócitos (13,3 versus12,4x109). O desfecho neonatal, em termos de comorbilidade, foi mais adverso no grupo PPTe, sobretudo à custa de piores resultados neurológicos (4,7 versus2,8%, p<0,001).CONCLUSÕES: Os mecanismos etiológicos do PPT, com ou sem RPM-PT, são bastante complexos. Das várias caraterísticas analisadas no nosso estudo, apenas o baixo IMC, a multiparidade com PPT anterior, o comprimento cervical foram os piores parâmetros infeciosos que foram predominantes no grupo PPTe. Esse último grupo mostrou ainda piores resultados perinatais sobretudo neurologicamente.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of maternal, obstetrics e neonatal features in both spontaneous preterm births (PTB) with or without preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).METHODS: Retrospective study of single fetus pregnancies with PTB between 2003 and 2012. Inclusion criteria: PTB associated with ou without PPROM. Exclusion criterias: PTB by medical indication due to fetal/maternal disease and all non accessible or incomplete clinical files. Different characteristics were compared between two groups of PTB: spontaneous PTB without PPROM (sPTB) versusPPROM. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, χ2, t Student and Mann-Withney tests were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS: From 2,393 PTB of single fetus, 1,432 files were analysed, from which 596 were sPTB and 836 PPROM. The socioeconomic conditions were similar in both groups. Multiparity (50.7versus40.3%), personal history of previous PTB (20.8 versus10.2%), cervical length (18.2 versus27.2 mm), lower body index mass (23.4 versus24.3 kg/m2) and higher infectious parameters (Protein C Reactive: 2.2 versus1.2 mg/L; Leukocytes: 13.3 versus12.4x109) were more frequent in PBTs (p<0,001). Neonatal outcomes, specially neurologic outcomes (4.7 versus2.8%, p<0,001), were worst in PBTs.CONCLUSION: PTB with or without PPROM has a complex etiology. From all evaluated features in our study, only maternal thinness, multiparity with a previous PTB, the cervical length and worst systemic infections parameters were significant in sPTB. This group also showed worst neonatal outcomes, specially on neurological outcomes.

Should apparently uncomplicated monochorionic twins be delivered electively at 32 weeks?

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to estimate the optimal time of delivery and investigated the residual risk of fetal death after viability in otherwise uncomplicated monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: A database of 576 completed multiple pregnancies that were managed in our tertiary referral fetal medicine department between 1996 and 2007 was reviewed and the uncomplicated 111 monochorionic and the 290 dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies delivered after 24 weeks were selected. The rate of fetal death was derived for two-week periods starting at 24 weeks' gestation and the prospective risk of fetal death was calculated by determining the number of intrauterine fetal deaths that occurred within the two-week block divided by the number of continuing uncomplicated monochorionic twin pregnancies during that same time period. RESULTS: The unexpected single intrauterine deaths rate was 2.7% versus 2.8% in previously uncomplicated monochorionic and dichorionic diamniotic pregnancies, respectively. The prospective risk of unexpected stillbirth after 32 weeks of gestation was 1.3% for monochorionic and 0.8% for dichorionic pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: In otherwise apparently uncomplicated monochorionic diamniotic pregnancies this prospective risk of fetal death after 32 weeks of gestation is lower than reported and similar to that of dichorionic pregnancies, so does not sustain the theory of elective preterm delivery.