Estimating Crop Area at County Level on the North China Plain with an Indirect Sampling of Segments and an Adapted Regression Estimator.

Image classifications, including sub-pixel analysis, are often used to estimate crop acreage directly. However, this type of assessment often leads to a biased estimation, because commission and omission errors generally do not compensate for each other. Regression estimators combine remote sensing information with more accurate ground data on a field sample, and can result in more accurate and cost-effective assessments of crop acreage. In this pilot study, which aims to produce crop statistics in Guoyang County, the area frame sampling approach is adapted to a strip-like cropping pattern on the North China Plain. Remote sensing information is also used to perform a stratification in which non-agricultural areas are excluded from the ground survey. In order to compute crop statistics, 202 ground points in the agriculture stratum were surveyed. Image classification was included as an auxiliary variable in the subsequent analysis to obtain a regression estimator. The results of this pilot study showed that the integration of remote sensing information as an auxiliary variable can improve the accuracy of estimation by reducing the variance of the estimates, as well as the cost effectiveness of an operational application at the county level in the region.

[Spatial and Temporal Evolution Characteristics of Carbon Emission from Land Use and Influencing Factors in Gansu Province].

Land ecosystems are the largest carbon sink in the world, and land use change is one of the main factors leading to regional carbon emissions. By studying the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of land use carbon emissions in Gansu Province from 2000 to 2020, this research aimed to provide a scientific basis and reference for promoting low-carbon land use and low-carbon economic development in Gansu Province. Using land use data and the greenhouse gas emission coefficient method, the study analyzed the growth trend of land use carbon emissions at the city-regional scale in Gansu Province, and the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics at the provincial scale, and identified the controlling factors through principal component analysis. The results showed that： ① From 2000 to 2020, land use carbon emissions in Gansu Province showed an overall increasing trend, from 24.289 3 million tons to 57.739 6 million tons. The first stage from 2000 to 2014 was a significant increase period, whereas the second stage from 2014 to 2020 was a stable and slightly decreasing period. Construction land was the main carbon source, and the carbon intensity continued to increase. ② Spatially, there was an "east high, west low" pattern, with carbon emissions in the eastern part of the province significantly higher than those in the western part. ③ Based on emission characteristics, Gansu Province could be divided into five types of carbon emission zones： slow growth, relatively slow growth, moderate growth, relatively fast growth, and rapid growth. ④ The main reasons for the continuous increase in land use carbon emissions in Gansu Province were economic development level, degree of land use, and energy consumption.

Challenges and opportunities in remote sensing-based crop monitoring: a review.

Building a more resilient food system for sustainable development and reducing uncertainty in global food markets both require concurrent and near-real-time and reliable crop information for decision making. Satellite-driven crop monitoring has become a main method to derive crop information at local, regional, and global scales by revealing the spatial and temporal dimensions of crop growth status and production. However, there is a lack of quantitative, objective, and robust methods to ensure the reliability of crop information, which reduces the applicability of crop monitoring and leads to uncertain and undesirable consequences. In this paper, we review recent progress in crop monitoring and identify the challenges and opportunities in future efforts. We find that satellite-derived metrics do not fully capture determinants of crop production and do not quantitatively interpret crop growth status; the latter can be advanced by integrating effective satellite-derived metrics and new onboard sensors. We have identified that ground data accessibility and the negative effects of knowledge-based analyses are two essential issues in crop monitoring that reduce the applicability of crop monitoring for decisions on food security. Crowdsourcing is one solution to overcome the restrictions of ground-truth data accessibility. We argue that user participation in the complete process of crop monitoring could improve the reliability of crop information. Encouraging users to obtain crop information from multiple sources could prevent unconscious biases. Finally, there is a need to avoid conflicts of interest in publishing publicly available crop information.

Cropland heterogeneity changes on the Northeast China Plain in the last three decades (1980s-2010s).

The Northeast China Plain is one of the major grain-producing areas of China because of its fertile black soil and large fields adapted for agricultural machinery. It has experienced some land-use changes, such as urbanization, deforestation, and wetland reclamation in recent decades. A comprehensive understanding of these changes in terms of the total cropping land and its heterogeneity during this period is important for policymakers. In this study, we used a series of cropland products at the 30-m resolution for the period 1980-2015. The heterogeneity for dominant cropland decreased slowly over the three decades, especially for the large pieces of cropland, showing a general trend of increased cropland homogeneity. The spatial patterns of the averaged heterogeneity index were nearly the same, varying from 0.5 to 0.6, and the most heterogeneous areas were mainly located in some separate counties. Cropland expansion occurred across most of Northeast China, while cropland shrinking occurred only in the northern and eastern sections of Northeast China and around the capital cities, in the flat areas. Also, changes in land use away from cropland mainly occurred in areas with low elevation (50-200 m) and a gentle slope (less than 1 degree). The predominant changes in cropland were gross gain and homogeneity, occurring across most of the area except capital cities and boundary areas. Possible reasons for the total cropland heterogeneity changes were urbanization, restoration of cropland to forest, and some government land-use policies. Moreover, this study evaluates the effectiveness of cropland policies influencing in Northeast China.

[The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with MVD].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and the correlation with tumor angiogenesis. METHOD: The COX-2 and FVIII of 42 cases of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma were detected by immunohistochemical SABC method,and the correlation between the expression rates, clinical significance and microvessel density(MVD) was analyzed. RESULT: The positive rate of COX-2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma tissues and adjacent normal tissues were 71.43% and 19.05% respectively. The expression of COX-2 were not associated with age, sex, tumor site and T stage. The tumors of grade III approximately IV showed a higher COX-2 expression than tumors of grade I approximately II did and the expression of COX-2 in the cervical lymph node metastasis group was higher than that in the non-metastasis group. The expression of COX-2 was closely associated with microvessel density(MVD) of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: The expression of COX-2 may play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and development of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. COX-2 may be a important factor in tumor angiogenesis.