Skimmed Milk Diluent Promotes the Sperm Motility and Conception Rate of Dorper Sheep Compared to Vitamin B12 Diluent.

BACKGROUND: Dorper sheep is an ideal breed for improvement, with higher meat production and increased adaptability. Artificial insemination is an efficient technique for Dorper genetic improvement and reproduction management. However, there is no uniform diluent for Dorper semen dilution. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of vitamin B12 (VB12) and skimmed milk diluents on sperm motility at different ratios and time points, and the effects on conception rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We detected the effect of diluents on sperm density, deformity, motility and conception rate of Dorper sheep. RESULTS: We found the optimal dilution ratio of skimmed milk is 1:3. Compared to VB12, skimmed milk at 1:3 ratio prolonged semen storage time (48 h vs. 18 h, storage at a low temperature of 4°C) and increased the survival index of sperm (44.7 ± 2.8 vs. 18.5 ± 0.6, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Skimmed milk is more effective, nutritious and convenient than vitamin B12, representing a more advantageous diluent.

Infections of nervous necrosis virus in wild and cage-reared marine fish from South China Sea with unexpected wide host ranges.

The concerns about the impact of the nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infections in wild fish have been raised. This paper presents the results of quarterly surveys of NNV in wild and cage-reared marine fish from South China Sea. Samples of 892 wild fish belonging to 69 species and 381 cage-reared fish belonging to 11 species were collected and were detected by seminested PCR and nested PCR. In the case of seminested PCR, the positive signal was detected in 3.0% and 3.1% samples of wild and cage-reared fish, respectively. However, by nested RT-PCR, the positive signal was observed in 42.3% and 63.0% samples of wild and cage-reared fish, respectively. If the fish species were considered, the positive signal was detected in 21.7% and 72.7% species of wild and cage-reared fish by seminested PCR assay, respectively. However, by nested RT-PCR, the positive signal was observed in 65.2% and 100% species of wild and cage-reared fish, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the nested PCR products were determined. Phylogenetic tree showed that all the obtained viral isolates belonged to the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotype. Thirty-five species of the marine fish were the new hosts of NNV.

KLF7 promotes macrophage activation by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway in epicardial adipose tissue in patients with coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory accumulation in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) may influence the formation and development of coronary artery disease (CAD). EAT macrophages exhibit M1 polarization and the secretion of a large number of inflammatory factors in CAD patients. Emerging data demonstrate that Krüppel-like factor-7 (KLF7), contributes to the regulation of adipocyte differentiation and the secretion of adipose tissue inflammation. However, the function of KLF7 in EAT inflammation still remains to be uncovered. This study aims to investigate the role of KLF7 in macrophage activation in EAT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in cell supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression levels were measured by Real Time-PCR. The protein expression level was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: The expression of inflammatory factors and KLF7 were markedly increased in CAD EAT than non-CAD EAT. KLF7 is highly expressed in human THP-1-derived macrophages induced by inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS. The knockdown of KLF7 inhibited the release of inflammatory factors and significantly decreased the expression of KLF7 in human THP-1-derived macrophages stimulated by LPS. Moreover, transfection with KLF7-siRNA caused the marked inhibition of LPS-induced phosphorylation of JNK-MAPKs and also suppressed the levels of p-p65 and inhibited the activation of p-IκBα. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results indicate that KLF7 enhances macrophage activation, mediated by JNK-NF-κB signaling pathways in EAT. This suggests that KLF7 may be a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases such as CAD.

Carbon content-tuned martensite transformation in low-alloy TRIP steels.

Ultrahigh strength and good ductility are obtained for two low-alloy transformation-induced-plasticity steels fabricated by the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processing, respectively. Compared to 0.19 wt.% C steel in which γ → α'-martensite transformation is the dominant mechanism under deformation, the relatively high C content of austenite in 0.47 wt.% C steel is responsible for the transformation from γ to ε-martensite, suggesting that the transformation is not solely determined by the stacking fault energy. The study shows that during the Q&P process, strong and ductile steels with specific transformation procedures can be obtained by adjusting volume fraction and carbon content of the retained austenite.

[CD(4+) T lymphocyte responses to anti-retroviral therapy, among HIV/AIDS patients aged 18 and over].

Objective: To compare the differences of CD(4) (+) T lymphocyte (CD(4)) counts between patients aged 18 and over, to explore the effect of age on treatment, 36 months after having received the China National Free AIDS Antiretroviral Treatment on HIV/AIDS. Methods: Through the National ART Information Ssystem, we selected those HIV/AIDS patients who initiated the ART 36 months after the ART, between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012 in Guangzhou, Liuzhou and Kunming. Patients were divided into age groups as 18-49, 50-59 and 60 or over year olds, at the baseline of treatment. Under different levels of baseline CD(4) counts, we chose the baseline and different time-point of CD(4) counts as dependent variables, applied mixed linear model to analyze the effects of age, viral suppression, gender, baseline CD(4)/CD(8) ratio and initial treatment regimen. Results: A total of 5 331 HIV/AIDS patients were recruited. No differences were found on age group ratios between different levels of baseline CD(4) counts. At the level of baseline CD(4)<200 cells/µl, both the 50-59 and 60 or above years old groups had lower CD(4) counts than the 18-49 year-old group, within 36 months after the initiation of ART. However, at the baseline CD(4) level of 200-350 cells/µl, no significant differences on CD(4) counts between the 50-59 year-old and 18-49 year-old groups were noticed. CD(4) counts seemed lower in the 60 and above year-old group than in the 18-49 year-old group. Conclusion: Age might serve as an influencing factor on CD(4) counts within 36 months after the initiation of ART, suggesting that earlier initiation of ART might be of help to the recovery of immune function in the 50-59 year-old group.

Delays in care seeking, diagnosis and treatment among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Shenzhen, China.

BACKGROUND: Continued improvements in early diagnosis and treatment are critical in the management of tuberculosis (TB). OBJECTIVE: To assess delays in care seeking, diagnosis and treatment among TB patients in the city of Shenzhen, China, and to explore factors associated with delay. METHODS: A total of 4677 TB patients were diagnosed and treated under the TB information management system in 2009 and 2010 in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, China. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse factors associated with delay among TB patients. RESULTS: The median time from onset of cough and sputum to the first medical visit was 10 days (range 0-2530); from the first medical visit to TB diagnosis it was 2 days (range 0-2193); and from TB diagnosis to initiation of anti-tuberculosis treatment it was 0 days (range 0-73). On logistic regression, adjusting for other factors, female sex and older age were significantly associated with higher odds of delay in care seeking, first episode of tuberculosis and smear positivity were significantly associated with lower odds of delay in diagnosis, and smear positivity was significantly associated with higher odds of delay in treatment. CONCLUSION: In Bao'an District, Shenzhen, TB is diagnosed and treated in a fairly timely fashion in comparison with reports from other developing countries.

p53 mediates autophagy activation and mitochondria dysfunction in kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity in primary striatal neurons.

The present study sought to investigate if p53 mediates autophagy activation and mitochondria dysfunction in primary striatal neurons in kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity. The excitotoxic model of primary striatal neurons was established with KA. The levels of p53, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin1, and p62 were examined by Western blot and immunostaining. Autophagy activation was also determined with electron microscope. To evaluate the contribution of p53 to autophagy activation and mitochondria dysfunction in KA-induced excitotoxicity, the protein levels of LC3, Beclin1, and p62, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the mitochondrial Reactive oxygen species (ROS) after pretreatment with the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-alpha (PFT-α) and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) were analyzed. Excitotoxic neuronal injury was induced after KA treatment as demonstrated by increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and was significantly inhibited by PFT-α. Western blot and immunostaining showed that the induction of p53 protein occurred in the cytosol and the nucleus. Increases in autophagic proteins LC3 and Beclin1 were observed, whereas the protein levels of p62 decreased after KA treatment. Electron microscope analysis showed increased autophagosomes in the cytoplasm. The changes in LC3, Beclin1, and p62 levels were blocked by PFT-α, PFT-µ, 3-MA, and E64d but not Z-DEVD-FMK. JC-1 staining showed the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential after excitotoxic insult. Mito-tracker and RedoxSensor Red CC-1 staining showed an increased production of mitochondrial ROS after excitotoxic insult. These effects were significantly suppressed after pretreatment with PFT-α and 3-MA. This study suggests that p53 mediates KA-induced autophagy activation and mitochondrial dysfunction in striatal neurons.

Implementation and community involvement in DOTS strategy: a systematic review of studies in China.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise data on the implementation of the DOTS strategy in China in terms of actual observation and treatment adherence, and to review the effectiveness of quality improvement interventions for tuberculosis (TB) control in China. DESIGN: We included survey studies that reported data on the implementation of DOTS in China and controlled studies that evaluated TB care in specified communities. We excluded studies outside mainland China, pharmacological intervention trials and reviews. RESULTS: We included 12 survey studies that reported on the performance of TB control services in China. The pooled analysis showed that more than half of TB patients were treated by self-administration (52%) and that only 20% actually had their treatment observed by health workers. We include 85 intervention studies that evaluated the effect of quality improvement interventions. Treatment observers were family members in 37 studies, and health workers in 20 studies. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for cure was 2.48 (95%CI 1.97-3.11, I(2) = 70.9%, P < 0.001); the pooled OR for treatment completion was 2.87 (95%CI 2.23-3.69, I(2) = 66.3%, P < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis found that the estimated treatment effects in meta-analyses using reported and imputed data were much reduced, but still statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The proportion of TB patients whose treatment was strictly observed was much lower than reported by official statistics in China. The treatment completion rate was not optimal, which may be an important reason for the reported increases in drug resistance. Community health personnel have become the main work force for TB control in China.

Tension sensitivity of prestin: comparison with the membrane motor in outer hair cells.

The membrane motor in outer hair cells undergoes conformational transitions involving charge displacement of approximately 0.8 e across the membrane and changes of approximately 4 nm(2) in its membrane area. Previous reports have established that the charge transfer in the membrane motor and that in prestin, a membrane protein in the plasma membrane of outer hair cells, are approximately equal. Here, we determine the membrane area changes based on its sensitivity to membrane tension. We found that prestin does undergo area changes and that the magnitude is approximately 1 nm(2), smaller than the value 4 nm(2) for outer hair cell motor. This result confirms that prestin is a protein that functions as a membrane motor based on piezoelectricity. The discrepancy in the magnitude could suggest a prestin-containing complex in outer hair cells.