Interventions that Address Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Among Women: A Systematic Review.

Recognizing the high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women and girls who are either at risk for or suffer from intimate partner violence (IPV) and the overlapping challenges posed by both public health issues, the White House established an Interagency Federal Working Group to address the intersection of both public health issues in 2012. We conducted this systematic review in response to the Working Group's charge to identify and describe interventions that address both IPV and HIV among women. We identified 14 studies that met our inclusion criteria, including seven studies (nine unique intervention arms) that significantly affected at least one outcome related to IPV and HIV. In this article, we examine the characteristics of these studies including core components, intervention populations, and effectiveness data. We highlight opportunities to improve the effectiveness of existing interventions, guide future research about IPV and HIV, and inform prevention programmatic delivery. This knowledge will improve the lives of populations at risk, reduce gender-related health disparities, and ultimately reduce the societal burden of both public health issues.

Indicators for Evaluating Community- and Societal-Level Risk and Protective Factors for Violence Prevention: Findings From a Review of the Literature.

Programs geared toward preventing violence before it occurs at the community and societal levels of the social ecology are particularly challenging to evaluate. These programs are often focused on impacting the antecedents (or risk and protective factors) to violence, making it difficult to determine program success when solely relying on measures of violence reduction. The goal of this literature review is to identify indicators to measure risk and protective factors for violence that are accessible and measured at the community level. Indicators of community- and societal-level risk and protective factors from 116 articles are identified. These indicators strengthen violence prevention researchers' and practitioners' ability to detect proximal effects of violence prevention programs, practices, and policies, and provide timely feedback on the impact of their work. Thus, opportunities exist for violence prevention researchers to further study the associations between various indicators and different violent outcomes and to inform practitioner, evaluator, and funder developed logic models that include indicators of relevant risk and protective factors for crosscutting violence prevention measures and outcomes.