RESUMEN
Purpose: This study aimed to develop a stroke effectiveness test in table tennis based on the temporal game structure to assess the ball speed and ball placement of the players, with a purpose to analyze its reproducibility and validity. Methods: Nineteen male table tennis players participated in this study. The test was performed twice during the first session and once during the second session to assess the intrasession and intersession reproducibility, respectively. Moreover, the test was examined on its ability to discriminate between regional (n = 10) and local performance-level (n = 9) players and on the relationship between the test results and the table tennis performance to assess the discriminant and concurrent validity, respectively. In general, the test consisted of 11 simulated rallies of 2-5 balls with the effort and rest ratio of 0.5, and focused on attack with offensive strokes at defensive balls delivered by a robot randomly between the left and right positions on the table. Results: Ball speed, ball placement, and ball speed-ball placement index showed satisfactory reliability (ICC range 0.78-0.96, P < 0.05) and agreement (CV range 2.7-16.2%) outcomes. Additionally, the Bland-Altman plots show the systematic error of the analyses closer to 0, and that most values were within the limits of agreements. Concerning validity analyses, regional players had higher scores of ball placement (+51.3%; P = 0.01, ES = 1.33) and ball speed-ball placement index (+56.1%; P = 0.0009, ES = 1.87) as well as made fewer errors (-25.4%; P = 0.017, ES = 1.20) than local players. Moreover, ball placement (r = -0.79, P = 0.04), ball speed-ball placement index (r = -0.78, P = 0.04), and percentage error (r = 0.88, P = 0.01) presented a strong and significant correlation with table tennis performance. However, ball speed was slightly different between the regional than local players (+1.7%; P = 0.78, ES = 0.13) and this variable was not related to table tennis performance (r = 0.32, P = 0.49). Conclusion: Our findings show evidences that the test is reproducible. Moreover, discriminant and concurrent validity are confirmed for ball placement and ball speed-ball placement index.
RESUMEN
No esporte, a presença das mulheres no cargo de treinadora ainda é baixa. Assim, analisou-se qualitativamente as experiências esportivas e as pessoas relevantes na trajetória de alunas(os) até a disciplina Treinadores e Treinadoras Esportivos do curso de Ciências do Esporte da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Utilizamos a Rappaport Timeline com 21 alunos e 8 alunas. As mulheres relataram influência de familiares e professoras(es) de Educação Física. Os homens apresentaram experiências positivas na escola. A representatividade e o acesso ao esporte foram favoráveis aos homens e desfavoráveis às mulheres. A menor presença de mulheres no curso, e como possíveis futuras treinadoras, está associada a uma trajetória de menos acessos e oportunidades de vivenciar o esporte ao longo da infância e juventude.
In sport the presence of women in the position of coach is still low. The sports experiences and the relevant people in the trajectory of the students were qualitatively analyzed until the discipline Sports Coaches and Trainers of the Sport Sciences course at the Campinas State University. We used Rappaport Timeline with 21 male and 8 female students. The women reported the influence of family members and Physical Education teachers. Men had positive experiences at school. Representativeness and access to sport were favorable to men and unfavorable to women. The lower presence of women on the course and as possible future coaches is associated with a trajectory of less access and opportunities to experience the sport.
En deporte la presencia de mujeres en los puestos de entrenador sigue siendo baja. Así analizamos cualitativamente las experiencias deportivas y las personas relevantes en la trayectoria de los estudiantes hasta la disciplina Entrenadores y Entrenadoras Deportivos de la carrera Ciencias del Deporte la Universidad Estadual de Campinas. Usamos Rappaport Timeline con 21 estudiantes varones y 8 mujeres. Las mujeres relataron la influencia de familiares y profesor(es) de Educación Física. Los hombres tuvieron experiencias positivas en la escuela. La representatividad y el acceso al deporte fueron favorables para los hombres y desfavorables para las mujeres. La menor presencia de mujeres en la cancha y como posibles futuras entrenadoras está asociada a una trayectoria de menor acceso y oportunidades para vivir el deporte.