Infective pulmonary diseases and the eye: a narrative review.

Several infectious pulmonary diseases affect the eye. An understanding of the association between infectious pulmonary and ocular diseases is pivotal to their successful management. We aimed to review the infections affecting both the lungs and the eye. The electronic database PubMed and the search engine Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles. Ocular tuberculosis (TB), usually not associated with clinical evidence of pulmonary TB, can affect almost all the ocular structures. Confirmation of the diagnosis of ocular TB requires demonstration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in ocular fluids/tissues. Among the drugs used to treat TB, ethambutol, isoniazid, and linezolid may cause toxic optic neuropathy. Elderly, those with renal disease, diabetes mellitus, malnourished, alcoholics, and those who will receive ethambutol at doses greater than 15 mg/kg/day and for prolonged periods are at high risk of developing toxic optic neuropathy. These individuals should be referred to an ophthalmologist before initiating ATT for a baseline ophthalmic evaluation. Linezolid may also cause toxic retinal neuropathy. Rifampicin may cause yellowish-orange discoloration of tears and contact lenses. Adenovirus, coronavirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and rhinovirus exhibit both pulmonary and ocular tropism. Pneumocystis jirovecii choroiditis is rare and mainly seen when aerosolized pentamidine is used for pneumocystis pneumonia prophylaxis. Further research is needed to develop non-interventional strategies to diagnose ocular TB. Biomarkers for early detection of toxic optic neuropathy are a need of the hour. Genetic factors and mechanisms behind the development of ethambutol, isoniazid, and linezolid-induced toxic optic neuropathy need further study.

Evolving Coronary Stent Technologies - A Glimpse Into the Future.

One of the most widely accepted forms of treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) is the implementation of stents into the vessel. This area of research is constantly evolving, ranging from bare-metal stents through drug-eluting stents and, more recently, approaching bioresorbable stents and polymer-free stents. This article reviews the evolution of all these devices and emphasizes how they might be further evolved to provide an optimal coronary stent and overcome unsolved challenges in stent development. We thoroughly evaluated a number of published studies in order to advance coronary stent technologies. Additionally, we looked for various literature that highlighted the inadequacies of the coronary stents that are currently available and how they might be modified to create the optimum coronary stent. Coronary stents have significantly improved clinical outcomes in interventional cardiology, but there are still a number of drawbacks, including an persisted risk of thrombosis due to endothelial injury and in-stent restenosis. Gene eluting stents (GES) and customized coronary stents with self-reporting stent sensors are appealing alternatives to existing stent approaches. Considering the adequacy of these gene eluting stents (GES), customized coronary stents produced by novel 4D printing technologies and integrated self-reporting stent sensors should be assumed for anticipating future advancements to optimal coronary stent devices; however, more interventional evidence is required to determine the future prospects of these stent innovations.

Repostioning of Telemedicine in Cardiovascular World Post-COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine is a quickest expanding service solution to provide improved access to sophisticated healthcare that is efficient, cost-effective, and time-consuming. Methods: This analysis is evaluated on the basis of several studies that look at the history, benefits, various techniques, challenges, uses, and impact of telemedicine in the treatment of heart failure and cardiac rehabilitation as during COVID-19 outbreak. Results: Patients avoided or refused medical treatment during COVID-19 pandemic despite the risk of illness and the threat of infections spreading. Telemedicine has become a non-traditional form of care delivery due to better access and high-end technologies such as virtual consultations, face-to-face video, smartphone visits, two-way text communication, distant patient history, and distal characteristic assessment. Remote monitoring can help manage cardiovascular disease risk factors and increase patient participation in blood pressure, heart failure data, and workout or other activity progress. Conclusion: Based on the findings of past studies, we can infer that telemedicine is still an emerging subject in the treatment and management of cardiovascular disease. Telemedicine and similar technologies will also revolutionize healthcare services by expanding their reach and providing a big pool of database for better research and analysis.

Immune Thrombocytopenia in Previously Healthy Individuals Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination (COVID-19 Immunization): A Descriptive Research of 70 Instances With a Focus on Biomarkers, Predictive Outcomes, and Consequences.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is exacerbating the worldwide healthcare crisis. The pandemic has had an impact on nearly every system of our body. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave immediate authorization of several vaccines to avoid critical COVID-19 outcomes following the rapid spread of the COVID-19. There have only been a few cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination-induced immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) so far. There should be enough information to identify whether some vaccination adverse effects, such as ITP, are caused by the vaccine. This study aims to determine how common ITP occurs after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, as well as gender, age, symptoms, biomarkers, predicted outcomes, and sequelae. We looked at a number of research and compiled the best evidence of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia currently available. To find the recommended reporting items, the search technique included keywords like "Immune thrombocytopenia," "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," and "Vaccination." The search results were grouped using Boolean operators ("OR," "AND").

A Comprehensive Analysis of Myocarditis in Formerly Healthy Individuals Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination (COVID-19 Immunization).

Due to the rapid development of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) expedited the authorization of immunizations to counteract life-threatening COVID-19 effects. COVID-19 immunization was seen as an essential component of surviving endemically with COVID-19. Although there were no major adverse event reports that mandated an early authorization of the mass vaccination approval in initial studies, a few significant adverse events were reported after real-world usage. The most prevalent adverse events are regional reactions, such as discomfort at the injection site. Anaphylactic shock and acute responses were quite infrequent. Current evidence strongly convince the community that the advantages of immunization outweigh the risks. The review investigates the potential adverse reaction in the form of myocarditis caused by the COVID-19 vaccine. Age, sexuality, vaccination type, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic modalities were among the confounding factors associated with vaccine-induced myocarditis. This picture depicts COVID-19 immunization-induced myocarditis and the treatment options available to practitioners. Further evaluation is needed to establish the underlying cause of this association. We compiled the most recent data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced myocarditis after reviewing available research. Information sources including PubMed and Google Scholar were evaluated retrospectively.