A prognostic classification of proximal humerus fractures: the cephalic extension staging.

PURPOSE: Recent publications emphasized the role of dorsomedial metaphyseal extension of humeral head as predictor of ischemia after complex proximal humerus fractures (PHFs). We evaluated on preoperative 3D CT scan of PHFs the surface of this metaphyseal extension and its prognostic value on the occurrence of avascular necrosis (AVN). METHODS: We followed a series of 25 fixations of complex PHF which had a preoperative 3D CT scan and measured the surface area of the posterior metaphyseal extension (PME) of the head. Using approximations, we calculated the ratio between the PME surface area (PMS) and the articular surface area of the head (HS). The PMS/HS ratio was analyzed against the risk of AVN. RESULTS: The measurement of the PMS/HS ratio emphasizes the significance of PME. The incidence of AVN is correlated with the magnitude of PME. Therefore, we include the PME as a fifth element in the characterization of complex PHFs and we propose a 4-stage prognostic classification based on the number of extensions of the humeral head. The head may have 3 extensions: posteromedial (PME), lesser tuberosity (LTE) and greater tuberosity (GTE). The risk of AVN decreases with the number of extensions of the head. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates a correlation between the occurrence of AVN and the size of PME in complex PHF cases. We propose a four-stage classification system to facilitate treatment decision-making between fixation and prosthesis.

Comparison of "Bilboquet" device and locking plate for surgical treatment of proximal humerus complex fractures at two years follow-up.

PURPOSE: Surgical treatment of three or four part fractures of the proximal humerus is complex. Different conservative techniques have been described. The main goal of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of Bilboquet and locking plate at two year follow-up. METHODS: This is a retrospective, comparative study, with a continuous series of 41 patients. Bony fixation was achieved with a Bilboquet device in 22 patients or a locking plate in 19 patients. Patient evaluation included clinical data: shoulder range of motion, Constant-Murley shoulder score and DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) score, and imaging using standard shoulder X-rays. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients included, 1 patient was lost to follow-up in the locking plate group. At a mean follow-up of 24 months patients in Bilboquet group showed a Constant score higher than in locking plate (p = 0.02). Range of motion and DASH score were not significantly different between the two groups. avascular necrosis occured in three patients of Bilboquet group (14%) versus in two patients in the locking plate group (11%) (p > 0.5). Complication and reintervention rate were non-significantly higher in the locking plate group than in the Bilboquet group (37 vs 14%). CONCLUSION: Bilboquet and locking plate give good functional outcomes in complex proximal humerus fractures. However, the Bilboquet device appears to provide better functional results than locking plate at mid-term follow-up.

Classification of fractures of the coccyx from a series of 104 patients.

PURPOSE: To describe a classification of fractures of the coccyx, according to their mechanism. METHODS: A series of 104 consecutive patients with a fracture of the coccyx was studied. The mechanism, level, characteristics of the fracture line and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Three mechanisms are proposed to describe these fractures: flexion, compression and extension (types 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Flexion fractures (38 cases) involved the upper coccyx in 35 cases, and in 3 cases with a perineal trauma, it was the lower coccyx; compression fractures (24 cases) involved the middle coccyx and occurred only when Co2 was square or cuneiform and Co3 was long and straight, hence a nutcracker mechanism; four patients were adolescents with a compression of the sacrum extremity and were labeled adolescent compression fracture of S5 (type 2b); extension fractures (38 cases) were obstetrical and involved the lower coccyx; their key feature was a progressive separation of the fragments with time. Flexion fractures usually healed spontaneously, but an associated intermittent luxation was possible. Nutcracker and obstetrical fractures were instable in their majority. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, a classification of fractures of the coccyx is presented. Each type exhibits specific features. This should help the clinician in the management of these patients. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Open reduction and internal fixation of three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures by intrafocal distraction: a clinical and radiographic study of thirty-two cases with five to ten years of follow-up.

PURPOSE: The disadvantage of ORIF of proximal humerus fracture (PHF) by intrafocal distraction is that once the device is inserted, it cannot be removed. This study was designed to evaluate the tolerance of such a titanium alloy device at five years of minimal follow-up (FU) and secondarily to assess the relevance of the osteosynthesis of these fractures. METHOD: Thirty-two patients operated for PHF and implanted with a titanium alloy device between 2009 and 2011 were reviewed: fifteen three-part fracture (3-PF) with mean age 65.2 ± seven years and mean FU at 86 months, and seventeen four-part (4-PF) with mean age 62.9 ± 12 years and mean FU at 88 months. RESULTS: There were no signs of clinical or radiological incompatibility to the metal. The lateral cortex of the humeral shaft at the wedge component level of the device was thinner than pre-operatively in half of the cases. For the fifteen 3-PF, the median raw and weighted constant score (CS) were 75 and 100, respectively. Only one case presented avascular necrosis (AVN). For the seventeen 4-PF, the median raw and weighted CS were 64 and 88, respectively. Seven cases presented AVN and none of them seven had initially a dorsomedial metaphyseal extension of the humeral head. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis, with 95% confidence interval, was calculated at 89.7% (79.7-100%) survivorship at 7.18 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows no incompatibility of the titanium alloy device, radiological signs of localized stress shielding in half of the cases with no functional impact, excellent clinical and radiological evolution of the 3-PF, and AVN in all 4-PF without dorsomedial metaphyseal extension of the humeral head whereas most of cases without AVN had dorsomedial metaphyseal extension.

Hemiarthroplasty for proximal humerus fractures with conservation of the whole humeral head as autograft: does it improve greater tuberosity healing?

PURPOSE: Hemiarthroplasty (HA) for proximal humerus fracture (PHF) is associated with tuberosity complications like migration, non-union, and resorption. In order to improve the rate of consolidation of the greater tuberosity (GT), we have developed a hollow humeral head prosthesis in which the whole humeral head is inserted and used as autograft. This study is designed to evaluate the consolidation rate of the GT with this device. METHOD: Twenty-two patients at mean age of 68 were treated between 2015 and 2017 for four-part fractures, fracture-dislocations, and head-split fractures with HA including the bony humeral head. The humeral prosthesis device comprises a prosthetic cephalic cup in which the detached humeral head is inserted and a cementless adjustable humeral stem which works like a jack. Mean follow-up was 14 months. The consolidation of GT was followed on X-rays. As comparison, 15 published series were selected and analyzed. RESULTS: There were two mechanical complications related to GT consolidation (9.1%). In the 20 other cases, the GT was radiologically consolidated without displacement. While the raw proportion of complications observed in the present series was lower than that reported in each of the 15 comparative series, the proportion of complications observed in the present series was significantly different from that observed only in seven out of the 15 previous series. CONCLUSION: Whole conservation of the humeral head as an autograft along with proper surgical technique yielded in 20 consolidations of GT without displacement in 22 cases of PHF treated with hemiarthroplasty.

Diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome after a first shoulder dislocation.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder dislocation is often the first symptom of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). Whether it occurs in early-onset EDS is unknown. In most cases, surgical failure leads to the diagnosis. We aimed to determine whether clinical symptoms can signal the presence of EDS at a first dislocation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we analyzed clinical and radiologic data for 27 patients with EDS and shoulder instability and a control population of 40 consecutive non-EDS patients undergoing surgery for an unstable shoulder. Data were collected on gender, age, single or bilateral disease, general hyperlaxity, shoulder hyperlaxity, number of dislocations or subluxations, nontraumatic onset, and pain specificity. Nerve and vascular injuries, joint disorders, and family history were recorded, and radiologic data were reported. RESULTS: Age <14 years, female sex, bilateral disorder, and general hyperlaxity were significantly more frequent in patients with EDS and a first dislocation than in those without EDS. Painless dislocation with pain after dislocation and concomitant nerve injury were more frequent in affected patients, as were hemostasis disorders and a family history of joint hyperlaxity. Bone lesions were not seen on radiographs. Only the hyperlaxity sign (external rotation >85°) did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: After a first dislocation in a young girl with global hyperlaxity but not necessarily shoulder hyperlaxity, painless atraumatic dislocation with pain after reduction can suggest EDS.

Finger reconstruction using induced membrane technique and ulnar pedicled forearm flap: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Injuries referred to as "rollover hands" are associated with multiple and complex lesions of the dorsal aspect of the hand. We present a case of a multitissular reconstruction following a severe injury of the dorsum of the fingers in a 45-year-old woman. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bone loss reconstruction was performed in two stages using the Masquelet induced membrane technique. In the first stage, a cement spacer was inserted into the phalanx bone defects. For the second stage, the membrane induced by the foreign-body reaction was opened, the spacer was removed, and an autologous cancellous bone graft was inserted into the defects. The skin coverage was obtained using a reverse ulnar artery forearm pedicled flap. The digits were covered jointly. Three surgical procedures over the course of a 2-month period were required to desyndactylize the fingers and to defat the flap. RESULTS: At the 2-year follow-up examination, the patient exhibited good integration of their hand use in daily living. The esthetic result was deemed to be satisfactory. Definitive bone consolidation occurred 4 months after the second stage. CONCLUSIONS: Rollover hands are typically a challenge for both the patient and the hand surgeon. The risk of septic complications, as well as the need for several stages of surgical reconstruction, makes the Masquelet technique particularly attractive for the treatment of phalanx bone defects consecutive to rollover injuries.

Comparison of lateral and skyline fluoroscopic views for detection of prominent screws in distal radius fractures plating: results of an ultrasonographic study.

INTRODUCTION: Extensor tendon rupture is a recognized complication of volar plate fixation of distal radius fractures due to screws protruding past the dorsal cortex. The aim of this study was to compare the Skyline view with traditional lateral fluoroscopic views using ultrasonography as a reference standard in the postoperative assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A monocentric prospective study was conducted to identify screws penetrating the dorsal cortex after volar plating of distal radius fractures. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: Intraoperative anteroposterior (AP) and lateral views were used for group A (28 patients). AP, lateral and skyline fluoroscopic views were used for Group B (40 patients). Prominent screws were changed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Ultrasound was done 6 months postoperatively to evaluate the number and length of prominent dorsal screws and any signs of extensor tenosynovitis. RESULTS: The number of prominent dorsal screws exceeding 1 mm was 14 in group A (14.9%), and 16 screws (11.8%) in group B (p = 0.487). Average length of prominent dorsal screw was 1.9 mm (range 1-2.1 mm) for group A and 2.4 mm (range 1.1-4.8 mm) for group B (p = 0.534). The number of patients with extensor tenosynovitis was 11 for group A and 12 for group B (p = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS: The Skyline view does not provide sensitive and reliable detection of the dorsal screw penetration. Intraoperative ultrasound might be a better tool to detect screw prominence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, case-control study.

Open reduction and internal fixation of three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures by intra-focal distraction: observational study of twenty five cases.

PURPOSE: Reduction and fixation of proximal humerus fracture (PHF) by intra-focal distraction with a cemented device is seldom used. A cementless stem called JUST was developed to simplify and standardise reduction and fixation of three- or four-part fractures (3-/4-PFs). This study is designed to evaluate the performances of this device. In addition, we compared the results to those of a previous study based on cemented stems. METHOD: Twenty-five patients underwent surgery between 2009 and 2011: ten 3-PFs and 15 4-PFs, with a median age of 65.5 and 71 years, respectively. The reduction and fixation device comprises a staple placed in the humeral head and a cementless stem impacted in the diaphysis that works like a jack. Median follow-up was 28 months. RESULTS: For the ten 3-PFs, the median raw and weighted Constant score were 66.5 and 86, respectively. Only one case presented with secondary displacement. All fractures healed and there was only one case of avascular necrosis. For the 15 4-PFs, the median raw and weighted Constant score were 64 and 76, respectively. Only one case of secondary cephalic displacement was observed and no cases of tuberosity displacement were observed. All fractures healed except for one case of pseudarthrosis of the lesser tuberosity. Five cases of avascular necrosis were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This device resolves the mechanical difficulties relating to fixation of 3- and 4-PFs by providing stable fixation but does not prevent the risk of avascular necrosis. The cementless stem is more convenient but does not yield better results than the cemented stem.

Coccygectomy for coccygeal spicule: a study of 33 cases.

PURPOSE: To report the results of coccygectomy for coccygeal spicule. METHODS: We report the results of a retrospective series of 33 patients who underwent coccygectomy for coccygeal spicule. There were 31 women and 2 men. The mean age was 42 ± 12 years (range 23-62). There was a pit in the skin overlying the spicule in 14 cases and the spicule was bulky in 8 cases. In three cases, weight loss had preceded the occurrence of the coccygodynia. The coccyx was rigid or had very reduced mobility (less than 5°) in 25 cases and normal mobility (between 5° and 20° of flexion) in 8 cases. All the patients had initially been managed conservatively with injections targeted on the spicule. As they did not obtain sufficient relief, they were offered surgery. Ten patients were followed up for more than 72 months, 10 patients for 48-66 months, and 13 for 30-42 months. The outcome analysis involved functional criteria only. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (79%) had a very satisfactory outcome and 7 (21%) an unsatisfactory outcome. When asked 'Would you have the surgery again?', only one patient answered in the negative. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment for coccygeal spicules that are causing coccygodynia and are resistant to conservative treatment gives satisfactory outcomes, similar to those obtained from surgery for instability of the coccyx.

Balloon reduction and cement fixation in calcaneal articular fractures: a five-year experience.

PURPOSE: Balloon reduction and cement fixation of displaced articular fractures of the calcaneus have been described elsewhere but support for it lacks clinical evidence. We have been performing the technique since October 2006 and describe here our clinical experience including three to five-year follow up of our first ten cases with no patient lost to follow up. METHODS: From September 2006 to September 2009, ten patients were admitted with a calcaneus fracture, six were female and four male, one case was bilateral (11 fractures). Patients were operated upon in the prone position according to the technique we have described. Reduction was obtained in all cases. Patients were discharged after an average of four days postoperatively and were allowed weight bearing after two to three months. All patients were followed up regularly and were examined by an independent observer at the latest follow up. The clinical results were assessed using the AOFAS ankle score, the Babin score and the RAND-36 physical components score. A CT scan was obtained in all patients before, after the operation and at the latest follow up. RESULTS: After a minimal follow up of 36 months (three to five years), no patient was lost to follow up and none required further surgery. The AOFAS clinical results were rated good or excellent in 81.8 % of cases (nine fractures, eight patients), and the physical component of the RAND-36 was 74.6. One patient only (one fracture) had a bad clinical result and evidence of subtalar arthritis on the CT scan and was offered a subtalar fusion; she refused. All patients had returned to their former professional activities at the same level as before the fracture except one who had retired but had resumed leisure walking. CONCLUSION: Balloon reduction and cement fixation of fresh calcaneal fractures ("balloon calcaneoplasty") appears a safe and effective procedure in a variety of calcaneal fractures with lasting and excellent clinical results. More studies are needed to further refine the indications and the limits of the procedure.

The mini postero-postero-lateral mini incision in total hip arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: Mini invasive incisions in THA and femoral hip prostheses tend to minimise healing and recovery time. We have used a very posterior approach with technical modifications and precise skin landmarks to decrease surgical complexity, and we describe this experience here. METHODS: From 2010 to 2012, 140 patients aged 79 years (range 53-93 years) were operated upon by the same surgeon in a continuous series using the same minimally invasive skin incision and six different types of implants. The incision was very posterior in the hip allowing direct visualisation of the acetabulum in the hip flexion position and visualisation of the femoral shaft extremity in a leg flexion position. RESULTS: The mean operating time was 100 minutes (range 75-110 min). Estimated blood loss was 385 cc (20-585 cc). Twenty-six patients had blood transfusion. The mean hospital stay was 6.8 days (5-20 days) including the time waiting for a rehabilitation centre. No operative complications related to the technique were recorded. On the postoperative radiograph, the femoral stem was aligned with the femoral axis within 3° in all patients. The mean acetabular angle to the ground plane was 40° (35-48°). No patient had a leg length discrepancy of more than four millimetres. The mean skin incision length was seven centimetres (six to eight centimetres). All patients were seen at the clinic after six weeks and the data were unchanged at this time point. CONCLUSION: The method and skin landmarks we describe appear to be a safe way to perform minimally invasive total hip replacement.

Balloon treatment of posterior shoulder dislocation with reverse Hill-Sachs injury: description of a new technique.

PURPOSE: Posterior shoulder dislocations are rare, and are usually the result of seizures. Anterior defects of the humeral head known as "reverse Hill-Sachs lesions" may increase the risk of recurrent dislocation and are difficult to treat. We developed a percutaneous technique for reduction of the dislocation or reduction of the anterior impaction fracture, using percutaneous balloon dilatation and cement fixation. METHODS: From 2009 to 2012, three patients aged 33, 72 and 75 years were admitted to our institution with a posterior shoulder dislocation showing an anterior "reverse Hill-Sachs" impaction fracture. One case was bilateral (four fractures). Patients were operated upon in the sitting position; the humeral head was stabilised by external fixator pins during balloon inflation. Reduction or filling of the defect was obtained in all cases. All patients were followed up and two patients (three fractures) were examined after one year by an independent observer. The clinical results were assessed using the Constant score and the RAND-36 physical components score. A computed tomography (CT) scan was obtained in all patients before and after the operation and at the latest follow-up. RESULTS: At three months postoperatively, all patients had resumed work or daily life activities with no limitation. The mean Constant score was 71 and RAND-36 score was 85.5. After one year, the mean Constant score was 73 and the RAND-36 score was 86.4 for the two patients who had sufficient follow-up. On the postoperative radiograph and CT scan, sphericity of the humeral head was restored, and the reverse Hill-Sachs impaction was filled or reduced in all cases. There was no recurrent dislocation. CONCLUSION: Based on this small series, we believe that this technique should be added to our current armamentarium for posterior shoulder dislocations showing a deep impaction fracture of the humeral head that are at risk for recurrent dislocation.

Prevention of post-coccygectomy infection in a series of 136 coccygectomies.

Postoperative infection is a regular complication in coccygectomy. The authors propose the use of a topical skin adhesive on the postoperative wound as a contribution to the prevention of this complication. It was used on the first 56 patients in this study. The rate of infection was 3.6% compared with the 14% rate of infection in a previous study. The 80 following patients had, in addition to the skin adhesive, two prophylactic antibiotics for 48 hours (cefamandole and ornidazole), a preoperative rectal enema, and closure of the incision in two layers. The rate of infection dropped to 0.0%. Topical skin adhesive constitutes a significant contribution in the prevention of infection after coccygectomy.

Arthroscopic stabilization of Neer type 2 fracture of the distal part of the clavicle.

With regard to the anatomic basis of Neer type 2 fractures of the distal part of the clavicle, a clavicle fracture is associated with a coracoclavicular conoid ligament disruption. We describe an arthroscopic-assisted surgical procedure to stabilize the fracture and reconstruct the ligament. Surgery is performed with the patient in the beach-chair position. Through a 2-cm incision perpendicular to the direction of the fracture, we perform suturing around the fracture. During the arthroscopic procedure, the coracoid process is exposed by opening the rotator interval and the medial part of the capsule. The knee of the coracoid process should be exposed via an anterolateral portal for the arthroscope. Then, by use of an acromioclavicular joint stabilization device from Arthrex (Naples, FL), a hole is placed through the knee of the coracoid process. FiberTape suture (Arthrex) is passed around the clavicle and through the knee of the coracoid process. The intra-articular sutures are pulled out through the upper incision on top of the clavicle. Tightening of the 2 knots is performed at the same time. This arthroscopic-assisted surgery allows for total recovery of shoulder function, without the inconvenience of device migration or acromioclavicular joint lesions reported with other procedures.

Three-dimensional computed tomographic scan of the external third of the clavicle.

PURPOSE: The aims of this radiologic study were to explore the anatomic aspect of the external third of the clavicle and to determine anatomic elements that can be useful for surgeons who perform surgery that involves this area. METHODS: Twenty patients with healthy acromioclavicular (AC) joints underwent computed tomographic (CT) scan for assessment of the lateral clavicle. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the AC joint and of the external third of the clavicle was performed. The axis of the external third was determined by CT scan reconstruction. Two-dimensional reconstructions were performed perpendicular to this axis; each involved 5 mm for exploration of the size of the 4 cortical bones and of the inner diameter of the clavicle. RESULTS: The average size of the external third before the anterior curve of the clavicle was 40 mm. The average inner diameter of the clavicle ranged from 8.24 to 4.7 mm when measured medially, but many differences were noted between patients. The upper cortical bone was thicker than 2 mm at an average of 17 mm from the AC joint. Three forms of the external third of the clavicle were identified: truncated (n = 6), conical (n = 4), and cylindrical (n = 10). The projection of the axis of the external third of the clavicle at the external side of the acromial bone ranged from 4.8 to 21 mm (average, 12.42 mm) at the backward anterior side of the acromial bone. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the great variability of the anatomy of the external third of the clavicle. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Anatomic data should be useful for surgeons who perform fixation or resection of the distal part of the clavicle.

Cardiometabolic risk factors in primary centred and rotator cuff-related shoulder osteoarthritis: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for shoulder osteoarthritis (SOA) have been poorly studied. SOA has two anatomical subtypes: primary centred SOA (centred SOA) and rotator cuff-related OA (non-centred SOA). We examined whether cardiometabolic risk factors are preferentially associated with centred than mechanical-induced non-centred SOA. METHODS: This 2004-2012 retrospective multicentric study included patients with SOA. Data on clinical characteristics, especially cardiometabolic risk factors, were collected. We compared patients with radiographic-centred and non-centred SOA and tested the association between cardiometabolic risk factors and subtypes of SOA. RESULTS: We included 147 patients (101 women (68.7%); mean age 75.8±10 years); 99 had centred SOA. As compared with patients with non-centred SOA, those with centred SOA were older (77.5±9 vs 72.4±11 years; p=0.004) with no difference in cardiometabolic disturbances or their accumulation. Multivariable analyses indicated that older age was independently associated with centred SOA (OR 1.06;95% CI 1.02 to 1.1; p=0.004), and cardiovascular diseases were less associated with this subtype (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.089 to 0.824; p=0.02) than with the non-centred one. CONCLUSION: Cardiometabolic risk factors were not more prevalent with primary centred than rotator cuff-related SOA. They may participate in the pathophysiology of both SOA subtypes through cartilage and tendon disruption.

Mini-open arthroscopically assisted Bristow-Latarjet procedure for the treatment of patients with anterior shoulder instability: a cadaver study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the arthroscopically assisted Bristow-Latarjet procedure. The aim was to use arthroscopic guidance to assist in positioning of the coracoid bone block onto the anterolateral aspect of the glenoid. The feasibility of this technique and its efficacy, reproducibility, and potential neurovascular complications were evaluated. METHODS: A minimally invasive technique was used to harvest the coracoid bone block and the attached coracobiceps tendon. A portal was created through the subscapularis muscle and, under arthroscopic guidance, the anterior aspect of the glenoid was cleaned and reamed before the bone block was placed. Cannulated screws (3.5 mm) were used to fix the vertically oriented bone block to the glenoid. The size of the bone block, its position on the glenoid, and its relation to the subscapularis tendon and the musculocutaneous and axillary nerves were recorded. RESULTS: In all 5 cadavers, the bone block was well positioned and was fixed to the anteroinferior part of the glenoid. No lesions of the cephalic vein or of the surrounding neurovasculature were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the safe and effective use of this arthroscopically assisted technique for correct positioning of the coracoid bone block at the anterolateral aspect of the glenoid in the cadaveric shoulder. Arthroscopy facilitated adequate reaming of the anterior glenoid and aided in optimal positioning of the bone block. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This cadaveric study highlights the advantages offered by an arthroscopically assisted Bristow-Latarjet procedure, which optimizes positioning of the block and ensures adequate reaming of the anterior glenoid, thereby potentially reducing the risks of early nonunion and late arthritis--complications commonly associated with the classical Bristow-Latarjet technique.

An Observational Study of the Impact of a Computerized Physician Order Entry System on the Rate of Medication Errors in an Orthopaedic Surgery Unit.

AIM: To assess the impact of the implementation of a Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) associated with a pharmaceutical checking of medication orders on medication errors in the 3 stages of drug management (i.e. prescription, dispensing and administration) in an orthopaedic surgery unit. METHODS: A before-after observational study was conducted in the 66-bed orthopaedic surgery unit of a teaching hospital (700 beds) in Paris France. Direct disguised observation was used to detect errors in prescription, dispensing and administration of drugs, before and after the introduction of computerized prescriptions. Compliance between dispensing and administration on the one hand and the medical prescription on the other hand was studied. The frequencies and types of errors in prescribing, dispensing and administration were investigated. RESULTS: During the pre and post-CPOE period (two days for each period) 111 and 86 patients were observed, respectively, with corresponding 1,593 and 1,388 prescribed drugs. The use of electronic prescribing led to a significant 92% decrease in prescribing errors (479/1593 prescribed drugs (30.1%) vs 33/1388 (2.4%), p < 0.0001) and to a 17.5% significant decrease in administration errors (209/1222 opportunities (17.1%) vs 200/1413 (14.2%), p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in regards to dispensing errors (430/1219 opportunities (35.3%) vs 449/1407 (31.9%), p = 0.07). CONCLUSION: The use of CPOE and a pharmacist checking medication orders in an orthopaedic surgery unit reduced the incidence of medication errors in the prescribing and administration stages. The study results suggest that CPOE is a convenient system for improving the quality and safety of drug management.

Transcription factor EGR1 directs tendon differentiation and promotes tendon repair.

Tendon formation and repair rely on specific combinations of transcription factors, growth factors, and mechanical parameters that regulate the production and spatial organization of type I collagen. Here, we investigated the function of the zinc finger transcription factor EGR1 in tendon formation, healing, and repair using rodent animal models and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Adult tendons of Egr1-/- mice displayed a deficiency in the expression of tendon genes, including Scx, Col1a1, and Col1a2, and were mechanically weaker compared with their WT littermates. EGR1 was recruited to the Col1a1 and Col2a1 promoters in postnatal mouse tendons in vivo. Egr1 was required for the normal gene response following tendon injury in a mouse model of Achilles tendon healing. Forced Egr1 expression programmed MSCs toward the tendon lineage and promoted the formation of in vitro-engineered tendons from MSCs. The application of EGR1-producing MSCs increased the formation of tendon-like tissues in a rat model of Achilles tendon injury. We provide evidence that the ability of EGR1 to promote tendon differentiation is partially mediated by TGF-ß2. This study demonstrates EGR1 involvement in adult tendon formation, healing, and repair and identifies Egr1 as a putative target in tendon repair strategies.