First-Dose Coronavirus 2019 Vaccination Coverage among the Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities in France.

BACKGROUND: Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) experienced severe burden from the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is a major issue for their residents. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the vaccination coverage rate among the residents of French LTCFs. METHOD: Participants and settings: 53 medical coordinators surveyed 73 LTCFs during the first-dose vaccination campaign using the BNT162b2 vaccine, conducted by health authorities in January and early February 2021. MEASUREMENTS: in all the residents being in the LTCF at the beginning of the campaign, investigators recorded age, sex, history of clinical or asymptomatic COVID-19, serology for SARS-CoV-2 or severe allergy, current end-of-life situation, infectious or acute disease, refusal of vaccination by the resident or by the representative person of vaccine, and the final status, vaccinated or not. RESULTS: Among the 4,808 residents, the average coverage rate for COVID-19 vaccination was 69%, and 46% of the LTCFs had a coverage rate <70%. Among unvaccinated residents, we observed more frequently a history of COVID-19 or a positive serology for SARS-CoV-2 (44.6 vs. 11.2% among vaccinated residents, p < 0.001), a history of severe allergy (3.7 vs. 0.1%, p < 0.001), end-of-life situation (4.9 vs. 0.3%, p < 0.001), current infectious or acute illness (19.6 vs. 0.3%, p < 0.001), and refusal of vaccination by residents or representative persons (38.9 vs. 0.4%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: About 3 out of 10 residents remained unvaccinated, and half of the LTCFs had a coverage rate <70%. This suggests that COVID-19 will remain a threat to many LTCFs after the vaccination campaigns.

COVID-19 Outbreaks in Nursing Homes Despite Full Vaccination with BNT162b2 of a Majority of Residents.

BACKGROUND: It is not known if widespread vaccination can prevent the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in subpopulations at high risk, like older adults in nursing homes (NH). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to know if coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks can occur in NH with high vaccination coverage among its residents. METHODS: We identified, using national professional networks, NH that suffered COVID-19 outbreaks despite having completed a vaccination campaign, and asked them to send data, using predefined collecting forms, on the number of residents exposed, their vaccination status and the number, characteristics, and evolution of patients infected. The main outcome was to identify outbreaks occurring in NH with high vaccine coverage. Secondary outcomes were residents' risk of being infected, developing severe disease, or dying from COVID-19 during the outbreak. SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined by a positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. All residents were serially tested whenever cases appeared in a facility. Unadjusted secondary attack rates, relative risks, and vaccine effectiveness during the outbreak were estimated. RESULTS: We identified 31 NH suffering an outbreak during March-April 2021, of which 27 sent data, cumulating 1,768 residents (mean age 88.4, 73.4% women, 78.2% fully vaccinated). BNT162b2 was the vaccine employed in all NH. There were 365 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Median secondary attack rates were 20.0% (IQR 4.4%-50.0%) among unvaccinated residents and 16.7% (IQR 9.5%-29.2%) among fully vaccinated ones. Severe cases developed in 42 of 80 (52.5%) unvaccinated patients, compared with 56 of 248 (22.6%) fully vaccinated ones (relative risks [RR] 4.17, 95% CI: 2.43-7.17). Twenty of the unvaccinated patients (25.0%) and 16 of fully vaccinated ones (6.5%) died from COVID-19 (RR 5.11, 95% CI: 2.49-10.5). Estimated vaccine effectiveness during the outbreak was 34.5% (95% CI: 18.5-47.3) for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, 71.8% (58.8-80.7) for preventing severe disease, and 83.1% (67.8-91.1) for preventing death. CONCLUSIONS: Outbreaks of COVID-19, including severe cases and deaths, can still occur in NH despite full vaccination of a majority of residents. Vaccine remains highly effective, however, for preventing severe disease and death. Prevention and control measures for SARS-CoV-2 should be maintained in NH at periods of high incidence in the community.

Factors influencing length of hospital stay in an acute psychogeriatric unit.

BACKGROUND: Dementia patients represent a significant volume of hospital admissions and impose a high cost on the health system. There is a significantly higher length of hospital stay (LOHS) for elderly demented patients. METHODS: This study was carried out in an acute psychogeriatric unit specialising in behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia. Socio-demographic, cognitive and nutritional variables were taken into account. We first compared the patients returning home (group 1) after hospital discharge with those transferred to the rehabilitation psychogeriatric unit (group 2). We secondarily explored the correlation of LOHS with the variables described above for the two groups. RESULTS: We retained 92 patients (of 375 admitted) for our study, mean age 83.9 ± 6.6, Mini-Mental State Examination 12.8 ± 9.6, initial weight 61.7 ± 13.2 kg and body mass index 24.8 ± 4.7. We noticed significant differences in cognitive status but not in nutritional variables or in socio-demographic characteristics between the two groups. Only weight in nutritional variables was significantly associated with LOHS in the acute psychogeriatric unit. CONCLUSIONS: Our main finding underlined the key role of cognitive factors in patient discharge home. And only initial weigh seems have an influence in LOHS instead of cognitive status or socio-demographic characteristics.

[The use of videoconferencing in psychogeriatrics, a pilot experiment]. / L'utilisation de la vidéoconférence en psychogériatrie.

The Alzheimer's plans have led to significant progress in the care management of elderly people suffering from Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia, but the medical and social network remains fragmented in geriatrics. We have proposed to caregivers a monthly videoconference combining expert presentations and discussion of clinical cases. Several health professions were represented. The main positive point was the time saved. The videoconferencing improved multidisciplinary exchanges, especially for patients with complex problems and their families.

Patients Who Attend Alone at a First Memory Consultation: Are They a Specific Population,or Is It an Instance of Confounding Bias?

As commonly happens in epidemiological research, none of the reported studies were totally free of methodological problems. Studies have considered the influence of social relationships on dementia, but the mechanisms underlying these associations are not perfectly understood. We look at the possible impact of selection bias. For their first memory consultation, patients may come alone or accompanied by a relative. Our objective is to better understand the impact of this factor by retrospective follow-up of geriatric memory outpatients over several years. All patients over 70 who were referred to Bretonneau Memory Clinic for the first time, between January 2006 and 2018, were included in the study. The patients who came alone formed group 1, the others, whatever type of relative accompanied them, formed group 2. We compared the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of patients; and for all patients who came twice for consultation with at least a 60-day interval, we compared their first MMSE with the MMSE performed at the second consultation. In total, 2,935 patients were included, aged 79.7 ± 8.4 years. Six hundred and twenty-five formed group 1 and 2,310 group 2. We found a significant difference in MMSE scores between the 2 groups of patients; and upon second consultation in group 2, but that difference was minor in group 1. Our finding of a possible confounding factor underlines the complexity of choosing comparison groups in order to minimize selection bias while maintaining clinical relevance.

[Psychiatric features in the elderly with or without dementia in a geriatric hospital]. / Typologie psychiatrique de la personne âgée avec ou sans démence dans un hôpital de gériatrie.

OBJECTIVES: The growing number of elderly people is challenging the reorganization of European health care systems. In France, there is an overlap between geriatric and psychiatric care of the elderly. This study was designed to describe the features of these patients, managed in both geriatric and geriatric psychiatry inpatient units. METHODS: We used The Programme Médicalisé de Système d'Information for the period 2009-2014. We focused on psychiatric disorders and dementia. RESULTS: 11.17% and 25% of patients have psychiatric disorders without dementia in geriatric and geriatric psychiatry units, respectively. Depression is the main mental illness. Their characteristics do not differ from those observed in other patients, apart from age. CONCLUSION: A part of the elderly psychiatric population is managed in the geriatric care system. Our results underline the importance of more integrated care between geriatric and psychiatry to prevent exclusion of patients from the health care system. Depression in elderly without dementia could justify the creation of specific inpatient units.

The Lawton Instrumental Activities Daily Living/Activities Daily Living Scales: A Sensitive Test to Alzheimer Disease in Community-Dwelling Elderly People?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the diagnostic ability of the Lawton Instrumental Activities Daily Living (IADLs) scale and the Activities Daily Living (ADLs) scale as a sensitive tool to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in community-dwelling elderly people. DESIGN: In an old age memory outpatient center, among patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD dementia or no dementia supported by at least 6 months of follow-up, we looked back at the baseline Lawton IADL scale (short version IADL-4 item), ADL scale, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) values. RESULTS: There were 109 patients with AD and 53 nondemented individuals (81.4 ± 4.6 years). The sensitivity of ADL scale or IADL-4 item or the MMSE was low (52%-57%). The most efficient AD classification used both the IADLs-4 item and the MOCA with a threshold score of 20. Besides age and memory scores, the main correlates of IADLs scale or ADLs scale were executive, neuropsychiatric, vascular, and extrapyramidal scores. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the Lawton IADLs-4 item scale and ADLs scale lack sensitivity to AD dementia in elderly people and support a better sensitivity of MOCA rather than MMSE and IADLs-4 item/ADLs at the expense of specificity.

Management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in a dedicated psychogeriatric unit: a pilot experience.

BACKGROUND: The French government gave a consensual definition of reinforced care units for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Dementia (BPSD) within the project "Plan Alzheimer 2008/2012." These Cognitive and Behavioral Units (CBU) differ in resources from the traditional reference units for BPSD management, the Acute Psychogeriatric Units (APU). However, a better understanding of their operational specificities may enhance the CBU and APU synergies. OBJECTIVES: To describe one of the first CBU experiments, with regard to preexisting BPSD management in an APU in the same geriatric hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 129 patients with BPSD, 35 from the CBU and 94 admitted to the APU before opening the colocated CBU. RESULTS: Patients from the CBU often showed comorbidities and a lower nutritional status, but these conditions were more frequent in the APU (P ≤ 10(-4)). Severe dementia, night time and aberrant motor behavior, and agitation were more frequent in the CBU (P ≤ 0.0015). In both the units, about 80% of patients were improved without increased use of psychotropic medications and there was a high discharge rate back home of about 30%. CONCLUSIONS: These findings that are still preliminary support a particular role for the CBU for elderly patients showing the most advanced dementia and disruptive BPSD. Colocated APU and CBU may allow for more effective integration of medical and psychiatric care in elderly patients with BPSD with frequent comorbidities.

[Setting up of a community/hospital network providing care for patients and their families]. / Mise en place d'une structure ville/hôpital de prise en charge des patients et de leurs familles.

With the ageing of the population, dementia has become a public healthcare priority. A network designed to help the families of patients suffering from dementia on a medical as well as a social and psychological level has been set up. This structure has been developed in close coordination with community practitioners and physicians and in line with the latest recommendations in particular with regard to ethics. Its first three years of existence confirm the importance of this type of approach which complements the care provided by hospitals.

Benzodiazepine and Z drug cessation in elderly patients: A qualitative study on the perception of healthcare providers and the place of advanced practice nurses.

Sedative-use disorder can occur in elderly individuals, but remains a taboo subject. France is the second top-consuming country of benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z drugs in Europe, with 38% of women >80 years old using these drugs. Despite the recommendations of the French National Authority for Health (HAS) to general practitioners, deprescription remains rare. The aim of this study was to understand the perception of healthcare providers towards BZD or Z drug withdrawal within a psychogeriatric unit and to provide insights from advanced practice nurses (APRNs) on this topic. Eight healthcare providers from different professions in a psychogeriatric unit were interviewed. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and the data were analysed following the interpretive phenomenological approach. The COREQ statement was used as a guide in the reporting of the study. Four themes were identified in the interview transcripts: (i) problems specific to the elderly; (ii) problems specific to BZD or Z drug consumption; (iii) present care; and (iv) envisioned practice. While the healthcare providers interviewed appeared to have knowledge on the adverse effects of BZDs, it appears difficult to taper the use of BZDs outside crisis periods of behaviour disorders in elderly patients. Caregivers recommend an evolution of practices, such as introducing BDZ and Z drug withdrawal programs that could involve the emerging profession of APRNs in general practice in France. APRNs could be a valuable resource to screen for BZD-related disorders and to manage withdrawal strategies in complex cases.

Hospital Discharge Decisions Concerning Older Patients: Understanding the Underlying Process.

ABSTRACTWe aimed to understand clinical decision-making processes that influence the orientation of older patients after hospital discharge. We compared discharge decisions (i.e., discharge home, or nursing home stay) of the hospital team with those of an expert panel. Both panel and hospital team made their decisions independently. The blind study included 102 patients (mean age: 83.13 ± 6.74). There is a statistically significant difference between expert and hospital team decisions (p < .001; kappa coefficient: 0.468). Panel decisions were more closely associated with isolation (p = .018), reliable caregivers (p = .004), social problems (p = .001), and behavioural symptoms perceived as aggressive (p = .001). Both decision processes considered refusal of care (p = 0,025 and 0.016 respectively) and social problems (p = .001 and < 0.001 respectively). Discharge planning models differ depending on the country, team and patient's condition. Our study suggests more precise evaluation of patients' needs.

The decision-making capacity of elderly hospitalized patients: validation of a test on their choice of return home.

Elderly hospitalized patients have uncertain or questionable capacity to make decisions about their care. Determining whether an elderly patient possesses decision-making capacity to return at home is a major concern for geriatricians in everyday practice. To construct and internally validate a new tool, the dream of home test (DROM-test), as support for decision making hospitalization discharge destination for the elderly in the acute or sub-acute care setting. The DROM-test consists of 10 questions and 4 vignettes based upon the 4 relevant criteria for decision-making: capacity to understand information, to appreciate and reason about medical risks and to communicate a choice. A prospective observational study was conducted during 6 months in 2 geriatric care units in Bretonneau Hospital (Assistance publique, Hôpitaux de Paris). We compared the patient decision of DROM-test regarding discharge recommendations with those of an Expert committee and of the team in charge of the patient. 102 were included: mean age 83.1 + 6.7 [70; 97], 66.67% females. Principal components analysis revealed four dimensions: choice, understanding, reasoning and understanding. The area under the ROC curve was 0.64 for the choice dimension, 0.59 for the understanding, 0.53 for the reasoning and 0.52 for the apprehension. Only the choice dimension was statistically associated with the decision of the committee of experts (p=0.017). Even though Drom-test has limitations, it provides an objective way to ascertain decision-making capacity for hospitalised elderly patients.

The cognitive disorders examination (Codex) is a reliable 3-minute test for detection of dementia in the elderly (validation study on 323 subjects).

BACKGROUND: Dementia often remains undiagnosed until it has reached moderate or severe stages, thereby preventing patients and their families from obtaining optimal care. Tools that are easy to use in primary care might facilitate earlier detection of dementia. AIM: Develop and validate a very brief test for the detection of dementia. METHODS: In the derivation study, we recorded educational level, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and subscores and results of a simplified clock-drawing test (sCDT) for consecutive patients attending a single memory clinic over a two-year period,. Dementia was diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. The independent variables related to dementia were determined by a multivariable logistic model (MLM) and used to develop a decision tree to predict this diagnosis. In the validation study, the decision tree was applied to consecutive patients of six memory clinics for whom status about dementia was previously determined with DSM-IV criteria. The decision tree, MLM, and MMSE were applied to detect dementia in these patients. The sensitivity and specificity of each diagnostic tool were estimated and compared. RESULT: Of 242 patients in the derivation study, the following independent variables were correlated with dementia: sex, sCDT, and two MMSE subscores - the 3-word recall test and spatial orientation. We used Bayesian statistics to develop a brief 2-step decision analysis tree (2-3 min.), which we named Codex (cognitive disorders examination). The validation study applied Codex to 323 patients. Sensitivity was 93% and specificity 85%. The corresponding values were 88% and 87% for the MLM, 94% and 67% or 91% and 70% for the MMSE, depending on the MMSE cutoff score. The sensitivity of Codex was significantly higher than that of MLM, and its specificity was significantly greater than that of MMSE. CONCLUSION: Codex is a simple, brief, and reliable test for detecting dementia and requires three minutes or less to administer. Its simplicity and brevity make it appropriate for and easy to use in primary care.

Evaluation of the quality of medical certificates in the context of the opening of a measure of legal protection for adults over 60 years of age.

In France between 700,000 and 800,000 people will be covered by legal protection. The opening of any measure is conditioned by a detailed medical certificate. It is drawn up by a doctor registered on the list drawn up by the public prosecutor. No specific training is required. A single piece of legislation frames the content of the certificates. We therefore investigated whether the medical certificates currently produced were in compliance with the code of civil procedure. 111 medical certificates collected and anonymized by the tribunal d'instance of Saint-Étienne, from 4 January to 3 April 2016. The certificates concerned applications for the opening of legal protection for adults over 60 years of age. 57% of detailed medical certificates satisfied the requirements of article 1219 of the code of civil procedure, with no difference between requests for curatorship and guardianship. 76% of adults had cognitive impairment, 14% had a psychiatric disability, and 10% had a functional disability. 72% medical certificates proposed a guardianship measure, 21% a reinforced curatorship and 7% a simple curatorship. The circumstances justifying the opening of a measure of protection and the way of life of the adult were respectively found in 32% and 83% of the certificates. In 49% of the cases, the doctors dispensed the majority of hearing with the judge and the right to vote was retained in 10% of the adults subject to a guardianship application. The study showed a deficiency in the application of article 1219 of the code of civil procedure but also in the information that was requested. The drafting of the detailed medical certificate requires specific medical and legal knowledge. This raises the question of the training of doctors on the list of public prosecutors. Like the medical assessment carried out in the context of the assessment of bodily injury, the detailed medical certificate must become a real expertise carried out by doctors trained in this exercise.

Factors of Rapid Cognitive Decline in Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Rapid Cognitive Decline (RCD) in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is associated with a worse disease progression. There is no consensual predictor of RCD and only a few studies have focused on RCD in late-onset dementia, the most common form of AD. OBJECTIVE: To identify the predictors of RCD, in a population of community-dwelling patients with recently diagnosed late onset AD. METHODS: Community-dwelling subjects aged >75 consulting for the first time in Old Age Memory outpatient center from 2009 to 2012 were considered. All patients underwent a standardized clinical dementia investigation. Patients were classified as rapid decliners when they demonstrated a loss of 3 points or greater in MMSE during the first six months. RESULTS: 130 patients were included (42 males, 88 females, mean ages 82.7±4.58). The average baseline MMSE score was 23.36±3.78. In regression analysis, the Free Recall Scores, categorical fluency scores were the most highly predictive of RCD. CONCLUSION: These results are important for the design of clinical trials and also, in clinical practice, for both physicians and families in planning long-term care.

[Description of cognitive-behavioral specialized units in France: results of a national investigation]. / État des lieux des unités cognitivo-comportementales (UCC) : résultats d'une enquête nationale.

Through a national survey, the SFGG's UCC Task Force worked and liaised with the DGOS as to establish a national inventory of the UCCs in France. 43 of the 55 newly opened UCCs in 2011 filled up the survey. These UCCs largely supported patients meeting the admission criteria's from the book of specifications edited by the public department. Those patients were demented, valid and with disruptive behavior disorders. Earnings for the stay were commonly measured by a reduced NPI (32 to 18). Body therapies, cognitive and sensory were mainly performed, even if a quarter of the UCCs also provided acute missions (diagnosis and management of acute diseases). Medical staff and caregivers were very different. Nearly half of the UCCs reported an insufficient staffing and a third of them reported a lack of training. Among the most often claimed difficulty (81% of UCCs), the release of patients is noted, with an average length of stay of 36 days. From an architectural point of view and even if the amount of beds was by the book (in average: 11), 58% of the UCCs proposed only single rooms. The lack of homogeneity shown with this survey tells us to share more our practice.