The combined effects of polystyrene of different sizes and cadmium in mouse kidney tissues.

Environmental accumulation of nano- and microplastics pose serious risks to human health. Polystyrene (PS) is a polymer commonly used in the production of plastics. However, PS can adsorb cadmium (Cd), thereby influencing bioavailability and toxicity in vivo. Moreover, PS and Cd can accumulate in the mammalian kidney. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of combined exposure to PS and Cd in the kidney. Kidney damage was evaluated in male mice gavaged with PS (diameter, 100 nm and/or 1 µm) and Cd for 25 days.The results showed that PS at 100 nm caused more severe oxidative damage and cell apoptosis than PS at 1 µm. Combined exposure to PS at both 100 nm and 1 µm caused more severe kidney damage than the single administration groups. The extent of kidney toxicity caused by Cd differed with the combination of PS particles at 100 nm vs. 1 µm. The degree of damage to kidney function, pathological changes, and cell apoptosis induced by Cd+100 nm PS+1µm PS was the most severe. An increase in the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and overexpression of p53 and caspase-3 revealed that renal cell apoptosis might be induced via the mitochondrial pathway. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the size of PS particles dictates the combined effects of PS and Cd in kidney tissues. Kidney damage caused by the combination of different sizes of PS particle and Cd is more complicated under actual environmental conditions.

Heavy metal accumulation and health risk assessment of crayfish in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River during 2015-2017.

This study performed statistical analysis and risk assessment of five heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb) in crayfish samples collected from six provinces in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River during 2015-2017. The Spearman correlation test and the results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated that As, Pb, and Cd in crayfish were significantly correlated, and the results of HCA showed that Jiangxi, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang were clustered into one group; Hubei, Hunan, and Anhui were clustered into another group; and provinces in the same group had spatial similarities in heavy metals. The pollution index (PI) values of five heavy metals in all provinces were below 1, implying that crayfish samples in this area were not highly contaminated. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values of five heavy metals were mainly below 1 except Hg in Anhui (2.9709), which was far beyond 1, indicating that the health risk posed by Hg exposure should not be ignored in Anhui.

NMR Based Metabolomics Comparison of Different Blood Sampling Techniques in Awake and Anesthetized Rats.

The composition of body fluids has become one of the most commonly used methods for diagnosing various diseases or monitoring the drug responses, especially in serum/plasma. It is therefore vital for investigators to find an appropriate way to collect blood samples from laboratory animals. This study compared blood samples collected from different sites using the NMR based metabolomics approach. Blood samples were collected from the saphenous vein (awake state), tail vein (awake and anesthetized states after administration of sevoflurane or pentobarbital) and the inferior thoracic vena cava (ITVC, anesthetized state). These approaches from the saphenous and tail veins have the potential to enable the collection of multiple samples, and the approach from ITVC is the best method for the collection of blood for the terminate state. The compositions of small molecules in the serum were determined using the 1H-NMR method, and the data were analyzed with traditional correlation analysis, principle component analysis (PCA) and OPLS-DA methods. The results showed that acute anesthesia significantly influenced the composition of serum in a very short period, such as the significant increase in glucose, and decrease in lactate. This indicates that it is better to obtain blood samples under the awake state. From the perspective of animal welfare and multiple sampling, the current study shows that the saphenous vein and tail vein are the best locations to collect multiple blood samples for a reduced risk of injury in the awake state. Furthermore, it is also suitable for investigating pharmacokinetics and the effects of drug intervention on animals.

Changes in Nutrient Profile and Antioxidant Activities of Different Fish Soups, Before and After Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion.

Different kinds of freshwater fish soups show a diverse range of health functions, due to their different nutritional substances and corresponding bioactivities. In the current study, in order to learn the theoretical basis of the potential role fish soup plays in diet therapy functions, the changes of nutrient profiles and antioxidant activities in crucian carp soup and snakehead soup (before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion) were investigated, such as chemical composition, free amino acids, mineral and fatty acid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating activity, hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity and the reducing power effect. Results show that the content of mineral elements in snakehead fish soup was significantly higher than that of crucian carp soup, especially for the contents of Ca, Zn, Fe. The content of total amino acid (TAA) of crucian carp soup (82.51 mg/100 mL) was much higher than that of snakehead fish soup (47.54 mg/100 mL) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of crucian carp soup was stronger than that of snakehead soup. The intensive profiles of nutritional composition and antioxidant activities of these two kinds of fish soups were expected to partly provide the theoretical basis of therapeutic effects.

Protein structure prediction provides comparable performance to crystallographic structures in docking-based virtual screening.

Structure based virtual screening has largely been limited to protein targets for which either an experimental structure is available or a strongly homologous template exists so that a high-resolution model can be constructed. The performance of state of the art protein structure predictions in virtual screening in systems where only weakly homologous templates are available is largely untested. Using the challenging DUD database of structural decoys, we show here that even using templates with only weak sequence homology (<30% sequence identity) structural models can be constructed by I-TASSER which achieve comparable enrichment rates to using the experimental bound crystal structure in the majority of the cases studied. For 65% of the targets, the I-TASSER models, which are constructed essentially in the apo conformations, reached 70% of the virtual screening performance of using the holo-crystal structures. A correlation was observed between the success of I-TASSER in modeling the global fold and local structures in the binding pockets of the proteins versus the relative success in virtual screening. The virtual screening performance can be further improved by the recognition of chemical features of the ligand compounds. These results suggest that the combination of structure-based docking and advanced protein structure modeling methods should be a valuable approach to the large-scale drug screening and discovery studies, especially for the proteins lacking crystallographic structures.

Oxidation of ethanol in the rat brain and effects associated with chronic ethanol exposure.

It has been reported that chronic and acute alcohol exposure decreases cerebral glucose metabolism and increases acetate oxidation. However, it remains unknown how much ethanol the living brain can oxidize directly and whether such a process would be affected by alcohol exposure. The questions have implications for reward, oxidative damage, and long-term adaptation to drinking. One group of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was treated with ethanol vapor and the other given room air. After 3 wk the rats received i.v. [2-(13)C]ethanol and [1, 2-(13)C2]acetate for 2 h, and then the brain was fixed, removed, and divided into neocortex and subcortical tissues for measurement of (13)C isotopic labeling of glutamate and glutamine by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ethanol oxidation was seen to occur both in the cortex and the subcortex. In ethanol-naïve rats, cortical oxidation of ethanol occurred at rates of 0.017 ± 0.002 µmol/min/g in astroglia and 0.014 ± 0.003 µmol/min/g in neurons, and chronic alcohol exposure increased the astroglial ethanol oxidation to 0.028 ± 0.002 µmol/min/g (P = 0.001) with an insignificant effect on neuronal ethanol oxidation. Compared with published rates of overall oxidative metabolism in astroglia and neurons, ethanol provided 12.3 ± 1.4% of cortical astroglial oxidation in ethanol-naïve rats and 20.2 ± 1.5% in ethanol-treated rats. For cortical astroglia and neurons combined, the ethanol oxidation for naïve and treated rats was 3.2 ± 0.3% and 3.8 ± 0.2% of total oxidation, respectively. (13)C labeling from subcortical oxidation of ethanol was similar to that seen in cortex but was not affected by chronic ethanol exposure.

Effect of fat particle-to-SVF ratio on graft survival rates in rabbits.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the graft survival rates of various ratios of fat particles to stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in rabbits. METHODS: Fifteen purebred white rabbits of the same brood were used. In the study, the grafts of equal weight (0.8 g) were mixtures of fat particles with various proportions of SVF (1/3, 1/4, 1/5, and 1/6) to form 4 treated groups (I, II, III, and IV), whereas merely fat particles formed 1 control group. They were randomly autoimplanted into subcutaneous pockets on both sides of the dorsal midlines of the rabbits. Animals were killed 3 months after surgery. The grafts were harvested and weighed. Comparisons were performed between the groups for survival rates. RESULTS: The treated group II (fat particle-to-SVF ratio was 3:1) revealed the greatest weight maintenance in all of the groups, showing the greatest survival rate [87.94% (1.30%), P < 0.01 or P < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that the optimal fat particle-to-SVF ratio might be 3:1, with a low resorption rate.

Synergistic improvement of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of carbon quantum complexes with zinc doping and chlorogenic acid for longan preservation.

The deterioration of fruit could reduce the shelf life, decreased marketability and substantial economic value. Thus, a safe, simple, economical and environmentally friendly preservation technology for fruit is of great significance. Here, the postharvest preservation technology was investigated with zinc-doped carbon quantum dots and chlorogenic acid (Zn-CQDs/CGA) composite. Zn-CQDs/CGA composite were synthesized, which exhibits superior antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The binding mechanism of the Zn-CQDs/CGA composite was investigated, which revealed that the bindings of two components were mainly driven by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces to create a novel composite. The Zn-CQDs/CGA composite was applied to longan preservation and was found to significantly reduce the incidence of mildew spot, browning of fruit endocarp and pulp, as well as the degree of degradation of quality indexes. These results suggest that the Zn-CQDs/CGA composite has the potential for inhibiting browning and preserving the quality of longan during storage.

Metabolic products of [2-(13) C]ethanol in the rat brain after chronic ethanol exposure.

Most ingested ethanol is metabolized in the liver to acetaldehyde and then to acetate, which can be oxidized by the brain. This project assessed whether chronic exposure to alcohol can increase cerebral oxidation of acetate. Through metabolism, acetate may contribute to long-term adaptation to drinking. Two groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied, one treated with ethanol vapor and the other given room air. After 3 weeks the rats received an intravenous infusion of [2-(13) C]ethanol via a lateral tail vein for 2 h. As the liver converts ethanol to [2-(13) C]acetate, some of the acetate enters the brain. Through oxidation the (13) C is incorporated into the metabolic intermediate α-ketoglutarate, which is converted to glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and GABA. These were observed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and found to be (13) C-labeled primarily through the consumption of ethanol-derived acetate. Brain Gln, Glu, and, GABA (13) C enrichments, normalized to (13) C-acetate enrichments in the plasma, were higher in the chronically treated rats than in the ethanol-naïve rats, suggesting increased cerebral uptake and oxidation of circulating acetate. Chronic ethanol exposure increased incorporation of systemically derived acetate into brain Gln, Glu, and GABA, key neurochemicals linked to brain energy metabolism and neurotransmission. The liver converts ethanol to acetate, which may contribute to long-term adaptation to drinking. Astroglia oxidize acetate and generate neurochemicals, while neurons and glia may also oxidize ethanol. When (13) C-ethanol is administered intravenously, (13) C-glutamine, glutamate, and GABA, normalized to (13) C-acetate, were higher in chronic ethanol-exposed rats than in control rats, suggesting that ethanol exposure increases cerebral oxidation of circulating acetate.

Recent progress on the detection of animal-derived food stimulants using mass spectrometry-based techniques.

Background: The misuse of animal-derived stimulants in food is becoming increasingly common, and mass spectrometry (MS) is used extensively for their detection and analysis. There is a growing demand for abused-substances detection, highlighting the need for systematic studies on the advantages of MS-based methods in detecting animal-derived stimulants. Objective: We reviewed the application of chromatography-mass spectrometry to the screening and detection of food stimulants of animal origin. Specifically, we analyzed four common animal sources of synthetic steroids, ß-receptor agonists, zearalenol (ZAL), and glucocorticoids. We also explored the potential of using chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect and analyze animal-derived foods. Methods: We searched and screened the Web of Science and Google Scholar databases until April 2023. Our inclusion criteria included a publication year within the last 5 years, publication language of English, and the research fields of food analysis, environmental chemistry, and polymer science. Our keywords were "mass spectrometry," "anabolic androgenic steroids," "ß-2agonists," "glucocorticoids," "zearalenone," and "doping." Results: Although traditional techniques such as thin-layer chromatography and enzyme-linked immunoassays are simple, fast, and suitable for the initial screening of bulk products, they are limited by their relatively high detection limits. Among the methods based on MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are the most widely used for detecting food doping agents of animal origin. However, a sensitive method with high repeatability and a short analysis time for a large number of samples is still required. Advances in MS have enabled the detection of extremely low concentrations of these substances. Combining different techniques, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and two-dimensional chromatography, offers significant advantages for detecting trace illicit drugs in animal-derived foods. Due to advances in assay technology and sample preparation methods, sample collection and storage methods such as dried blood spots, dried urine spots, and volumetric absorptive microsampling are increasingly accepted because of their increased stability and cost-effectiveness. Significance: MS significantly improves the efficiency of detecting doping agents of animal origin. With the continuous development of MS technology, its application in the fields of doping detection and the analysis of doping agents of animal origin is expected to become more extensive.

Evaluation of the Effect of Different Cooking Methods on the Heavy Metal Levels in Crayfish Muscle.

The current study investigated the effects of various cooking styles (boiling, frying, and steaming) and seasoning methods (home cooking and ready-to-eat commodity) on levels of nine heavy metals in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) muscle. The estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotients (THQ), and target cancer risk (TCR) were used to assess the health risk in the crayfish muscle. The results showed that cooking processes significantly increased the concentration of Cu, which raises a potential risk for children (the THQ values > 1). The levels of toxic heavy metals in the ready-to-eat crayfish muscle were significantly higher than those in household cooking. Especially for As, the THQ values rose to 7.1 and 13.2 for adults and children respectively. Therefore, home cooking is safer than ready-to-eat crayfish, and children should consume crayfish within a limited range. The recommended consumption of the cooked abdominal muscle of crayfish should be 257 and 58 g/day, for children (16 kg) and adults (70 kg), respectively.

Comparative Study on Hydrolysis, Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties in Simulated Digestion System between Cooked Pork and Fish Meat.

Pork and grass carp are commonly consumed animal protein sources, classified as red meat and white meat, respectively. This study aimed to better understand the differences in digestive behavior, nutrition, and functionality during digestion between these two types of meat after fat removal. The results showed that grass carp was more easily digested than pork, with a higher degree of hydrolysis, a smaller protein particle size, and a greater release of oligopeptides and amino acids (p < 0.05). During gastric digestion, all α-helix structures were destroyed, and the effect of the whole digestion process on the secondary and tertiary structure of pork protein was greater than that of grass carp. The antioxidant properties of the digestive fluids from the two types of meat showed different strengths in various assays, but the correlation analysis revealed that TCA-soluble peptides, random coil content, and particle size significantly influenced both types of meat. These findings provide new insights into the structural state and antioxidant properties of protein in meat digestion, which contribute to our understanding of the nutritional value of pork and grass carp.

Decoding the contributions of gut microbiota and cerebral metabolism in acute liver injury mice with and without cognitive dysfunction.

AIMS: Patients with acute liver injury (ALI) can develop cognitive dysfunction (CD). The study investigated the role of gut microbiota and cerebral metabolism in ALI mice with and without CD. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice that received thioacetamide were classified into ALI mice with (susceptible) or without (unsusceptible) CD-like phenotypes by hierarchical cluster analysis of behavior. The role of gut microbiota was investigated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and feces microbiota transplantation (FMT). 1 H-[13 C] NMR and electrophysiology were used to detect the changes in cerebral neurotransmitter metabolic and synaptic transition in neurons or astrocytes. RESULTS: Apromixlay 55% (11/20) of mice developed CD and FMT from the susceptible group transmitted CD to gut microbiota-depleted mice. Alloprevotella was enriched in the susceptible group. GABA production was decreased in the frontal cortex, while hippocampal glutamine was increased in the susceptible group. Altered Escherichia. Shigella and Alloprevotella were correlated with behaviors and cerebral metabolic kinetics and identified as good predictors of ALI-induced CD. The frequencies of both miniature inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal CA1 and prefrontal cortex were decreased in the susceptible group. CONCLUSION: Altered transmitter metabolism and synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and gut microbiota disturbance may lead to ALI-induced CD.

Guanxinning injection ameliorates cardiac remodeling in HF mouse and 3D heart spheroid models via p38/FOS/MMP1-mediated inhibition of myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. Guanxinning injection (GXNI) is clinically used for the treatment of coronary heart disease, but its therapeutic efficacy and potential mechanism for HF are poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of GXNI on HF, with a special focus on its role in myocardial remodeling. METHODS: 3D cardiac organoids and transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mouse models were established and utilized. Heart function and pathology were evaluated by echocardiography, hemodynamic examination, tail-cuff blood pressure and histopathology. Key targets and pathways regulated by GXNI in HF mouse heart were revealed via RNA-seq and network pharmacology analysis, and were verified by RT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: GXNI significantly inhibited cardiac hypertrophy and cells death. It protected mitochondrial function in cardiac hypertrophic organoids and markedly improved cardiac function in HF mice. Analysis of GXNI-regulated genes in HF mouse hearts revealed that IL-17A signaling in fibroblasts and the corresponding p38/c-Fos/Mmp1 pathway prominently mediated cardiac. Altered expressions of c-Fos, p38 and Mmp1 by GXNI in heart tissues and in cardiac organoids were validated by RT-PCR, WB, IHC, and IF. H&E and Masson staining confirmed that GXNI substantially ameliorated myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis in HF mice and in 3D organoids. CONCLUSION: GXNI inhibited cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy mainly via down-regulating p38/c-Fos/Mmp1 pathway, thereby ameliorating cardiac remodeling in HF mice. Findings in this study provide a new strategy for the clinical application of GXNI in the treatment of heart failure.

Insights into the Protein Differentiation Mechanism between Jinhua Fatty Ham and Lean Ham through Label-Free Proteomics.

Jinhua lean ham (LH), a dry-cured ham made from the defatted hind legs of pigs, has become increasingly popular among consumers with health concerns. However, the influence of fat removal on the quality of Jinhua ham is still not fully understood. Therefore, a label-free proteomics strategy was used to explore the protein differential profile between Jinhua fatty ham (FH) and lean ham (LH). Results showed that 179 differential proteins (DPs) were detected, including 82 up-regulated and 97 down-regulated DPs in LH vs. FH, among which actin, myosin, tropomyosin, aspartate aminotransferase, pyruvate carboxylase, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase were considered the key DPs. GO analysis suggested that DPs were mainly involved in binding, catalytic activity, cellular process, and metabolic process, among which catalytic activity was significantly up-regulated in LH. Moreover, the main KEGG-enriched pathways of FH focused on glycogen metabolism, mainly including the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. However, amino acid metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation were the main metabolic pathways in LH. From the protein differentiation perspective, fat removal significantly promoted protein degradation, amino acid metabolism, and the oxidative phosphorylation process. These findings could help us to understand the effects of fat removal on the nutritional metabolism of Jinhua hams and provide theoretical supports for developing healthier low-fat meat products.

Analysis of the binding selectivity and inhibiting mechanism of chlorogenic acid isomers and their interaction with grass carp endogenous lipase using multi-spectroscopic, inhibition kinetics and modeling methods.

Polyphenols are inhibitors for lipase, but the binding selectivity and mechanism of polyphenol isomers and how they interact with lipase are not clear. Here, chlorogenic acid (CGA) isomers, neochlorogenic acid (NCGA) and cryptochlorogenic acid (CCGA) were used to explore the binding selectivity and mechanism of lipase. An inhibition assay indicated that both CGA isomers had dose-dependent inhibitory effects on lipase; however, the inhibitory effect of NCGA was better (IC50: 0.647 mg/mL) than that of CCGA (IC50: 0.677 mg/mL). NCGA and CCGA formed complexes with lipase at a molar ratio of 1:1, and the electrostatic interaction force plays a major role in the lipase-CCGA system. Molecular dynamics studies demonstrated that NCGA had a greater impact on the structure of lipase. The multi-spectroscopic and modeling results explained the effects of micro-structural changes on the binding site, the interaction force and the inhibition rate of the isomers when they combined with lipase.

Investigation of Bioaccumulation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) Farming with a Rice-Crayfish-Based Coculture Breeding Modes.

Due to the rapid development of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) industry in Chinese catering, people are paying more attention to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in crayfish. To evaluate the health risks associated with the consumption of crayfish, nine types of heavy metals in both crayfish and abdominal muscles of crayfish were investigated. Crayfish samples were collected from rice-crayfish-based coculture breeding modes from different areas located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The average concentrations of heavy metals in the whole crayfish were much higher than the abdominal muscle of crayfish. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of heavy metals in the abdomen of crayfish was calculated to assess the noncarcinogenic risk and the overall noncarcinogenic risk including the target hazard quotient (THQ), the hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). The results of the present study showed that the consumption of crayfish may not present an obvious health risk to human associated with heavy metals. However, the THQ values of As in the abdominal muscles of crayfish for adults in EnShi (ES) and children in JiaYu (JY) should be of concern due to the higher contribution to the potential health risks of crayfish compared to other metals. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detection of heavy metal As, it is found that As in crayfish culture environment mainly exists in the form of As3+.Therefore, the quality and quantity of crayfish consumption should be moderated to prevent the bioaccumulation of As. The results indicate that crayfish cultured in different areas may have similar pollution levels and/or emissions from the same pollution sources.

Peptidomic analysis of digested products of surimi gels with different degrees of cross-linking: In vitro gastrointestinal digestion and absorption.

To investigate the cross-linking degree on the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and absorption properties of surimi gel, three types of surimi gels with low, moderate, and high cross-linking degrees were prepared, and then in vitro digestion models (static and dynamic) and a Caco-2 cell monolayer model combined with LC-MS/MS were used to do peptidomic analysis of digestive and absorbed juices. The results showed that an increase in cross-linking degree promoted the release of peptides after gastrointestinal digestion. These peptides originated from the myosin head and rod, the rod was the main digestion region. More potential bioactive peptides from intestinal digestive juice could be transported through the intestinal epithelium. Compared with static digestion, dynamic digestion digested surimi gels more thoroughly, especially during gastric digestion. This study provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the production of surimi products with higher nutritional value and the in vitro digestion methods of gelatinous foods.

Effect of changes in blood fatigue indicators, inflammatory markers, and stress hormone levels on 100-m records of sprinters following an 8-week intense interval training.

This study aimed to examine the changes in the blood fatigue indicators, inflammatory markers, and stress hormones following an 8-week intensity interval training in sprinters, and to investigate the effects on changes in the 100-m sprint records. Twenty sprinters from a boys' high school were equally assigned to high-intensity and medium-intensity interval training groups, and three 60-min interval training sessions were performed per week for 8 weeks, for a total of 24 sessions. Exercise intensity was defined as 85%-95% and 75%-85% of heart rate reserve for high- and medium-intensity training, respectively. At rest, both groups had an exercise intensity of 60% of the heart rate reserve. Our results showed decreased fatigue indicators, inflammatory markers, and stress hormone levels after high-intensity and medium-intensity interval training, with no difference between the training levels. In addition, the 100-m sprint records were different in high- and medium-intensity interval training groups, based on the lactate dehydrogenase and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. In conclusion, medium-intensity interval training with a reserve heart rate of ≥75% can have a positive effect on blood fatigue indicators, inflammatory markers, and stress hormones in sprinters. Specifically, the changes in adrenocorticotropic hormone level seen in the high-intensity interval training group were found to have a significant effect on the 100-m sprinting records.

Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to understand the flesh quality regulation of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) treated with short term micro-flowing water system.

The short term micro-flowing purification system (STMFPS) has been shown to improve the flesh quality of freshwater fish. However, few studies have focused on the involved underlying mechanisms. This study explored the effect of STMFPS on the flesh quality of market-size freshwater fish based on the combination of metabolomics and transcriptomics methods. The UPLC-QTOF/MS based metabolomics method was utilized to screen metabolites and predict the possible major metabolic pathways during different STMFPS treatment periods (0 d, 1 d, 5 d and 9 d). Furthermore, the transcriptomic data demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes detected in crucian carp muscle were 2915, 7852 and 7183 after 1 d, 5 d and 9 d STMFPS treatment. Results showed that the TCA cycle, ornithine cycle, purine metabolism and amino acid catabolism play important roles in improving the flesh quality of crucian carp. This study may help to understand the mechanism of improving the flesh quality of aquatic products using STMFPS.