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KEY MESSAGE: Sudangrass is more similar to US commercial sorghums than to cultivated sorghums from Africa sequence-wise and contain significantly lower dhurrin than sorghums. CYP79A1 is linked to dhurrin content in sorghum. Sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf] is a hybrid between grain sorghum and its wild relative S. bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum and is grown as a forage crop due to its high biomass production and low dhurrin content compared to sorghum. In this study, we sequenced the sudangrass genome and showed that the assembled genome was 715.95 Mb with 35,243 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis with whole genome proteomes demonstrated that the sudangrass genome was more similar to US commercial sorghums than to its wild relatives and cultivated sorghums from Africa. We confirmed that at seedling stage, sudangrass accessions contained significantly lower dhurrin as measured by hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN-p) than cultivated sorghum accessions. Genome-wide association study identified a QTL most tightly associated with HCN-p and the linked SNPs were located in the 3' UTR of Sobic.001G012300 which encodes CYP79A1, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of dhurrin biosynthesis. As in other grasses such as maize and rice, we also found that copia/gypsy long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons were more abundant in cultivated than in wild sorghums, implying that crop domestication in the grasses was accompanied by increased copia/gypsy LTR retrotransposon insertions in the genomes.
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Sorghum , Sorghum/genética , Filogenia , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Cromosomas , Evolución MolecularRESUMEN
To fully explore the influence mechanism of interactions between different monomer units of proanthocyanidins (PAs) on biological activity, a path analysis model of the PA structure-activity relationship was proposed. This model subdivides the total correlation between each monomer unit and activity into direct and indirect effects by taking into account not only each monomer unit but also the correlation with its related monomer units. In addition, this method can determine the action mode of each monomer unit affecting the activity by comparing the direct and total indirect effects. Finally, the advantage of this model is demonstrated through an influence mechanism analysis of Rhodiola crenulata PA monomer units on antioxidant and anti-diabetes activities.
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Proantocianidinas , Rhodiola , Proantocianidinas/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The 2D layered crystals can physically integrate with other non-2D components through van der Waals (vdW) interaction, forming mixed-dimensional heterostructures. As a new elemental 2D material, tellurium (Te) has attracted intense recent interest for high room-temperature mobility, excellent air-stability, and the easiness of scalable synthesis. To date, the Te is still in its research infancy, and optoelectronics with low-power consumption are less reported. Motivated by this, we report the fabrication of a mixed-dimensional vdW photodiode using 2D Te and 1D CdS nanobelt in this study. The heterojunction exhibits excellent self-powered photosensing performance and a broad response spectrum up to short-wave infrared. Under 520 nm wavelength, a high responsivity of 98 mA W-1is obtained at zero bias with an external quantum efficiency of 23%. Accordingly, the photo-to-dark current ratio and specific detectivity reach 9.2 × 103and 1.9 × 1011Jones due to the suppressed dark current. This study demonstrates the promising applications of Te/CdS vdW heterostructure in high-performance photodetectors. Besides, such a mixed-dimensional integration strategy paves a new way for device design, thus expanding the research scope for 2D Te-based optoelectronics.
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Plants employ aquaporins (AQPs) of the plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) family to import environmental substrates, thereby affecting various processes, such as the cellular responses regulated by the signaling molecule hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Common wheat (Triticum aestivum) contains 24 candidate members of the PIP family, designated as TaPIP1;1 to TaPIP1;12 and TaPIP2;1 to TaPIP2;12. None of these TaPIP candidates have been characterized for substrate selectivity or defense responses in their source plant. Here, we report that T. aestivum AQP TaPIP2;10 facilitates the cellular uptake of H2O2 to confer resistance against powdery mildew and Fusarium head blight, two devastating fungal diseases in wheat throughout the world. In wheat, the apoplastic H2O2 signal is induced by fungal attack, while TaPIP2;10 is stimulated to translocate this H2O2 into the cytoplasm, where it activates defense responses to restrict further attack. TaPIP2;10-mediated transport of H2O2 is essential for pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered plant immunity (PTI). Typical PTI responses are induced by the fungal infection and intensified by overexpression of the TaPIP2;10 gene. TaPIP2;10 overexpression causes a 70% enhancement in wheat resistance to powdery mildew and an 86% enhancement in resistance to Fusarium head blight. By reducing the disease severities, TaPIP2;10 overexpression brings about >37% increase in wheat grain yield. These results verify the feasibility of using an immunity-relevant AQP to concomitantly improve crop productivity and immunity.
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Acuaporinas , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Triticum , Acuaporinas/genética , Fusarium/patogenicidad , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Triticum/genética , Triticum/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The atomic-thin 2D semiconductors have emerged as plausible candidates for future optoelectronics with higher performance in terms of the scaling process. However, currently reported 2D photodetectors still have huge shortcomings in ultraviolet and especially visible-blind wavelengths. Here, a simple and nontoxic surfactant-assisted synthesis strategy is reported for the controllable growth of atomically thin (1.5 to 4 nm) ZnO nanosheets with size ranging from 3 to 30 µm. Benefit from the short carbon chains and the water-soluble ability of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the synthesized ZnO nanosheets possess high crystal quality and clean surface, leading to good compatibility with traditional micromanufacturing technology and high sensitivity to UV light. The photodetectors constructed with ZnO demonstrate the highest responsivity (up to 2.0 × 104 A W-1 ) and detectivity (D* = 6.83 × 1014 Jones) at a visible-blind wavelength of 254 nm, and the photoresponse speed is optimized by the 400 °C annealing treatment (τR = 3.97 s, τD = 5.32 s), thus the 2D ZnO can serve as a promising material to fill in the gap for deep-UV photodetection. The method developed here opens a new avenue to controllably synthesize 2D nonlayered materials and accelerates their applications in high-performance optoelectronic devices.
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A novel turn-on fluorescent probe with barbituric acid as a unique recognition group has been rationally designed and synthesized using a facile method for detecting hydrazine. The 5-((7-(dimethylamino)-4,5-dihydronaphtho [1,2-b] thiophen-2-yl)methylene)pyrimidine-2,4,6 (1H,3H,5H)-trione (DPT) probe displays a large emission signal ratio variation (more than a 40-fold enhancement) in the presence of hydrazine under neutral conditions. Interestingly, a novel recognition mechanism based on a hydrazine-triggered addition-cyclisation-retro aldol was proposed and confirmed. Additionally, the DPT probe exhibits a low detection limit (5 × 10-8 M), applicable to the physiological pH range (3-12), a broad linear response range for hydrazine concentrations between 0 and 34 µM and a large Stokes shift (147 nm) for hydrazine detection in aqueous solution. Moreover, the DPT probe was successfully implemented for hydrazine imaging in vivo.
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BACKGROUND: The knowledge base-driven pathway analysis is becoming the first choice for many investigators, in that it not only can reduce the complexity of functional analysis by grouping thousands of genes into just several hundred pathways, but also can increase the explanatory power for the experiment by identifying active pathways in different conditions. However, current approaches are designed to analyze a biological system assuming that each pathway is independent of the other pathways. RESULTS: A decision analysis model is developed in this article that accounts for dependence among pathways in time-course experiments and multiple treatments experiments. This model introduces a decision coefficient-a designed index, to identify the most relevant pathways in a given experiment by taking into account not only the direct determination factor of each Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway itself, but also the indirect determination factors from its related pathways. Meanwhile, the direct and indirect determination factors of each pathway are employed to demonstrate the regulation mechanisms among KEGG pathways, and the sign of decision coefficient can be used to preliminarily estimate the impact direction of each KEGG pathway. The simulation study of decision analysis demonstrated the application of decision analysis model for KEGG pathway analysis. CONCLUSIONS: A microarray dataset from bovine mammary tissue over entire lactation cycle was used to further illustrate our strategy. The results showed that the decision analysis model can provide the promising and more biologically meaningful results. Therefore, the decision analysis model is an initial attempt of optimizing pathway analysis methodology.
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Técnicas de Apoyo para la Decisión , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Lactancia/genética , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Transcriptoma/genética , Animales , Bovinos , Biología Computacional/métodos , Bases de Datos Factuales , Femenino , GenomaRESUMEN
Introduction: Sorghum plant color is the leaf sheath/leaf color and is associated with seed color, tannin and phenol content, head blight disease incidence, and phytoalexin production. Results: In this study, we evaluated plant color of the sorghum mini core collection by scoring leaf sheath/leaf color at maturity as tan, red, or purple across three testing environments and performed genome-wide association mapping (GWAS) with 6,094,317 SNPs markers. Results and Discussion: Eight loci, one each on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, and 6 and two on chromosomes 5 and 9, were mapped. All loci contained one to three candidate genes. In qPC5-1, Sobic.005G165632 and Sobic.005G165700 were located in the same linkage disequilibrium (LD) block. In qPC6, Sobic.006G149650 and Sobic.006G149700 were located in the different LD block. The single peak in qPC6 covered one gene, Sobic.006G149700, which was a senescence regulator. We found a loose correlation between the degree of linkage and tissue/organ expression of the underlying genes possibly related to the plant color phenotype. Allele analysis indicated that none of the linked SNPs can differentiate between red and purple accessions whereas all linked SNPs can differentiate tan from red/purple accessions. The candidate genes and SNP markers may facilitate the elucidation of plant color development as well as molecular plant breeding.
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Appropriate reference genes must be selected for accurate qRT-PCR data to conduct a thorough gene expression analysis in the sorghum aphid (Melanaphis sacchari, Hemiptera, Aphididae). This approach will establish a foundation for gene expression analysis and determines the efficacy of RNA interference in the sorghum aphid. Nine potential reference genes, including Actin, 18S, GAPDH, RPL7, EF-1α, EF-1ß, 28S, HSP70, and TATA, were assessed under various experimental conditions to gauge their suitability based on qRT-PCR Ct values. The stability of these candidate reference genes in diverse experimental setups was analyzed employing several techniques, including the ΔCt comparative method, geNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. The findings revealed that the quantity of ideal reference genes ascertained by the geNorm method for diverse experimental conditions remained consistent. For the developmental stages of the sorghum aphid, RPL7 and 18S proved to be the most dependable reference genes, whereas GAPDH and EF-1ß were recommended as the most stable reference genes for different tissues. In experiments involving wing dimorphism, EF-1α and GAPDH were identified as the optimal reference gene pair. Under varying temperatures, EF-1α and EF-1ß were found to be the most dependable gene pair. For studies focusing on insecticide susceptibility, 18S and TATA emerged as the most stable candidate reference genes. Across all experimental conditions, EF-1α and EF-1ß was the optimal combination of reference genes in the sorghum aphid. This research has pinpointed stable reference genes that can be utilized across various treatments, thereby enhancing gene expression studies and functional genomics research on the sorghum aphid.
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Juvenile hormone binding proteins (JHBPs) are carrier proteins that bind to juvenile hormone (JH) to form a complex, which then transports the JH to target organs to regulate insect growth and development. Through bioinformatics analysis, 76 genes encoding JHBP in S. frugiperda were identified from whole genome data (SfJHBP1-SfJHBP76). These genes are unevenly distributed across 8 chromosomes, with gene differentiation primarily driven by tandem duplication. Most SfJHBP proteins are acidic, and their secondary structures are mainly composed of α-helices and random coils. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses reveal significant variations in the number of coding sequences (CDS) and a high diversity in amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis classified the genes into four subfamilies, with a notable presence of directly homologous genes between S. frugiperda and S. litura, suggesting a close relationship between the two species. RNA-seq data from public databases and qPCR of selected SfJHBP genes show that SfJHBP20, SfJHBP50, and SfJHBP69 are highly expressed at most developmental stages, while SfJHBP8 and SfJHBP14 exhibit specific expression during the pupal stage and in the midgut. These findings provide a theoretical basis for future studies on the biological functions of this gene family.
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Laccase (LAC) is a diverse group of genes found throughout the plant genome essential for plant growth and the response to stress by converting monolignin into intricate lignin formations. However, a comprehensive investigation of maize laccase has not yet been documented. A bioinformatics approach was utilized in this research to conduct a thorough examination of maize (Zea mays L.), resulting in the identification and categorization of 22 laccase genes (ZmLAC) into six subfamilies. The gene structure and motifs of each subgroup were largely consistent. The distribution of the 22 LAC genes was uneven among the maize chromosomes, with the exception of chromosome 9. The differentiation of the genes was based on fragment replication, and the differentiation time was about 33.37 million years ago. ZmLAC proteins are primarily acidic proteins. There are 18 cis-acting elements in the promoter sequences of the maize LAC gene family associated with growth and development, stress, hormones, light response, and stress response. The analysis of tissue-specific expression revealed a high expression of the maize LAC gene family prior to the V9 stage, with minimal expression at post-V9. Upon reviewing the RNA-seq information from the publicly available transcriptome, it was discovered that ZmLAC5, ZmLAC10, and ZmLAC17 exhibited significant expression levels when exposed to various biotic and abiotic stress factors, suggesting their crucial involvement in stress responses and potential value for further research. This study offers an understanding of the functions of the LAC genes in maize's response to biotic and abiotic stress, along with a theoretical basis for comprehending the molecular processes at play.
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Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Lacasa , Familia de Multigenes , Proteínas de Plantas , Estrés Fisiológico , Zea mays , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Estrés Fisiológico/genética , Lacasa/genética , Lacasa/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Filogenia , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Cromosomas de las Plantas/genéticaRESUMEN
Schottky-type self-powered UV photodetectors are promising for next-generation imaging systems. Nevertheless, conventional device fabrication using high-energy metal deposition brings unintentional interface defects, leading to deteriorated device performance and inhomogeneities. Emerging two-dimensional (2D) metallic materials offer an alternative pathway to overcoming such limitations because of their naturally passivated surfaces and the ease of combining with mature bulk semiconductors via van der Waals (vdW) integration. Here, we report the controllable preparation of MoTe2 in the pure 1T' phase and the fabrication of a high-performance 1T'-MoTe2/GaN vdW Schottky photodiode. With the reduced interface states and suppressed dark current as low as 20 pA at zero bias, the photodiode exhibits a remarkable UV-to-visible (R350/R400) rejection ratio of 1.6 × 104, a stable photoresponsivity of â¼50 mA W-1 and a detectivity of 3.5 × 1012 Jones under 360 nm illumination. The photocurrent ON/OFF ratio reaches â¼4.9 × 106 under 10.5 mW irradiation (360 nm). In particular, the 1T'-MoTe2/GaN Schottky diode shows excellent weak-light detection capability, which could detect a 3 nW 360 nm laser and the light emission from a lighter with a pronounced Ilight/Idark ratio of â¼2. Finally, the applications of the device in self-powered UV imaging and optical communication are demonstrated. These results reveal the great prospects of 2D/3D integration in multifunctional optoelectronics, which may inspire novel 2D-related devices and expand their applications in widespread fields.
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BACKGROUND: The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is a common tool for estimating the parameters of Gaussian mixture models (GMM). However, it is highly sensitive to initial value and easily gets trapped in a local optimum. METHOD: To address these problems, a new iterative method of EM initialization (MRIPEM) is proposed in this paper. It incorporates the ideas of multiple restarts, iterations and clustering. In particular, the mean vector and covariance matrix of sample are calculated as the initial values of the iteration. Then, the optimal feature vector is selected from the candidate feature vectors by the maximum Mahalanobis distance as a new partition vector for clustering. The parameter values are renewed continuously according to the clustering results. RESULTS: To verify the applicability of the MRIPEM, we compared it with other two popular initialization methods on simulated and real datasets, respectively. The comparison results of the three stochastic algorithms indicate that MRIPEM algorithm is comparable in relatively high dimensions and high overlaps and significantly better in low dimensions and low overlaps.
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Algoritmos , Distribución Normal , Análisis por ConglomeradosRESUMEN
Insect development is regulated by a combination of juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Production of both JH and 20E is regulated by transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß) signaling. TGFß can be classified into two branches, the Activin and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways. In Drosophila melanogaster, BMP signaling is critical for JH synthesis, whereas Activin signal is required to generate the large pulse of 20E necessary for entering metamorphosis. However, to which extent the roles of these signals are conserved remains unknown. Here we studied the role of an Activin component Smad onâ¯Xâ¯(Smox) in post-embryonic development in a defoliating ladybird Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of Hvsmox inhibited larval growth, and impaired larval development. All Hvmyo RNAi larvae arrested at the fourth-instar larval stage. Moreover, knockdown of Hvsmox delayed gut and Malpighian tubules remodeling. Furthermore, the expression of a JH biosynthesis gene (Hvjhamt), a JH receptor gene HvMet and a JH response gene HvKr-h1 was greatly enhanced. Conversely, the expression levels of an ecdysteroidogenesis gene (Hvspo), a 20E receptor gene (HvEcR) and six 20E response genes (HvBrC, HvE74, HvE75, HvE93, HvHR3 and HvHR4) were significantly lowered. Knockdown of HvMet partially restored the negative phenotypes in the Hvsmox RNAi beetles. Our results suggest that Smox exerts regulative roles in JH production, ecdysteroidogenesis and organ remodeling, thus contributing to modulate the larva-pupa-adult transformation in H. vigintioctopunctata.
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Escarabajos , Activinas/genética , Activinas/metabolismo , Animales , Escarabajos/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Ecdisterona/metabolismo , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Proteínas de Insectos/metabolismo , Hormonas Juveniles/metabolismo , Larva , Metamorfosis Biológica/genética , Pupa , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genética , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMEN
As a p-type elemental material with high carrier mobility, superior ambient stability, and anisotropic crystal structure, emerging two-dimensional (2D) tellurium (Te) has been considered a successor to black phosphorus for developing infrared-related optoelectronics. Nevertheless, the lack of a scalable thickness engineering strategy remains an obstacle to unleashing its full potential. Te-based electronics with logic functions are also less explored. Herein, we propose a novel wet-chemical thinning method for 2D Te, with the merits of scalability and site-specific thickness patterning capability. A polarity-switchable van der Waals (vdW) heterodiode with a high rectification ratio of 2.4 × 103 is realized on the basis of Te/WSe2. The electronic application of this unique characteristic is demonstrated by fabricating a logic half-wave rectifier, in which the rectifying states are switchable via electrostatic gating control. Besides, the narrow band gap of Te endows the device with a broad spectral response from visible to short-wave infrared. The room-temperature responsivity reaches 5.2 A W-1 at the telecom wavelength of 1.55 µm, with an external quantum efficiency of 420% and detectivity of 6.8 × 109 Jones. In particular, owing to the intrinsic in-plane anisotropy of Te, the device exhibits a favorable photocurrent anisotropic ratio of â¼3. Our study demonstrates the enormous potential of Te for novel electronics, promoting the development of elemental 2D materials.
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One-to-multiple path analysis model describes the regulation mechanism of multiple independent variables to one dependent variable by dividing the correlation coefficient and the determination coefficient. How to analyse more complex regulation mechanisms of multiple independent variables to multiple dependent variables? Similarly, according to multiple-to-multiple linear regression analysis, multiple-to-multiple path analysis model was proposed in this paper and it demonstrated more complex regulation mechanisms among multiple independent variables and multiple dependent variables by dividing the generalized determination coefficient. Differently, three other types of paths were generated in multiple-to-multiple path analysis model in that the correlation among multiple dependent variables was considered. Then, the decision coefficient of each independent variable was constructed for dependent variables system, and its hypothesis testing statistics were given. Finally, the research example of the wheat breeding rules in arid area demonstrated that the multiple-to-multiple path analysis considering more correlation information can get better results.
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Algoritmos , Modelos Lineales , Modelos Estadísticos , Análisis Multivariante , Biomasa , Fitomejoramiento/métodos , Fitomejoramiento/estadística & datos numéricos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Triticum/metabolismoRESUMEN
Flexible optoelectronics, as promising components hold shape-adaptive features and dynamic strain response under strain engineering for various intelligent applications. 2D materials with atomically thin layers are ideal for flexible optoelectronics because of their high flexibility and strain sensitivity. However, how the strain affects the performance of 2D materials-based flexible optoelectronics is confused due to their hypersensitive features to external strain changes. It is necessary to establish an evaluation system to comprehend the influence of the external strain on the intrinsic properties of 2D materials and the photoresponse performance of their flexible optoelectronics. Here, a focused review of strain engineering in 2D materials-based flexible optoelectronics is provided. The first attention is on the mechanical properties and the strain-engineered electronic properties of 2D semiconductors. An evaluation system with relatively comprehensive parameters in functionality and service capability is summarized to develop 2D materials-based flexible optoelectronics in practical application. Based on the parameters, some strategies to improve the functionality and service capability are proposed. Finally, combining with strain engineering in future intelligence devices, the challenges and future perspective developing 2D materials-based flexible optoelectronics are expounded.
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Direct charge trapping memory, a new concept memory without any dielectric, has begun to attract attention. However, such memory is still at the incipient stage, of which the charge-trapping capability depends on localized electronic states that originated from the limited surface functional groups. To further advance such memory, a material with rich hybrid states is highly desired. Here, a van der Waals heterostructure design is proposed utilizing the 2D graphdiyne (GDY) which possesses abundant hybrid states with different chemical groups. In order to form the desirable van der Waals coupling, the plasma etching method is used to rapidly achieve the ultrathin 2D GDY with smooth surface for the first time. With the plasma-treated 2D GDY as charge-trapping layer, a direct charge-trapping memory based on GDY/MoS2 is constructed. This bilayer memory is featured with large memory window (90 V) and high degree of modulation (on/off ratio around 8 × 107 ). Two operating mode can be achieved and data storage capability of 9 and 10 current levels can be obtained, respectively, in electronic and opto-electronic mode. This GDY/MoS2 memory introduces a novel application of GDY as rich states charge-trapping center and offers a new strategy of realizing high performance dielectric-free electronics, such as optical memories and artificial synaptic.
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The applications of any two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor devices cannot bypass the control of metal-semiconductor interfaces, which can be severely affected by complex Fermi pinning effects and defect states. Here, we report a near-ideal rectifier in the all-2D Schottky junctions composed of the 2D metal 1 T'-MoTe2 and the semiconducting monolayer MoS2. We show that the van der Waals integration of the two 2D materials can efficiently address the severe Fermi pinning effect generated by conventional metals, leading to increased Schottky barrier height. Furthermore, by healing original atom-vacancies and reducing the intrinsic defect doping in MoS2, the Schottky barrier width can be effectively enlarged by 59%. The 1 T'-MoTe2/healed-MoS2 rectifier exhibits a near-unity ideality factor of ~1.6, a rectifying ratio of >5 × 105, and high external quantum efficiency exceeding 20%. Finally, we generalize the barrier optimization strategy to other Schottky junctions, defining an alternative solution to enhance the performance of 2D-material-based electronic devices.
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Monolayer 2D semiconductors (e.g., MoS2 ) are of considerable interest for atomically thin transistors but generally limited by insufficient carrier mobility or driving current. Minimizing the lattice defects in 2D semiconductors represents a common strategy to improve their electronic properties, but has met with limited success to date. Herein, a hidden benefit of the atomic vacancies in monolayer 2D semiconductors to push their performance limit is reported. By purposely tailoring the sulfur vacancies (SVs) to an optimum density of 4.7% in monolayer MoS2 , an unusual mobility enhancement is obtained and a record-high carrier mobility (>115 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) is achieved, realizing monolayer MoS2 transistors with an exceptional current density (>0.60 mA µm-1 ) and a record-high on/off ratio >1010 , and enabling a logic inverter with an ultrahigh voltage gain >100. The systematic transport studies reveal that the counterintuitive vacancy-enhanced transport originates from a nearest-neighbor hopping conduction model, in which an optimum SV density is essential for maximizing the charge hopping probability. Lastly, the vacancy benefit into other monolayer 2D semiconductors is further generalized; thus, a general strategy for tailoring the charge transport properties of monolayer materials is defined.